| 词条 | Christian Leden |
| 释义 |
|name = Christian Leden |image = |image_size = |caption = |birth_name = Christian Refsaa |birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1882|07|17}} |birth_place = Inderøy, Nord-Trøndelag, Norway |death_date = {{d-da|19 November 1957|17 July 1882}} |death_place = |death_cause = |resting_place = |resting_place_coordinates = |residence = |nationality = Norwegian |other_names = |known_for = The first person to record film in the northern Arctic |education = Royal Hochschule fur Musik |employer = |occupation = Ethno-musicologist and composer |home_town = |title = |salary = |networth = |height = |weight = |term = |predecessor = |successor = |party = |boards = |religion = |spouse = Liselotte Steinicke |partner = |children = |parents = |relatives = |signature = |website = |footnotes = }}Christian Leden (born Christian Refsaas; 17 July 1882 – 19 November 1957) was a Norwegian ethno-musicologist and composer. He was the first person to record film in the northern Arctic.[1][2] Early yearsLeden was born in Inderøy, Nord-Trøndelag, Norway. In 1901, he trained in Christiania to be a musician. He studied musicology in Berlin, entering the composer class at Royal Hochschule fur Musik in 1904.[3] While in Germany, he changed his surname from Refsaas to Leden. From 1904 through 1909, he was a church organist in Tromsø.[1] CareerLeden was interested in the early music of Greenland's Inuit. In the spring of 1909, he received travel funds from the Danish Carlsberg fund to go to northern Greenland to study Inuit music on a voyage with the Danish polar scientist Knud Rasmussen. In the autumn of that year, he returned to Europe and worked on the music he had collected. He traveled in Northern Canada in 1911, West Greenland in 1912, and through the Keewatin Region in 1913.[1] On his travels to Greenland and Canada, he collected large amounts of music, including approximately 1000 wax roll recordings. He collected large quantities of crafts with special emphasis on Inuit art. He preserved a significant amount of film and photographs from his expeditions, and he learned the Inuit language. During his fifth Arctic trip,[4] a three-year expedition to the Keewatin Region on the west coast of Hudson Bay, he went to several villages collecting everything he could, from art to everyday objects. Leden cataloged his collection with each item's Inuktitut name and English name, as well as its function.[5] {{Quote box| quote ="I preserved many of their songs by means of a phonograph for I found that their intervals were so different from ours that it was almost impossible to retain them. For instance, in the third and sixth intervals, they have a neutral tone that is halfway between our major and minor tones and seems peculiar to their music." (C. Leden, 1922) | source =[4] | width =25% | align =right }} In 1919, American whaler George Comer was captain of Leden's chartered voyage to study amongst the Inuit. Their schooner, the Finback, grounded at Cape Fullerton and was lost. Fortunately, everyone survived. The following year, Leden was on another expedition that wrecked on a reef in Hudson Bay.[6][7] He traveled to East Greenland in 1920 and 1926. In 1949 and 1954, he traveled in South America, including Chile, Argentina, and Easter Island, but the materials he collected during these expeditions were neither edited or published though he recorded thirteen songs on nine wax cylinders.[8] He also worked to preserve Norwegian folk music, traveling the country in 1937-1938 making recordings.[9] Leden received support from the Geological Survey of Canada who helped him to continue his ethnographic work over several years. His expeditions were sponsored by the King and Queen of Norway, the University of Christiania, and the Danish Carlsberger Institute.[10] His work was compiled in the Danish Folklore Archives,[11] and was later transferred to the Royal Danish Library. Some of his recordings are housed at the Musée d'ethnographie de Neuchâtel.[12] Leden wrote several articles that were published in journals, including "Christmas Among the Eskimos",[13] "Trapping Salmon in the Far North",[14] "A Chapter from my Eskimo Travels",[15] and "Mobilizing the Arctic".[15] The books he wrote, detailing his research, were published in German:
When he finished his field work, the analysis and book writing, he traveled around the world, giving a series of lectures about his work.[16] In the 1930s Leden became involved in Nazi German racial research, meeting with amongst others the leading Nazi racial theorist Hans F. K. Günther in Berlin.[17] Leden joined the racial theorist organization Nordischer Ring c. 1930. He also had contacts with national socialist organizations both in Germany and Norway, including the SS Ahnenerbe think tank. He also worked for the Völkischer Beobachter, and in 1940 joined the foreign branch of the Norwegian national socialist party Nasjonal Samling. His Nazi connections is part of the reason his work is relatively unknown in Norway.[18] Personal lifeLeden lost his autobiography twice. The first time, his pre-written manuscript was taken as evidence during the war because he had lived in Germany and had married a German woman. The second time, in the 1950s, his suitcase was stolen. When he sat down to write his autobiography for the third time, he did not complete it. He married Liselotte Steinicke (born 1904, Danzig, Germany - died 1998, Nesodden, Norway) in 1934 and they made their home in Berlin and Oslo. They had six children. Leden died in 1957.[19] References1. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.nb.no/highnorth/leden.php|title=Christian Leden 1882 - 1957|work=nb.no|accessdate=31 December 2009}} {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Leden, Christian}}2. ^{{cite book|last=Rossen|first=Jane Mink|title=Extra-European music in the Danish Folklore Archives: a catalog|editor=Digitized Jul 22, 2009|publisher=Dansk folkemindesamling|year=1989|pages=19|isbn=87-89160-00-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dzDaAAAAMAAJ&q=leden+musicologist&dq=leden+musicologist&cd=2}} 3. ^{{cite journal|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=Refsaas+leden&btnG=Search&as_sdt=2000&as_ylo=&as_vis=0|title=Notiser Og Litteraturanmeldelser |last=Klingenberg, KS|date=August 1959|journal=Norwegian Journal of Geography | volume = 17| issue = 5|pages = 332–420 |publisher=Informaworld|language=Norwegian|accessdate=1 January 2010}} 4. ^1 {{cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1922/03/15/98998596.pdf|title=Back to the Arctic for Explorer Leden|date=March 15, 1922|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=31 December 2009 | format=PDF}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/tresors/art_inuit/inart33e.shtml|title=Playthings and curios: historic Inuit art|work=civilization.ca|date=October 18, 2005|accessdate=1 January 2010}} 6. ^{{cite web |url=http://ead.dartmouth.edu/html/stem204.html |title=The Papers of George Comer in the Dartmouth College Library |publisher=Dartmouth College |date=January 1986 |accessdate=2008-03-30}} 7. ^{{cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1919/10/01/118159700.pdf|title=Leden Expedition Wrecked in the Arctic|last=Leden|first=Christian|date=October 1, 1919|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=31 December 2009 | format=PDF}} 8. ^Rossen, p.13 9. ^{{Cite journal| last =| first =| author-link =| last2 =| first2 =| author2-link =| title =Leksikon| journal =Labyrint| volume =| issue =4| page =11| year =2008| url =http://www2.uit.no/ikbViewer/Content/93375/Labyrint04_2008Web.pdf| doi =| id =| language =Norwegian| postscript =}}{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 10. ^{{cite journal|last=Mason|first=Gregory|year=1917|title=Eskimo Marriage, Music, and Philosophy|journal=The Outlook|publisher=Outlook Co.|volume=116, Part 2|issue=Digitized Dec 8, 2008|pages=141|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O74GAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA141&dq=%22christian+leden%22+Geological+Survey+of+Canada&cd=2#v=onepage&q=%22christian%20leden%22%20Geological%20Survey%20of%20Canada}} 11. ^Rossen, p.15 12. ^{{cite book|last=Myers|first=Helen |title=Ethnomusicology: historical and regional studies|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=1993 |series=The Norton/Grove handbooks in music|volume=2|pages=71|isbn=0-393-03378-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J_pHRo7btg0C&pg=PA71&dq=rasmusssen+leden&cd=8#v=onepage&q=}} 13. ^{{cite book|last=Leden|first=Christian|title=The Outlook|publisher=Outlook Co.|year=1919|edition=Digitized Mar 8, 2007|volume=123|pages=506|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F0oAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA506&dq=Christian+Leden&cd=1#v=onepage&q=Christian%20Leden}} 14. ^{{cite journal|last=Leden|first=Christian|year=1918|title=Trapping Salmon in the Far North|journal=Popular Science Monthly|publisher=McClure, Phillips and Co.|volume=92 |issue=Digitized May 3, 2006|pages=675|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HCkKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA675&dq=Christian+Leden&cd=6#v=onepage&q=Christian%20Leden}} 15. ^1 {{cite journal|last=Leden|first=Christian|date=March–April 1918|title=A Chapter From My Eskimo Travels|journal=The American-Scandinavian Review|publisher=American-Scandinavian Foundation|volume=VI|issue=2|pages=67, 71–77|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_lufgJvL45gC&pg=PA65&dq=Christian+Leden&cd=8#v=onepage&q=Christian%20Leden}} 16. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1922/04/19/archives/christian-ledens-last-lecture.html|title=Christian Leden's last lecture|date=April 19, 1922|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=31 December 2009|location=lastlecture}} 17. ^{{cite news |title=Thor Heyerdahl og norsk raseforskning |author=Torgeir Skorgen |newspaper=Dagbladet |date=26 November 2005 |url=http://www.dagbladet.no/kultur/2005/11/26/450462.html |accessdate=13 January 2010 |language=Norwegian}} 18. ^{{Cite journal | last =Karcher | first =Nicola | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title =Den nordiske bevegelses "generalstab" - Nordischer Ring og samarbeidet med norske raseforskere | journal =Fortid | volume = | issue =2 | page =46 | year =2009 | url =http://www.fortid.no/fortid_web/fortid_0209.pdf | doi = | id = | language =Norwegian | postscript = | deadurl =yes | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20100216023823/http://www.fortid.no/fortid_web/fortid_0209.pdf | archivedate =2010-02-16 | df = }} 19. ^{{cite book|last=Leden|first=Christian|author2=Leslie Neatby |author3=Shirlee Anne Smith |title=Across the Keewatin Icefields: three years among the Canadian Eskimos, 1913-1916|publisher=Watson & Dwyer|year=1990|edition=Digitized Sep 16, 2008|pages=xii|isbn=0-920486-19-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e7N1AAAAMAAJ&q=%22christian+leden%22+Liselotte+Steinicke&dq=%22christian+leden%22+Liselotte+Steinicke&cd=1}} 11 : Articles with inconsistent citation formats|1882 births|1957 deaths|Members of Nasjonal Samling|Norwegian composers|Norwegian male composers|Norwegian ethnographers|Norwegian folk-song collectors|Norwegian musicologists|People from Inderøy|20th-century musicologists |
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