词条 | HMS Erebus (1826) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
Ross expedition{{main|Ross expedition}}After two years' service in the Mediterranean Sea, Erebus was refitted as an exploration vessel for Antarctic service, and on 21 November 1840 – captained by James Clark Ross – she departed from Van Diemen's Land for Antarctica in company with {{HMS|Terror|1813|2}}. In January 1841, the crews of both ships landed on Victoria Land, and proceeded to name areas of the landscape after British politicians, scientists, and acquaintances. Mount Erebus, on Ross Island, was named after one ship and Mount Terror after the other. The crew then discovered the Ross Ice Shelf, which they were unable to penetrate, and followed it eastward until the lateness of the season compelled them to return to Van Diemen's Land. The following season, 1842, Ross continued to survey the "Great Ice Barrier", as it was called, continuing to follow it eastward. Both ships returned to the Falkland Islands before returning to the Antarctic in the 1842–1843 season. They conducted studies in magnetism, and returned with oceanographic data and collections of botanical and ornithological specimens. The plants were described in the resulting The Botany of the Antarctic Voyage of H.M. Discovery Ships Erebus and Terror in the years 1839–1843, under the Command of Captain Sir James Clark Ross. Birds collected on the first expedition were described and illustrated by George Robert Gray and Richard Bowdler Sharpe in The Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Erebus & HMS Terror. Birds of New Zealand, 1875. The revised edition of Gray (1846) (1875). The future botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker, then aged 23, was assistant-surgeon to Robert McCormick.[4] Franklin expedition{{Main|Franklin's lost expedition}}In 1845, HMS Erebus and HMS {{HMS|Terror|1813|2}} left England on a voyage of exploration to the Canadian Arctic, under Sir John Franklin. Both ships were outfitted with steam engines from the London and Greenwich Railway steam locomotives. That of Erebus was rated at {{convert|25|hp|kW|lk=in}} and could propel the ship at {{convert|4|kn|km/h|lk=in}}. The ships carried 12 days' supply of coal.[5] The ships had iron plating added to their hulls. Sir John Franklin sailed in Erebus, in overall command of the expedition, and Terror was again commanded by Francis Crozier. The expedition was ordered to gather magnetic data in the Canadian Arctic and to complete a crossing of the Northwest Passage, which had already been partly charted from both the east and west but had never been entirely navigated. The ships were last seen by Europeans entering Baffin Bay in August 1845. The disappearance of the Franklin expedition set off a massive search effort in the Arctic. The broad circumstances of the expedition's fate were first revealed when Hudson's Bay Company doctor John Rae collected artifacts and testimony from local Inuit in 1853. Later expeditions up to 1866 confirmed these reports. Both ships had become icebound and had been abandoned by their crews, totaling about 130 men, all of whom died from a variety of causes, including hypothermia, scurvy, and starvation while trying to trek overland to the south. Subsequent expeditions until the late 1980s, including autopsies of crew members, also revealed that Erebus and Terror{{'}}s shoddily canned rations may have been tainted by both lead and botulism. Oral reports by local Inuit that some of the crew members resorted to cannibalism were at least somewhat supported by forensic evidence of cut marks on the skeletal remains of crew members found on King William Island during the late 20th century.[6] In April 1851 the British transport ship, Renovation, spotted two ships on a large ice floe off the coast of Newfoundland. The identities of the ships were not confirmed. It was suggested over the years that these might have been Erebus and Terror, though it is now certain they could not have been and were most likely abandoned whaling ships.[7] Discovery of the wreckageOn 15 August 2008, Parks Canada, an agency of the Government of Canada, announced a Can$ 75,000 six-week search deploying the icebreaker {{ship|CCGS|Sir Wilfrid Laurier||2}}, with the goals of finding the ships and reinforcing Canada's claims regarding sovereignty over large portions of the Arctic.[8] The search was headed by underwater archeologist Robert Grenier, of Parks Canada, and local historian Louie Kamookak, who had collected Inuit oral histories related to the wreck, as well as working with the written records. Kamookak, who died in 2018 at the age of 58, was made an officer of the Order of Canada and a member of the Order of Nunavut for his work.[9][10][11] The wreckage of one of Franklin's ships was found on 2 September 2014 by a Parks Canada team led by Ryan Harris and Marc-André Bernier.[12][4] On 1 October 2014, it was announced that the remains were those of Erebus.[13] Recovery of the ship's bell was announced on 6 November 2014.[14] On 4 March 2015, it was announced that a diving expedition on Erebus, by Parks Canada and Royal Canadian Navy divers, would begin in April.[15] On 12 September 2016, it was announced that the wreck of HMS Terror had been found submerged in Terror Bay, off the south-west coast of King William Island.[16] The wrecks are designated a National Historic Site of Canada with the precise location of the designation in abeyance.[17][18][19] On 23 October 2017, it was announced by the UK's defence minister, Sir Michael Fallon, that the British government would be giving HMS Erebus and its sister ship HMS Terror to Canada, retaining only a few relics and any gold, along with the right to repatriate any human remains.[20] Legacy{{Main|Franklin's lost expedition#Legacy|l1=Franklin's lost expedition § Legacy}}In art, entertainment, and mediaHMS Erebus is featured, often alongside HMS Terror, in fictional works that use the Franklin expedition in their backstories, such as:
In namesakes
See also
References1. ^{{cite book |last=Fleming |first=Fergus |title=Barrow's Boys |year=1998 |publisher=Grove Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8021-3794-4 |page=415 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qCddTV0bqhYC}} [25]2. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bfMOAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PR1 |title=A treatise on the screw propeller: with various suggestions of improvement |section=Appendix, Table I: Dimensions Of Screw Steam Vessels In Her Majesty's Navy |first=John |last=Bourne |publisher=Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans |location=London|year=1852}} 3. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0iwOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA206 |title=Rudimentary treatise on marine engines and steam vessels |first=Robert |last=Murray |publisher=J. Weale|year=1852}} 4. ^{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Hooker, Sir Joseph Dalton}} 5. ^{{cite journal |title=British loco boiler at the bottom of the Arctic Ocean |first=Harry |last=Gow |journal=Heritage Railway |issue=199 |date=2015-02-12 |page=84 |issn=1466-3562}} 6. ^{{cite journal |last1=Keenleyside |first1=Anne |last2=Bertulli |first2=Margaret |last3=Fricke |first3=Henry C. |last-author-amp=yes |title=The final days of the Franklin Expedition: new skeletal evidence |journal=Arctic |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=36–46 |date=March 1997 |url=http://pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/arctic/Arctic50-1-36.pdf |accessdate=2008-01-26 |doi=10.14430/arctic1089}} 7. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/archives/digital/abb/1852k.html |title=Arctic Blue Books -British Parliamentary Papers Abstract, 1852k. |website=University of Manitoba Libraries - Archives and Special Collections |year=1852 |author=}} 8. ^{{cite news |url=http://www2.canada.com/windsorstar/news/story.html?id=147541d1-0d04-445c-963a-f9c498b32883 |title=Parks Canada to lead new search for Franklin ships |work=Windsor Star |date=2008-01-30 |accessdate=2013-08-30 |first=Randy |last=Boswell|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524112602/www2.canada.com/windsorstar/news/story.html?id=147541d1-0d04-445c-963a-f9c498b32883 |archive-date=2016-05-24}} 9. ^{{cite news |last1=Cecco |first1=Leyland |title=Inuit oral historian who pointed way to Franklin shipwrecks dies aged 58 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/29/inuit-oral-historian-who-pointed-way-to-franklin-shipwrecks-dies-aged-58 |work=the Guardian |date=29 March 2018 |language=en}} 10. ^{{cite news |last1=Ferrier MacKay |first1=Susan |title=Louie Kamookak, 58, teacher and Inuit historian, was the ‘last great Franklin searcher’ |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-louie-kamookak-58-teacher-and-inuit-historian-was-the-last-great/ |work=The Globe and Mail |date=April 13, 2018}} 11. ^http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/louie-kamookak-inuit-historian-dies-1.4588260 12. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2014/09/09/the_star_with_the_franklin_search_how_the_franklin_wreck_was_finally_found.html |title=How the Franklin Wreck was Finally Found |date=2014-09-09 |first=Paul |last=Watson|work=The Star}} 13. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/franklin-expedition-ship-found-in-arctic-id-d-as-hms-erebus-1.2784268 |title=Franklin expedition ship found in Arctic ID'd as HMS Erebus |work=CBC News |date=2014-10-01 |author=}} 14. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/hms-erebus-ship-s-bell-recovered-from-franklin-expedition-1.2826455 |title=HMS Erebus ship's bell recovered from Franklin expedition |work=CBC News |date=2014-11-06 |author=}} 15. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2015/03/04/navy-divers-marine-archeologists-will-study-franklins-ship-in-winter-mission.html |title=Navy divers, marine archeologists will study Franklin’s ship in winter mission |newspaper=Toronto Star |date=2015-03-04 |first=Paul |last=Watson}} 16. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3786181/Canada-finds-second-ship-doomed-Franklin-voyage-report.html|title=Canada finds second ship from doomed 1845 Franklin expedition|last=Summers|first=Chris|date=2016-09-12|website=Daily Mail|publisher=|access-date=2016-09-24}} 17. ^{{CRHP|19683|Erebus and Terror|29 October 2013}} 18. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.pc.gc.ca/docs/r/system-reseau/sec7/sites-lieux79_e.asp |title=National Historic Sites of Canada System Plan |website=Parks Canada |date=2009-05-08 |accessdate=2013-08-30 |author= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050924044854/http://www.pc.gc.ca/docs/r/system-reseau/sec7/sites-lieux79_e.asp |archivedate=24 September 2005 |df=dmy-all }} 19. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.pc.gc.ca/docs/r/system-reseau/sec6/sites-lieux74_e.asp |title=National Historic Sites of Canada System Plan map |website=Parks Canada |date=2009-04-15 |accessdate=2013-08-30 |author= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060529114414/http://www.pc.gc.ca/docs/r/system-reseau/sec6/sites-lieux74_e.asp |archivedate=29 May 2006 |df=dmy-all }} 20. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.nunatsiaqonline.ca/stories/article/65674uk_to_gift_franklin_shipwrecks_to_canada/ |title=HMS Erebus ship's bell recovered from Franklin expedition |work=Nunatsiaq News |date=2017-10-24 |first=Steve|last=Ducharme}} 21. ^{{cite book |authorlink=Jules Verne |last=Verne |first=Jules |title=20000 Leagues Under the Sea |publisher=Bantam Books |year=1962 |isbn=978-0-553-21063-7|title-link=20000 Leagues Under the Sea }} 22. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.soundmakers.ca/soundstreams-commissions/terror-erebus-henry-kucharzyk|website=Soundmakers |title=Terror and Erebus by Henry Kucharzyk|access-date=2018-01-24}} 23. ^[https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=108699 Erebus and Terror Gulf] 24. ^{{cite gnis | type = antarid | id = 4559| name = Erebus and Terror Gulf | accessdate = 2012-03-02}} 25. ^1 2 {{cite news | url = http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/erebus-terror-artifacts-1.3244303| title = Franklin expedition: New photos of HMS Erebus artifacts, but still no sign of HMS Terror| work = CBC News| author = Davison, Janet| date = 2015-09-27| page = | location = | isbn = | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20151126185037/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/erebus-terror-artifacts-1.3244303| archivedate = 26 November 2015| accessdate = 19 December 2015| deadurl = No | quote = A big clue in the mystery is the wreck of HMS Erebus, found last year in a location indicated by Inuit oral histories.}} }} External links{{Commons category|HMS Erebus (ship, 1826)|HMS Erebus}}
10 : Bomb vessels of the Royal Navy|Exploration ships of the United Kingdom|Shipwrecks of the Canadian Arctic coast|History of Antarctica|Arctic exploration vessels|National Historic Sites in Nunavut|Ships built in Pembroke Dock|1826 ships|Maritime incidents in April 1845|2014 in science |
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