| 词条 | Chunky Creek Train Wreck |
| 释义 |
| name = Chunky Creek Train Wreck | image = Rails That Lead To The Chunky River.jpg | image_size = | image_alt = | caption = | image_map = | image_map_alt = | image_map_caption = | pushpin_map = | alternative_map = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | mapframe = | qid = | mapframe_zoom = | coordinates = | date = February 19, 1863 | time = About Daybreak (c. 6:00 a.m.) | location = Newton County, near Hickory, Mississippi | location_dir = | location_city = | location_dist_km = | location_dist_mi = | country = United States | line = Southern Rail Road Company | operator = Isaiah P. Beauchamp | owner = | service = | type = Derailment | cause = Signal Passed at Danger, Bridge Failure Leading to Derailment; Misjudgment, Fatigue, & Miscommunication | bus = | trains = 1 | vehicles = | passengers = c. 100 | crew = | pedestrians = | deaths = c. 75 | injuries = c. 25 | damage = | property = | route_map = | route_map_state = | route_map_name = | footnotes = }} The Chunky Creek Train Wreck (a.k.a. The Chunky River Train Wreck) occurred on February 19, 1863.[1] The Hercules[1][2] on the Southern Rail Road crashed into the Chunky Creek in Newton County, Mississippi. The train was headed for the Vicksburg Campaign where Confederate forces were in need of reinforcements. A rail road section master placed preventative measures, but these measures were ignored. The Hercules derailed on a damaged bridge and fell into the cold murky depths. Approximately 75 passengers were killed. Some victims were rescued by soldiers from the 1st Choctaw Battalion whom were camped nearby.[1] The accident was investigated by a "secret service" detective. Media coverage by telegraphy and newspapers was wide and extensive. Several informal investigations and studies were conducted during the 20th century. A small memorial was finally established in 2005 after several failed attempts. BackgroundRainy weather caused severe flooding in the days before the wreck. Debris had accumulated against the bridge's supports. While the section master attempted to clear the debris, a bridge support collapsed. A missing support was likely the main cause of the wreck. Also, a day before the wreck, a train crossed the bridge, causing the bridge to submerge and, thus, causing the supports to shift out of alignment. The Hercules and Its CarsThe engine was named the Hercules.[1][2] It likely had one tender and four cars attached. The Hercules was an American 4-4-0 type. Before the War, the Hercules was based out of New Orleans until April 1862. Isaiah P. Beauchamp, the engineer, was living in New Orleans in 1860. In some modern accounts, the Hercules has been mislabeled as the "Mississippi Southern." The "Mississippi Southern" is a misnomer. A telegraphic dispatch was reported the day of the crash. Joseph M. Booker sent the message to Charles S. Williams, superintendent of the Southern Rail Road. The telegraph mentions the name of the engine, To C.S. WILLIAMS: The Southern Rail Road CompanyThe Southern Rail Road Company was charted in 1850.[3] The line was named the Southern Rail Road.[4] The line is sometimes referred to as the "Mississippi Southern" or "Southern Mississippi." In 1861, the Southern Rail Road ran 145 miles from Vicksburg to Meridian. It intersected with the New Orleans, Jackson & Greater Northern Rail Road at Jackson and with the Mobile & Ohio Rail Road at Meridian. The Southern Rail Road was built in a wide gauge at 5 feet apart. The Southern Rail Road had a reputation of being the worst maintained rail road in the country. The Daily Southern Crisis, a Jackson newspaper, claimed that accidents were almost a daily occurrence on the line.[5] Chunky CreekThe Chunky Creek begins in north Newton County. The confluence of the Chunky, Okahatta, and Potterchitto Creeks meet before the point where the Chunky River starts. Warnings IgnoredAbsalom F. Temple, the section master, attempted to halt trains by placing men near the tracks and setting up a signal. The Section Master's TestimonyTemple's statement was found in a Jackson, Mississippi newspaper The Daily Southern Crisis, On Monday morning after the rains of the day previous I took three hands, all I had in my employ, and with the hand car went over the whole line of my section, which is eight miles long, attending to shoving the drift from the different bridges. I was at the bridge where the accident occurred twice in the forenoon and twice in the evening. I visited the bridges four times a day, and there was no drift at all against the bridge until between nine and ten o’clock on the morning of Wednesday. Had been to this bridge four times each day. By 3 o’clock, P. M., on Wednesday, the drift had accumulated so thick and the streams so much swollen, that I could not move it with a dozen hands, had they been with me. The Chunkey was then at its highest, and the bridge had sagged down stream about six inches, where the current was the strongest. I worked there about one hour. Meantime one of the bents passed out, and with it a large portion of the drift. The evening freight train was then due and laying at the station just below. There were several men at the bridge at the time, and I asked Mr. Green Harris, one of my neighbors, to stop the approaching train, which he did, while I returned to the section house. As the train ran slowly, the conductor told me to be sure to notify the train that would leave Meridian at three the next morning, of the danger at the bridge. I said I would do so, and took my hand-car immediately and went to the water tank where Mr. Hardy, an employee of the road, was working. I told him to stop the trains at the tank and not let them pass, as the road was all torn up and two other trains were then at Hickory Station and could get no further, and that one bent was out of the bridge and they could not cross. ‘I live so far off that I cannot be here myself’ was the reply. Then I told him to be sure and keep a negro there for the purpose. I then returned to the bridge and found that the water had fallen about two inches. I then dug a hole in the middle of the track and put up a thick pole about as near as I could tell 150 yards from the bridge. This is the usual method of stopping trains when danger is ahead. Unable to do any more good I returned to the section house at dark. The next morning I had the hands up before daylight, and was just going out on the road to work, having full confidence that Hardy would not let the trains pass the tank. Just as I started out I met a man running up the road with the news of the accident. Some of them are hurt, and I told them to go up to my house and everything possible should be done for them.[6] AccidentThe locomotive Hercules was totally submerged with the attached wooden boxcars demolished. The cargo debris of barrels, boxes, and supplies could be found floating in the winter cold stream. About 75 of nearly one-hundred passengers were killed because of the high speed impact but others drowned after being trapped under the wreckage. The Athens Post; an Athens, Tennessee newspaper; reported the following, A man just in from Chunkey says the engine and five cars are under water.—The conductor is hurt, but swam out.—The enginer has not been heard from. Between twenty-five and fifty persons are supposed to be lost—mostly soldiers, who broke open every car in the train and got in there before leaving here. The third and fifth cars had only troops and one horse—about seventy men in the two. The engineer was forward on the engine looking out, and the conductor was on the engine.[2] Rescue and RecoveryA Confederate camp was bivouacked near the Chunky Creek when the wreck occurred. They were likely part of John W. Pierce's 1st Choctaw Battalion who were sanctioned by the Confederacy a couple of days before the wreck. Samuel G. Spann, a captain at that time, was also at the camp to recruit American Indians for his anticipated command—Spann's Independent Scouts. The camp heard the call for help, and the men were ordered to "fly to the rescue!" In an article in Confederate Veteran magazine, Spann wrote about the chaotic scene, "the engineer was under military orders, and his long train of cars was filled with Confederate soldiers, who, like the engineer, were animated with but one impulse-to Vicksburg! to victory or death! Onward rushed the engineer. All passed over except the hindmost car. The bridge had swerved out of plumb, and into the raging waters with nearly one hundred soldiers the rear car was precipitated. "Help!" was the cry, but there was no help."[7] Spann continued in his magazine article, The cry reached the camp. "Fly to the rescue!" was the command, and in less time than I can tell the story every Indian was at the scene. It was there that Jack Amos again displayed his courage and devotion to the Confederate soldiers. I must not omit to say, however, that with a like valor and zeal Elder [Jackson], another full-blood Indian soldier, proved equal to the emergency. Jack Amos and Elder [Jackson] both reside now in Newton County.[Jackson] is now an ordained Baptist minister, having been a gospel student under the venerable and beloved Rev. Dr. N. L. Clark, now living at Decatur, Newton County, and father of our Dr. Clark, of Meridian. Led by these two dauntless braves, every Indian present stripped and plunged into the raging river to the rescue of the drowning soldiers. Ninety-six bodies were brought out upon a prominent strip of land above the water line. Twenty-two were resuscitated and returned to their commands, and all the balance were crudely interred upon the railroad right of way, where they now lie in full view of the passing train, except nine, who were afterwards disinterred by kind friends and given a more honorable burial.[7] A prominent local citizen survived the crash. Willis R. Norman lived near Hickory Station, Mississippi. Norman was in the car closest to the engine. He managed to swim to safety even though he was badly injured. The Daily Southern Crisis reported Norman's condition, At the house of Mr. Temples, about a mile from the bridge, are several wounded men, amongst whom is Mr. W. R. Norman, an aged and very intelligent and prominent gentleman, who resides near [Hickory] station. He fully corroborates the statement of the other passengers in regard to the care and caution used by the conductor, before reaching the last Chunky bridge, at which time, he says, they were running faster than at any previous. When the train ran off the track, he was in the car nearest the engine, and he thinks that not more than three escaped out of that car. He went to the bottom, in about fifteen feet of water, but rose to the surface with the fragments of the broken car, and with great difficulty succeeded in getting to the shore. His collar-bone is broken, his leg badly hurt, and he is injured internally, but will recover.[6] About a year before the wreck and in a "twist of fate," Norman was one of many Newton County citizens who petitioned the Choctaw Indians to serve in the Civil War. ClassificationThis bridge disaster is classified in several categories: a signal passed at danger, a bridge failure, and a derailment. FactorsSome factors that may explain why the train crashed includes: misjudgment, fatigue, and miscommunication. AftermathFor a number of days after the wreck, bodies and cargo were being recovered from the creek. Many of the bodies were interred along the railroad right-of-way and/or on Absalom F. Temple's farm. Isaiah P. Beauchamp's body was recovered and sent to his residence at Forest, Mississippi.[6] Cash was found in the possession of one passenger who died in the crash. William P. Grayson apparently was a lawyer and was elected a cashier for the Bank of New Orleans in the 1850s. During the War, Grayson was a Confederate purchasing agent whom was responsible for procuring cotton. It was reported that he had up to $80,000 dollars. InvestigationLieutenant Frank J. Ames, a New Orleans native, was a secret detective and was assigned to investigate. Ames was a New Orleans police officer and had policing experience since 1859. He created reports. One particular report was read by Brigadier General John Adams regarding commissary and the names of recovered bodies. MediaThe Chunky Creek Train Wreck made newspaper headlines throughout the United and Confederate States. The Memphis Daily Appeal was based in Jackson, Mississippi at the time of the wreck. The Fayetteville Observer captured a conversation about the disaster. {{Quote|text=Some few particulars of a terrible railroad accident on the Southern railroad yesterday, reached the city last evening, which has sent a gloom over the city in consequence of the uncertainty as to who are lost. When a passenger train was crossing Chunkey river, the bridge gave way, precipitating the engine, tandor and four cars into the water. The engineer and fire-man were killed. It is supposed a large number of passengers were drowned, as the train was, as usual, well loaded. At our latest advices eight bodies had been recovered. The accident occurred between this city and Meridian.|author= |title=The Memphis Daily Appeal, By M’clanahan & Dill., Friday, February 20, 1863}}{{Quote|text=A dispatch from Jackson, dated the 20th, says that as the out freight train from Meridian came to Chunky bridge last night it gave way, precipitating the engine and four cars into the river. A large number of passengers were on the train, and from 50 to 100 are reported drowned. The bridge cannot be repaired until the water falls.|author= |title=Evening Star, Vol. XXI., Washington. D.C., February 25, 1863}}{{Quote|text=On February 19, a railroad train ran into the Chunkey River. Between forty and fifty lives, mostly those of soldiers, are supposed to have been lost.|author= |title=The New-York Times, Vol. XII---No.3573., New-York, Sunday, March 8, 1863}}{{Quote|text=Late Richmond papers give dispatches from Jackson, Miss., dated Feb. 20, which say as a train from Meredan [sic] came to Chunky bridge last night it gave way and precipitated the engine and four cars into the river. From 50 to 100 passengers were drowned. The bridge cannot be repaired till the water falls.|author= |title=Washington Standard, Vol. III., Olympia, Washington Territory, March 14, 1863}}{{Quote|text=Traveling in the Confederacy—A Fact.Conversation heard on Meridian and Jackson Rail Road, at Chunkey River. Dramatis Personae—Civilian and Soldier: Civilian—Terrible smash up! How many persons were drowned here? Soldier—They got out twenty eight bodies. Civilian—Think they are all out? Soldier—No. Civilian (struck with horror)—Why don’t they get them out? Soldier—Trouble, sir, trouble! By G--, sir! They wouldn’t have got the twenty eight out, but they wanted to see if they had passports, sir!|author= |title=Fayetteville Observer, Vol. XLIII., Fayetteville, North Carolina, March 23, 1863}} To travel in the Confederate States, a passport was required.[8] The Confederate passport system assisted in identifying possible spies, deserters, or conscripts.[8][9][10] Passports were originally for slave identification, and many whites were offended when they were required to have passports during the War.[9] StudiesThroughout the 20th century, several informal studies have been conducted. Senator Pat Harrison investigated the Choctaws participation in the Civil War. He attempted to place a memorial commemorating their service. In 1985, several ventures were made to locate the graves of the soldiers that were found along the rail road. The Lauderdale County Department of Archives & History director Jim Dawson made several trips to the Chunky Creek area. Harold Graham and members of the Newton County Historical and Genealogical Society surveyed the wreck area for grave sites in 2004.[11] In 2015 & 2016, historian & writer Robert Bruce Ferguson investigated the presumed wreckage area. He took a number of digital photographs for in-depth study and analysis. CommemorationU.C.V. Camp Dabney H. Maury attempted to place a memorial at the site of the wreck. A New Orleans newspaper wrote, "a lasting monument should be erected upon that lone burial spot that will serve to perpetuate alike the death of the Southern martyrs and the dauntless courage and fraternal heroism of the Choctaws."[12] For unknown reasons, the monument was never placed. A small historical marker was placed at the scene of the accident on February 19, 2005. ErrataSeveral incongruities have manifested in historical writings concerning the train wreck.
See also{{Portal|Disasters|Trains}}
References1. ^1 2 3 {{cite magazine| last = Ferguson| first = Robert| title = Southeastern Indians During The Civil War| url = http://www.backwoodsmanmag.com/| magazine = The Backwoodsman| edition = Mar/Apr 2018| location = Bandera, Texas| publisher = Charlie Richie Sr.| volume = 39| issue = 2| pages = 64| access-date= February 19, 2018}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news | title = Terrible Railroad Accident | newspaper = The Athens Post | last = | first = | date = March 6, 1863 }} 3. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.csa-railroads.com/Southern_(of_Mississippi).htm| title = Confederate Railroads: Southern (of Mississippi)| accessdate = October 1, 2017| year = 2002–2017| last = Bright| first = David L.}} 4. ^{{cite book | last = Brown | first = A.J. | title = History of Newton County, Mississippi, From 1834 to 1894. | publisher = Clarion-Ledger Company | chapter = Chapter IX | page = 68 | date = | year = 1894 | access-date = October 2, 2017}} 5. ^{{cite news | title = The Southern Railroad—Mail Route | newspaper = The Daily Southern Crisis | last = | first = | date = February 3, 1863 }} 6. ^1 2 {{cite news | title = The Railroad Disaster at Chunkey Bridge | newspaper = The Daily Southern Crisis | last = | first = | date = February 26, 1863 }} 7. ^1 {{cite journal | title = Choctaw Indians As Confederate Soldiers | last = Spann | first = S.G. | journal = Confederate Veteran Magazine|volume= XIII|number= 12|pages =560 and 561 |date = December 1905 }} 8. ^1 {{cite news | title = The Passport Office | newspaper = The Memphis Daily Appeal | last = | first = | date = July 21, 1863 }} 9. ^1 {{cite web| url = https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/08/08/papers-please/?mcubz=3| title = Papers, Please!| accessdate = October 2, 2017| year = 2014| last = Sternhell| first = Yael A.}} 10. ^{{cite web| url = http://cdm.bostonathenaeum.org/cdm/ref/collection/p16057coll14/id/90515| title = Soldier's passport| accessdate = October 2, 2017| year = | last = | first = }} 11. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.nchgs.org/html/1863_victim_graves.html| title = 1863 Train Wreck Victim' Graves Remembered| accessdate = November 9, 2017| year = 2015| last = Justice| first = Keith L.}} 12. ^{{cite news | title = Famous Indian Scout | newspaper = The Times-Democrat | last = | first = | date = May 22, 1903 }} Further reading
External links{{Commons category|Train wrecks}}
9 : Derailments in the United States|Bridge disasters in the United States|Bridge disasters caused by scour damage|Railway accidents in 1863|Newton County, Mississippi|Disasters in Mississippi|Rail transportation in Mississippi|1863 in Mississippi|Transportation disasters in Mississippi |
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