| 词条 | HMAS Toowoomba (FFH 156) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
HMAS Toowoomba (FFH 156) is the seventh Anzac-class frigate of the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). She was laid down in 2002 by Tenix Defence Systems and commissioned in 2005. In 2007, Toowoomba was deployed to the Persian Gulf as part of Operation Slipper. Her second deployment to the Middle East occurred during the second half of 2009. As part of this, she became the first RAN vessel to operate with the counter-piracy Combined Task Force 151. Design and construction{{main|Anzac-class frigate}}The Anzac class originated from RAN plans to replace the six River-class destroyer escorts with a mid-capability patrol frigate.[1][2][3] The Australian shipbuilding industry was thought to be incapable of warship design, so the RAN decided to take a proven foreign design and modify it.[1][3] Around the same time, the Royal New Zealand Navy (RNZN) was looking to replace four Leander-class frigates; a deterioration in New Zealand-United States relations, the need to improve alliances with nearby nations, and the commonalities between the RAN and RNZN ships' requirements led the two nations to begin collaborating on the acquisition in 1987.[3][4] Tenders were requested by the Anzac Ship Project at the end of 1986, with 12 ship designs (including an airship) submitted.[1][5] By August 1987, the tenders were narrowed down in October to Blohm + Voss's MEKO 200 design, the M class (later Karel Doorman class) offered by Royal Schelde, and a scaled-down Type 23 frigate proposed by Yarrow Shipbuilders.[4][6] In 1989, the Australian government announced that Melbourne-based shipbuilder AMECON (which became Tenix Defense) would build the modified MEKO 200 design.[7][4][6] The Australians ordered eight ships, while New Zealand ordered two, with an unexercised option for two more.[8][9] The Anzacs are based on Blohm + Voss' MEKO 200 PN (or Vasco da Gama-class) frigates, modified to meet Australian and New Zealand specifications and maximise the use of locally built equipment.[10][7] Each frigate has a {{convert|3,600|t|adj=on}} full load displacement.[11] The ships are {{convert|109|m}} long at the waterline, and {{convert|118|m}} long overall, with a beam of {{convert|14.8|m}}, and a full load draught of {{convert|4.35|m}}.[11] A Combined Diesel or Gas (CODOG) propulsion machinery layout is used, with a single, {{convert|30172|hp|adj=on}} General Electric LM2500-30 gas turbine and two {{convert|8,840|hp|adj=on}} MTU 12V1163 TB83 diesel engines driving the ship's two controllable-pitch propellers.[11][7] Maximum speed is {{convert|27|kn}}, and maximum range is over {{convert|6,000|nmi}} at {{convert|18|kn}}; about 50% greater than other MEKO 200 designs.[11][7][12] The standard ship's company of an Anzac consists of 22 officers and 141 sailors.[11] As designed, the main armament for the frigate is a 5-inch 54 calibre Mark 45 gun, supplemented by an eight-cell Mark 41 vertical launch system (for RIM-7 Sea Sparrow or RIM-162 Evolved Sea Sparrow missiles), two {{convert|12.7|mm|adj=on}} machine guns, and two Mark 32 triple torpedo tube sets (initially firing Mark 46 torpedoes, but later upgraded to use the MU90 Impact torpedo).[11][7][13] They were also designed for but not with a close-in weapons system (two Mini Typhoons fitted when required from 2005 onwards), two quad-canister Harpoon anti-ship missile launchers (which were installed across the RAN vessels from 2005 onwards), and a second Mark 41 launcher (which has not been added).[7][14][15] The Australian Anzacs use a Sikorsky S-70B-2 Seahawk helicopter; plans to replace them with Kaman SH-2G Super Seasprites were cancelled in 2008 due to ongoing problems.[7][16][17] Toowoomba was laid down at Williamstown, Victoria on 26 July 2002.[8] The ship was assembled from six hull modules and six superstructure modules; the superstructure modules were fabricated in Whangarei, New Zealand, and hull modules were built at both Williamstown and Newcastle, New South Wales, with final integration at Williamstown.[7] She was launched on 16 May 2003 by Judy Blight, and commissioned into the RAN on 8 October 2005.[8]Operational historyToowoomba hit a navigation marker off Gladstone in March 2006 and was repaired at Williamstown, Victoria.{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}} Toowoomba began her first deployment to the Middle East Area of Operations (MEAO) as part of Operation Slipper on 4 January 2007.[18]On 18 June 2008, the frigate became the first RAN warship to fire an MU90 Impact anti-submarine torpedo, after they replaced the American Mark 46 anti-submarine torpedoes originally fitted.[13] In June 2009, Toowoomba sailed from Fleet Base West, Western Australia to embark upon the ship's second MEAO deployment.[41] In September, the frigate was assigned to Combined Task Force 151 (CTF-151); Toowoomba was the first Australian warship to work with CTF-151, a US-led, multinational force tasked with protecting merchant vessels from pirate attacks off the coast of Somalia.[19] Toowoomba was assigned to escort merchant shipping and conduct overt patrols in the International Recommended Transit Corridor (IRTC), a shipping lane extending the Gulf of Aden towards the Somali Basin and the Horn of Africa, in support of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1846 and 1851.[19] The frigate was also the first{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}} to operate with the counter-terrorism Combined Task Force 150 (CTF-150) in the Arabian Sea.[41] On 20 September 2009, Toowoomba responded to a call for assistance from the merchant vessel BBC Portugal, and successfully prevented an act of high-seas piracy.[20][21] A Japanese P-3 Orion aircraft and a naval helicopter from the German frigate Bremen provided surveillance support while Toowoomba closed in.[20][21] A boarding party from Toowoomba confiscated several weapons from the attackers, including a rocket-propelled grenade launcher, six AK-47 assault rifles, and a G3 assault rifle, before the skiff was directed to leave the IRTC.[20][21] Toowoomba returned to Fleet Base West on 7 December 2009, having been relieved in the MEAO by {{HMAS|Stuart|FFH 153|6}}.[22] The ship and her company were awarded with a "Certificate for Exceptional Services Rendered to Shipping and Mankind" by the International Maritime Organization in November 2009.[23] The deployment is the subject of Australian Pirate Patrol, a four-episode documentary series produced by Prospero Productions, and first aired on the National Geographic Channel on 18 October 2010.[24][25]In early April 2013, Toowoomba operated with the U.S. Navy's Carrier Strike Group Three in the South China Sea.[26] In late March 2014, Toowoomba was pulled from asylum seeker patrols and directed to join the hunt for the missing Malaysia Airlines flight MH370, allowing {{HMAS|Success|OR 304|6}} to return to port for replenishment.[27] Toowoomba will be docked in October 2015 to undergo the Anti-Ship Missile Defence (ASMD) upgrade.[28] The upgrade will include the fitting of CEA Technologies' CEAFAR and CEAMOUNT phased array radars on new masts, a Vampir NG Infrared Search and Track system, and Sharpeye Navigational Radar Systems, along with improvements to the operations room equipment and layout.[29]Citations1. ^1 2 Jones, in Stevens, The Royal Australian Navy, p. 244 2. ^Fairall-Lee, Miller, & Murphy, in Forbes, Sea Power, p. 336 3. ^Greener, Timing is everything, pp. 23–9 4. ^1 2 Jones, in Stevens, The Royal Australian Navy, p. 245 5. ^Greener, Timing is everything, p. 30 6. ^1 Greener, Timing is everything, p. 31 7. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Grazebrook, Anzac frigates sail diverging courses 8. ^1 2 Wertheim (ed.), The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World, p. 20 9. ^Greener, Timing is everything, pp. 43–4 10. ^Wertheim, The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World, pp. 20–1 11. ^1 2 3 4 5 Sharpe (ed.), Jane's Fighting Ships 1998–99, pgs. 25, 470 12. ^Wertheim, The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World, pp. 21 13. ^1 Fish & Grevatt, Australia's HMAS Toowoomba test fires MU90 torpedo 14. ^Scott, Updating ANZACs to meet changed strategic posture 15. ^Scott, Enhanced small-calibre systems offer shipborne stopping power 16. ^Grevatt, Australia cancels troubled Super Seasprite programme 17. ^Forbes, How a helicopter deal flew into trouble 18. ^Department of Defence, HMAS Toowoomba sails for operational duties in Gulf 19. ^1 RAN Website, Counter-Piracy First for Toowoomba 20. ^1 2 Cowan, Deter and disrupt 21. ^1 2 RAN Website, Toowoomba disarms pirate threat 22. ^1 2 RAN Website, HMAS Toowoomba welcomed home 23. ^International Maritime Organization, 2009 IMO Awards for Exceptional Bravery at Sea presented to a rescue swimmer and American sailors 24. ^ABC Commercial, Pirate Patrol 25. ^HMAS Toowoomba to star in new show, in Toowoomba Chronicle 26. ^{{cite web |last=O'Keefe |first=Kathleen |title= Stennis Strike Group Operates in the South China Sea |url=http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=73214 |work=NNS130407-02 |publisher=USS John C. Stennis Public Affairs |date=1 April 2013 |accessdate=7 May 2013|quote=The strike group also participated in theater security cooperation exercises with ships from nations who are equally committed to this region including the Royal Navy frigate HMS Monmouth (F 235), the French destroyer FS Chevalier Paul (D621), and the Royal Australian Navy frigate HMAS Toowoomba (FFH 156)..}} 27. ^McPhedran, HMAS Toowoomba diverted from asylum seeker patrols to search for Malaysia Airlines flight MH370 debris 28. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.naval-technology.com/news/newsbae-completes-anti-ship-missile-defence-upgrade-of-hmas-ballarat-4662569 |title=BAE completes anti-ship missile defence upgrade of HMAS Ballarat |date=3 September 2015 |work=naval-technology.com |publisher=Kable |accessdate=9 September 2015}} 29. ^ASMD Upgrade commences on Perth, in The Navy References
External links{{Commons category|HMAS Toowoomba (FFH 156)}}
3 : Anzac-class frigates of the Royal Australian Navy|Active naval ships of Australia|2003 ships |
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