| 词条 | HMS Culloden (1776) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
HMS Culloden was a 74-gun third-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, built at Deptford Dockyard, England, and launched on 18 May 1776.[1] She was the fourth warship to be named after the Battle of Culloden, which took place in Scotland in 1746 and saw the defeat of the Jacobite rising. She served with the Channel Fleet during the American War of Independence, seeing action at the Battle of Cape St Vincent, before being sent out to the West Indies. Her stay there was brief, sailing for New York City with Admiral Rodney in August 1780 to join the North American station. The ship's specific duties were to blockade the French at Newport, Rhode Island where a French army of 6,000 had disembarked in July 1780.{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}} On 23 January 1781, while trying to intercept French ships attempting to run the blockade at Newport, Rhode Island, Culloden encountered severe weather and ran aground at North Neck Point (Will's Point) in Montauk.[3] All attempts to refloat the vessel were unsuccessful,{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}} but all the crew were saved, and Culloden's masts were taken aboard {{HMS|Bedford|1775|6}}.[4] The area is today known as Culloden Point. Salvage operationsThe British conducted salvage operations on the ship throughout March, retrieving all 28 eighteen-pounder guns from the upper deck, and all 18 nine-pounders from the quarterdeck. The larger cannons were pushed into the sea and the ship was then burned to the waterline and abandoned.[5] On 24 July 1781, Joseph Woodbridge of Groton, Connecticut sent a letter to George Washington offering to sell him sixteen 32-pounders from the wreck, and on 14 July 1815, Samuel Jeffers arrived in Newport, Rhode Island with 12 tons of pig iron and a 32-pounder from the wreck.[5] In 1971 Henry W. Moeller, an undersea archaeologist associated with Dowling College, discovered the keel and large wooden beams resting in between {{convert|10|ft|m|abbr=on}} and {{convert|15|ft|m|abbr=on}} of water {{convert|150|ft|m|abbr=on}} off Culloden Point. A gudgeon imprinted with the name Culloden was recovered. Subsequent recovery efforts brought up another 32-pounder cannon as well as copper sheathing. A sketch of the outline of the ruins showed the ship resting on a large boulder.{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}} National Register of Historic PlacesSince 1979 the wreck site has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places, which prohibits SCUBA divers from taking artifacts from, or otherwise disturbing the wreck.[6] The designated area is a 'circle with a radius of approximately {{convert|200|ft|m}} and a centre at the point formed by UTM co-ordinates 19/2 51 370/45 50 810.[5] The application notes that in addition to Revolutionary War connections, the shipwreck is important for showing the British state-of-the-art copper sheathing of the ship as well as the possibility that it may reveal problems about corruption in the British shipyards at the time. The application notes: Finally, the Culloden shipwreck site may provide material insight into the political conditions existent in the British Admiralty during this period. James [1926:7-18) has written describing the strength and organization of the Royal Navy at the end of the Seven Years' War (1755–1762) and its subsequent dissipation between 1771 and 1778 through mismanagement and corruption under Lord Sandwich's control of the Admiralty. Construction of the Culloden occurred during the period that Admiralty corruption was at its height. Therefore, the Culloden may reflect in material terms corrupt practices plaguing England's shipyards at the time. Construction shortcuts and the manufacturing of parts that do not meet specifications have long characterized the defense industry of all nations. The Culloden shipwreck site may provide data illustrating this activity.[5] Citations and notes1. ^1 Lavery, Ships of the Line vol. 1, p. 180. 2. ^NRHP, New York. 3. ^{{cite book|last=Holden|first=Albert R.|title=A Pictorial History of Montauk|edition=3rd|year=2000|origyear=1983|publisher=Holden's Publications|location=Montauk|page=15}} 4. ^Ships of the Old Navy, Culloden. 5. ^1 2 3 New York Historic Places Documents Imaging Project, Culloden. 6. ^New England Shipwrecks, Culloden. References{{refbegin}}
14 : Ships of the line of the Royal Navy|Culloden-class ships of the line|Shipwrecks of the New York (state) coast|East Hampton (town), New York|New York (state) in the American Revolution|Military units and formations of Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War|Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)|Shipwrecks on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)|1776 ships|Maritime incidents in 1781|Ships built in Deptford|National Register of Historic Places in Suffolk County, New York|American Revolution on the National Register of Historic Places|Corruption in England |
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