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词条 HMS Ocean (L12)
释义

  1. Background

  2. Role

  3. Operational history

     1998–2000  2001–2010  2011–2018 

  4. Sale to Brazil

  5. Affiliations

  6. See also

  7. Notes and references

  8. External links

{{other ships|HMS Ocean}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}{{EngvarB|date=March 2018}}{{Infobox ship image
Ship image=File:Apache Helicopter Takes off from HMS Ocean During Operation Ellamy MOD 45153052.jpgimage_size = 300pxShip caption=HMS Ocean during Operation Ellamy and the 2011 military intervention in Libya
}}{{Infobox ship career		Hide header=Ship country=United KingdomUnited Kingdom|naval}}Ship name=HMS OceanShip operator=Royal NavyShip ordered=11 May 1993Ship awarded=Ship builder=Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering Ltd, Kværner (Govan)Ship yard number=Ship laid down=30 May 1994Ship launched=11 October 1995Ship sponsor=Queen Elizabeth II of the United KingdomShip christened=Ship completed=Ship acquired=Ship commissioned=30 September 1998Ship recommissioned=Ship decommissioned= 27 March 2018[1]Ship in service=Ship out of service=Ship renamed=Ship reclassified=Ship refit= Major 2012–2014Ship struck=Ship reinstated=Ship homeport=HMNB Devonport, Plymouth9079456}}
  • {{MMSI Number|234643000}}
  • Callsign: GCOU
Ship motto=Ex undis surgit victoria (From the waves rises victory)Ship nickname=Ship honours=
  • Al Faw 2003
Ship honoursShip captured=Ship status= Decommissioned[1]Ship fate= Sold to Brazil[3]Ship notes=Ship badge={{Infobox Ship CareerHide header=titleShip country=BrazilBrazil|naval}}Ship name=PHM AtlânticoShip namesake=Ship christened=Ship acquired=Purchased on 19 February 2018, from the Royal NavyShip commissioned=29 June 2018Ship decommissioned=Ship in service=Ship out of service=Ship renamed=Ship struck=Ship reinstated=Ship reclassified=Ship fate=9079456}}
  • {{MMSI Number|710509000}}
  • Callsign: PWTL
  • Pennant number: A140
Ship status=ActiveShip homeport=Arsenal de Marinha do Rio de JaneiroShip motto=Nosso navio, nosso mar

(Our ship, our sea)

Ship nickname=Ship honours=Ship notes=Ship badge=
}}
}}{{Infobox ship characteristics		Hide header=Header caption=Ship class=Landing Platform HelicopterShip tonnage=21500|t|abbr=on}}[2]Ship tons burthen=Ship length=203.4 m (667 ft)[3]Ship beam=35 m (115 ft)[3]Ship height=Ship draught=6.5 m (21 ft)[3]Ship propulsion=
  • 2x Crossley Pielstick 12 cylinder.
10|kn|mph km/h}} cruise
  • {{convert|18|kn|mph km/h}} max[8]
8000|mi|km}}[4]Ship endurance=Ship test depth=Ship boats=
  • 1 Seaboat (Pacific 22 Mk2)
  • 4 × LCVP Mk5B
Ship capacity=40 vehicles[3]Ship troops=830 Royal Marines[3]Ship complement=Ship crew=285 + 180 FAA/RAF[3]Ship time to activate=Ship sensors=
  • Type 997 Artisan radar
  • Type 1008 Navigational Radar
  • 2 × Type 1007 Aircraft Control Radar
Ship EW=
  • UAT Electronic Support Measures
  • DLH decoy Launchers
  • Surface Ship Torpedo Defence (SSTD)
Ship armament=
  • 4 × 30mm DS30M Mk2 guns
  • 3 × Phalanx CIWS (removed before transfer to Brazilian Navy)
  • 4 × Miniguns
  • 8 × General purpose machine guns
Ship armour=Ship aircraft=*Up-to 18 helicopters:
  • AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat
  • Merlin
  • Boeing Chinook
  • Westland Apache
  • EC725 Caracal (Brazilian Navy)
  • S-70B Seahawk (Brazilian Navy)
  • AS350 Écureuil (Brazilian Navy)
Ship aircraft facilities=
  • Large flight deck
  • Hangar deck
  • Helicopter lifts
  • Vehicle deck
Ship notes=
}}

HMS Ocean was an amphibious assault ship, formerly the UK's helicopter carrier and the fleet flagship of the Royal Navy.[5] She was designed to support amphibious landing operations and to support the staff of Commander UK Amphibious Force and Commander UK Landing Force. She was constructed in the mid-1990s by Kvaerner Govan on the River Clyde and fitted out by VSEL at Barrow-in-Furness prior to trials and subsequent acceptance in service. Ocean was commissioned in September 1998 at her home port HMNB Devonport, Plymouth.

In December 2017, the Brazilian Navy confirmed the purchase of the ship for (GBP) £84.6 million. Following her decommissioning from Royal Navy service on 27 March 2018, she arrived in Rio de Janeiro on 25 August 2018,[6] with the intention of being commissioned as PHM Atlântico and fully operational by 2020.[7][8][9]

Background

An invitation to tender for a new helicopter carrier was issued in February 1992.[10] In February 1993 The Times reported that the carrier faced cancellation due to budgetary constraints.[11] However, at approximately the same time, British forces were engaged in operations in the Balkans, which saw the Royal Fleet Auxiliary's aviation training ship RFA Argus pressed into service as an amphibious transport ship. Argus{{'}}s accommodation and facilities proved inadequate for the needs of a large Embarked Military Force (EMF), which emphasised the need for a purpose-built platform.[12] On 29 March 1993, the defence procurement minister announced that development of the new Landing Platform Helicopter (LPH) was proceeding.[13] Two shipbuilders tendered for the contract – Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering Ltd (VSEL) and Swan Hunter. On 11 May 1993, the government announced that VSEL had won the contract.[14] The build was to commercial standards, reducing costs significantly and leading to a construction spend of £154 million (£{{Formatprice|{{Inflation|UK|154000000|1993|{{Inflation-year|UK}}|r=-4}}}} in {{Inflation-year|UK}}),{{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}}, comparable to that of a Type 23 frigate. VSEL, a warship manufacturer, sub-contracted the build phase to the commercial Kværner yard in Govan, Glasgow.

The fact that VSEL's bid was £71 million lower than Swan Hunter's was the source of political controversy and led to a National Audit Office investigation to determine whether the competition was fair. The report, published on 29 July 1993, stated that, although VSEL did subsidise its bid, the MoD was right to award the contract to VSEL because the subsidy was much smaller than the difference between the two bids; VSEL's bid was £139.5 million compared to Swan Hunter's £210.6 million. The Times also suggested that the subsidy was as little as £10 million.[15] In anticipation of the report, the Financial Times described the different philosophies adopted by the two bidders; while Swan Hunter viewed the ships as entirely military, "VSEL thought the design was basically a merchant ship with military hardware bolted on." VSEL's decision to sub-contract the build phase took advantage of lower overheads at a civilian yard as well as efficiency drives by its parent, Kværner.[16]

Launched on 11 October 1995, she was subsequently named at Barrow by Her Majesty the Queen on 20 February 1998, prior to delivery to Devonport. In her sea trial, she managed to reach a top speed of {{convert|20.6|kn}}; however, her usual top speed is {{convert|18|kn}}.[17]

Role

Ocean was designed to provide the amphibious assault capabilities last offered by {{HMS|Albion|R07|2}} and {{HMS|Bulwark|R08|2}}. She can deploy an Embarked Military Force (EMF) of a Royal Marines Commando Group from 3 Commando Brigade supported by aircraft and landing craft. The ship's company included 9 Assault Squadron (9 ASRM) from 1 Assault Group Royal Marines whose primary role is as an Amphibious Assault Squadron. Secondary tasks include boarding parties, beach reconnaissance and providing amphibious knowledge to the ships Command. Besides these roles they have responsibilities within the ship which include firefighting, watchkeeping and security. 9 ASRM is divided into a HQ unit, Landing Craft Troop, Signals detachment, Vehicle Deck Party and Assault Supply Team.[18]

HMS Ocean was also capable of limited anti-submarine warfare activities, supporting afloat training and acting as a base facility for other embarked forces including counter-terrorism units.

The ship was capable of carrying four to six Apache AH1 helicopters operated by the Army Air Corps, as well as helicopters of the Royal Air Force, including the larger twin-rotor Chinook. Prior to their retirement, Ocean could transport up to fifteen fixed-wing Harrier[19] aircraft of Joint Force Harrier in the ferry role, but was unable to operate as a fixed-wing aircraft carrier because she lacked the ski jump that is needed to launch a fully loaded Harrier.{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}}

For the 2012 London Olympics, she carried an air arm of eight Army Air Corps and Fleet Air Arm Super Lynx helicopters, four from each service, to deploy special forces and conduct other missions in a security role.[20]

Four Landing Craft Vehicle and Personnel (LCVPs) are permanently embarked and manned by 9 Assault Squadron Royal Marines.[21]

Operational history

1998–2000

Weeks after being commissioned, Ocean was undertaking the warm water element of her first-of-class trials, when she was deployed on short notice to the coasts of Honduras and Nicaragua to provide humanitarian assistance in the aftermath of Hurricane Mitch.[22] In early 1999, Ocean was scheduled to take part in an exercise in the Atlantic, but was diverted to the Mediterranean in readiness for possible deployment to Kosovo.[23]

During 2000, Ocean supported Operation Palliser in Sierra Leone, joining {{HMS|Illustrious|R06|2}} in aiding the suppression of rebel activity with her own embarked force, and providing support facilities for the Spearhead battalion ashore.[24]

2001–2010

On 17 February 2002, whilst under command of Captain Adrian Johns, a unit of Royal Marines from Ocean accidentally landed on the San Felipe beach in the Spanish town of La Linea instead of Gibraltar, causing a minor diplomatic incident as various media outlets labelled the mistake as an "invasion".[25]

Ocean was part of a large Royal Navy task force deployed for Operation Telic, the UK contribution to the 2003 Iraq War, for which she was awarded a new battle honour "Al Faw 2003".[26] In the helicopter assault role she was accompanied by {{HMS|Ark Royal|R07|2}}.

In the summer of 2006, under the command of Captain Christopher Clayton, the ship was deployed as part of the task force involved in the Aurora exercises on the eastern seaboard of the United States. Clayton was later succeeded by Captain Tony Johnstone-Burt.{{Citation needed|date=April 2017}}

In 2007, Ocean began her first long refit period. This was carried out by Devonport Management Limited at their Devonport Royal Dockyard facility and lasted around 12 months. Following this major period of maintenance and upgrading work, Ocean sailed from Plymouth on Wednesday 24 September 2008 to start sea trials.[27] As part of that upgrade, a PyTEC pyrolysising waste recycling unit was fitted.[28]

On 18 February 2009, Ocean sailed from Devonport as part of the Taurus 09 deployment. She was joined on this deployment by the landing platform dock {{HMS|Bulwark|L15|2}}, as the flagship of the group, which included Type 23 Frigates {{HMS|Argyll|F231|2}} and {{HMS|Somerset|F82|2}} and four ships of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary.[29] This exercise was filmed for the second series of the Channel 5 documentary Warship.

In June 2009, Ocean took part in exercise Bersama Shield with {{HMS|Somerset|F82|2}} and {{Ship|RFA|Wave Ruler|A390|6}} off the Malay Peninsula.[30]

During the air travel disruption after the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption, Prime Minister Gordon Brown assigned Ocean and other units to rescue stranded travellers and army personnel across the English Channel in Operation Cunningham.[31]

In 2010, the ship was sent on a multi-purpose deployment. This started with exercise Auriga on the eastern coast of the USA.[32] She then moved to Brazil to conduct an exercise with the Brazilian marines; whilst there a defence co-operation agreement was signed on board.[33] She then crossed the Atlantic to Nigeria to participate in the "Nigeria at 50" presidential fleet review and provide training to the Nigerian navy as part of the African partnership programme.[34][35] She returned to Devonport in November.[36]

2011–2018

In April 2011, while under command of Captain Keith Blount, the ship was deployed as part of the RN's Response Force Task Group (RFTG) COUGAR 11 deployment. During this deployment, she took part in Exercise Cypriot Lion.[37]

In May 2011, she was detached from the COUGAR 11 deployment of the Response Force Task Group and sent with embarked Apaches to aid operations in Libya along with the attack helicopters aboard the French amphibious assault ship Tonnerre.[38][39][40] This was the first time that Apache helicopters were sent directly into action from a Royal Navy ship.[41] Her initial complement of three Apaches was bolstered by a fourth soon after,[42] and later a fifth.[43] The deployment included a large medical team, a sign of the ship's flexibility.[44]

On 4 May 2012, she moored at Greenwich to prepare for her role of providing logistics support, accommodation and a helicopter landing site during the London 2012 Olympic Games.[45] From 24 to 28 May 2012, she visited Sunderland, her affiliated port, and made other port calls[46] before returning to London on 13 July.[47] After Olympic duty, Ocean returned to her home port of HMNB Devonport for a scheduled period of maintenance.[48] The LPH role was provided by {{HMS|Illustrious|R06|6}} until 2014. On 22 July 2014, HMS Ocean took over the helicopter carrier role again, after her 15-month, £65 million refit, replacing {{HMS|Illustrious|R06|6}}, which then returned to her home port Portsmouth for the last time, being decommissioned on 28 August 2014. As part of the Response Force Task Group COUGAR 14 deployment, Ocean participated in exercises off Albania and France.[49][50]

In April 2015 Ocean took part in Exercise Joint Warrior 15-1 around the coast of Scotland,[51] with Wildcat helicopters landing on her for the first time.[52] She then stopped again in Sunderland where the ship's company exercised their right to the freedom of the city, with more than 300 officers and ratings parading through the city centre.[53]

Ocean became the Royal Navy Fleet Flagship in June 2015.[5][54] In December 2015, she returned to port after Exercise COUGAR 15, an amphibious warfare exercise in the Mediterranean with the French Navy.[55]

At the end of August 2017, Ocean left Devonport for her final deployment, scheduled to take over as Standing NATO Maritime Group 2 flagship in the Mediterranean.[56] Before she could relieve HMS Duncan with SNMG2, Ocean was redeployed to assist in disaster relief efforts following Hurricane Irma in the Caribbean, and then the subsequent Hurricane Maria.[57]

Ocean was decommissioned on 27 March 2018 at HMNB Devonport, with Queen Elizabeth II attending the ceremony.[1]

Sale to Brazil

{{Main|Brazilian amphibious assault ship Atlântico}}

Brazil, seeking a replacement for their navy's outgoing flagship, NAe São Paulo, began discussions with the United Kingdom in 2017 to negotiate the purchase of Ocean, following her decommission from service in 2018. An agreement was struck and after being transferred to Brazil, Ocean was commissioned as PHM Atlântico in June 2018.

Affiliations

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
  • Coldstream Guards
  • No. 27 Squadron RAF
  • No. 30 Squadron RAF
  • 656 Squadron, Army Air Corps
  • 657 Squadron, Army Air Corps
  • Worshipful Company of Farriers
  • City of Sunderland
  • Bedford Modern School CCF
  • Whitgift School
  • The Britannia Association
  • HMS Ocean Association
  • Duke of York Military School
  • Kings College Wimbledon CCF
  • Training Ship King Alfred
  • Merton Sea Cadet Corps- T.S. Trafalgar
  • 11th Torbay Sea Scouts
  • 6th Torbay Sea Scouts
{{div col end}}

See also

  • Amphibious warfare ship
  • List of amphibious warfare ships of the Royal Navy

Notes and references

1. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=https://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/news/plymouth-news/queen-visits-plymouth-hms-oceans-1387703|title=The Queen visits Plymouth for HMS Ocean's decommissioning ceremony|publisher=plymouthherald.co.uk|date=27 March 2018|accessdate=27 March 2018}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/The-Fleet/Ships/Assault-Ships/HMS-Ocean |title=HMS Ocean |website=Royal Navy |accessdate=27 December 2012}}
3. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite book |title=The Royal Navy Handbook |year=2003 |website=Ministry of Defence |page=92}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/warship-channel-4-hms-ocean-documentary|title=A rare glimpse behind the scenes of UK warship HMS Ocean|first=Matt|last=Burgess|publisher=}}
5. ^1 {{cite web|title=HMS Ocean to assume Fleet Flagship role|url=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2015/may/27/150527-hms-ocean-to-assume-fleet-flagship-role |website=Royal Navy|date=27 May 2015}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/article/82583/brazil-s-new-helicopter-carrier-set-to-arrive|title=Brazil’s new helicopter carrier set to arrive|publisher=janes.com|date=24 August 2018|accessdate=26 September 2018}}{{subscription required}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2018/01/03/hms_ocean_sold_brazil/|title=Brazil says it has bagged Royal Navy flagship HMS Ocean for £84m|website=The Register|last=Corfield|first=Gareth|date=3 January 2018|accessdate=3 January 2018}}
8. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://ukdefencejournal.org.uk/brazil-purchase-hms-ocean-84-million/|title=Brazil announces purchase of HMS Ocean for £84 million|publisher=ukdefencejournal.org.uk|date=2 January 2018|accessdate=13 February 2018}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.marinha.mil.br/sinopse/corveta-classe-tamandare-e-hms-ocean-para-marinha-do-brasil|title=Corveta Classe Tamandaré e HMS Ocean para a Marinha do Brasil. (Corvette Class Tamandaré and HMS Ocean for the Brazilian Navy.)|publisher=marinha.mil.br|date=24 December 2017|accessdate=13 February 2018}}
10. ^{{cite news |first=David |last=Fairhill |title=£500 million to be spent on new assault vessels |newspaper=The Times |page=15 |date=14 February 1992 }}
11. ^{{cite news |first=Michael|last=Evans|title=Spending axe falls on £170m carrier |newspaper=The Times |date=3 February 1993 }}
12. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://navy-matters.beedall.com/ocean.htm |title=HMS Ocean |accessdate=7 October 2008 |website=Navy Matters |date=7 May 2001 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102034324/http://navy-matters.beedall.com/ocean.htm |archivedate=2 November 2014}}
13. ^{{cite news |first1=David |last1=White |last2=Tighe |first2=Chris |title=MoD revives £170m helicopter carrier plan |newspaper=Financial Times |page=15 |date=30 March 1993}}
14. ^{{cite news |first=Richard |last=Duce|title=Barrow ship order dismays Tyneside |newspaper=The Times |date=12 May 1993 }}
15. ^{{cite news |first=Chris |last=Tighe |author2=Green, Daniel |title=VSEL subsidised Navy ship bid |newspaper=The Times |page=7|date=30 June 1993 }}
16. ^{{cite news |first=Daniel |last=Green |title=Strategy to win a sea battle: How a civilian shipyard helped VSEL cut costs and gain a Royal Navy order|work=Financial Times |date=21 July 1993 }}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/publications/cyberpioneer/weapon/2007/dec07_weapon.html.print.html |title=Cyberpioneer – Weapon – Ruling over the oceans (Dec 07) |website=Ministry of Defence |accessdate=27 December 2012}}
18. ^RN Publication 15/370
19. ^{{cite web|title=UK's first helicopter attack ship sets sail |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/183577.stm |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=26 May 2014|date=30 September 1998}}
20. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/near-miss-as-hms-ocean-squeezes-through-thames-barrier-7715349.html | location=London |newspaper=The Independent | first=Rob | last=Williams | title=Near miss as HMS Ocean squeezes through Thames Barrier | date=4 May 2012}}
21. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/operations-and-support/surface-fleet/assault-ships/hms-ocean/ship-s-departments/9-assault-squadron-rm/ |title=HMS Ocean – 9 Assault Squadron |website=Royal Navy |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722231328/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/operations-and-support/surface-fleet/assault-ships/hms-ocean/ship-s-departments/9-assault-squadron-rm/ |archivedate=22 July 2009 |deadurl=yes}}
22. ^{{cite news|title=UK Navy saves Nicaraguans|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/212149.stm |date=11 November 1998 |work=BBC News}}
23. ^{{cite news|title=UK Navy's biggest ship prepares for action|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/333584.stm |work=BBC News|date=2 May 1999}}
24. ^{{cite book |title=A Short History of the Royal Air Force: Chapter 6 – Return to Expeditionary Warfare |url=http://www.raf.mod.uk/rafcms/mediafiles/F21F8E7A_BD8A_55BA_43FA63F04FC5D6B4.pdf |page=307 |website=Royal Air Force |access-date=1 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530173426/http://www.raf.mod.uk/rafcms/mediafiles/F21F8E7A_BD8A_55BA_43FA63F04FC5D6B4.pdf |archive-date=30 May 2013 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
25. ^{{cite news|title=Tell it to the marines... we've invaded the wrong country|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/feb/19/gibraltar.world |newspaper=The Guardian|date=19 February 2002}}
26. ^{{cite hansard|house=House of Lords|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200506/ldhansrd/vo050609/text/50609-25.htm|title=Battle and Theatre Honours|date=9 June 2005}}
27. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/EquipmentAndLogistics/OceanBackAtSeaAfter30mRefit.htm |website=Ministry of Defence |title=Ocean back at sea after £30m refit |date=24 September 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015005655/http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/EquipmentAndLogistics/OceanBackAtSeaAfter30mRefit.htm |archivedate=15 October 2008 |deadurl=yes}}
28. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/8290130.stm|title=Energy from waste powers US army |work=BBC News|accessdate=4 October 2009 | date=5 October 2009|first=Jason|last=Palmer}}
29. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-events/taurus-09/ |title=TAURUS 09 |website=Royal Navy |year=2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426122243/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-events/taurus-09/ |archivedate=26 April 2009}}
30. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.navynews.co.uk/news/445-task-force-raises-its-shield.aspx |website=Navy News |title=Task Force raises its shield}}{{dead link|date=December 2012}}
31. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2010/04/19/uk-deploys-royal-navy-warships/ | publisher=Fox News Channel | title=European Countries Agree to Resume Air Traffic | date=19 April 2010}}
32. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/operations-and-support/operations/auriga/news/hms-ocean-heads-across-the-pond-as-part-of-the-auriga-task-group/*/changeNav/6568 |title=HMS Ocean Heads Across The Pond As Part of the Auriga Task Group |date=10 June 2010 |website=Royal Navy |archiveurl=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100612115546/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/operations-and-support/operations/auriga/news/hms-ocean-heads-across-the-pond-as-part-of-the-auriga-task-group/*/changeNav/6568 |archivedate=12 June 2010 |deadurl=yes}}
33. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/operations-and-support/surface-fleet/assault-ships/hms-ocean/news/hms-ocean-departs-rio-de-janeiro-after-successful-diplomatic-visit |title=HMS Ocean departs Rio de Janeiro after successful diplomatic visit |website=Royal Navy |date=23 September 2010 |archiveurl=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100927141555/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-events/rn-live/all-news/hms-ocean-departs-rio-de-janeiro-after-successful-diplomatic-visit/*/changeNav/6568 |archivedate=27 September 2010 |deadurl=yes}}
34. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.naveur-navaf.navy.mil/artical_64.html |title=HMS Ocean Engages in Capacity Building with the Nigerian Navy |website=Commander, U.S. Naval Forces Europe-Commander, U.S. Naval Forces Africa |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224212551/http://www.naveur-navaf.navy.mil/artical_64.html |archivedate=24 February 2015 |deadurl=yes}}
35. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/jackspeak/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/HMS-Ocean-during-the-Nigerian-Fleet-Review2.jpg |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20101001133501/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/jackspeak/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/HMS-Ocean-during-the-Nigerian-Fleet-Review2.jpg |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2010-10-01 |title=HMS Ocean during the Nigerian Fleet Review |website=Royal Navy}}
36. ^{{cite news |title=HMS Ocean welcomed home after world wide deployment |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/hms-ocean-welcomed-home-after-world-wide-deployment |date=1 November 2010 |website=Ministry of Defence}}
37. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/operations-and-support/operations/auriga/index.htm |title=Cougar 11 |website=Royal Navy |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604174512/http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/operations-and-support/operations/auriga/index.htm |archivedate=4 June 2011 |deadurl=yes}}
38. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/MilitaryOperations/ApachesGetReadyToHelpProtectLibyanCivilians.htm |title=Apaches get ready to help protect Libyan civilians |website=Ministry of Defence |date=27 May 2011 |accessdate=27 December 2012}}
39. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2011/06/04/nato-uses-attack-helicopters-for-first-time-in-libya/?test=latestnews |publisher=Fox News Channel | title=NATO Uses Attack Helicopters for First Time in Libya | date=4 June 2011}}
40. ^{{cite news|title=HMS Ocean returns home|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/hms-ocean-returns-home |website=Ministry of Defence |date=12 December 2011}}
41. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.navynews.co.uk/news/1213-ocean-and-her-gunships-dispatched-to-libya.aspx |title=Ocean and her gunships dispatched to Libya |website=Navy News |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201221915/http://www.navynews.co.uk/news/1213-ocean-and-her-gunships-dispatched-to-libya.aspx |archivedate=1 February 2016 |deadurl=yes}}
42. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8531704/British-attack-helicopters-to-Libya.html | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph | first1=Damien | last1=McElroy | first2=James | last2=Kirkup | first3=Thomas | last3=Harding | title=Libya: British attack helicopters to be deployed | date=23 May 2011}}
43. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/libya-british-army-details-apaches-success-359298/ |title=LIBYA: British Army details Apache's success |website=Flight International |date=8 July 2011 |accessdate=27 December 2012}}
44. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/hms-oceans-medical-team-supports-apache-crews-flying-over-libya |title=HMS Ocean's medical team supports Apache crews flying over Libya |date=5 August 2011 |website=Ministry of Defence |accessdate=30 November 2013}}
45. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/MilitaryOperations/MilitarySupportTo2012OlympicGamesAnnounced.htm |title=Military support to 2012 Olympic Games announced |website=Ministry of Defence |date=15 December 2011 |accessdate=27 December 2012}}
46. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/News-and-Events/Latest-News/2012/May/23/120523-Ocean-visits-Sunderland |title=HMS Ocean visits her affiliated city of Sunderland this weekend |website=Royal Navy |accessdate=27 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625170158/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/News-and-Events/Latest-News/2012/May/23/120523-Ocean-visits-Sunderland |archivedate=25 June 2012 |df=dmy }}
47. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-18838595 |work=BBC News| title=HMS Ocean in London for Olympics | date=13 July 2012}}
48. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/sitecore/content/home/the-fleet/ships/assault-ships/hms-ocean |title=HMS Ocean |website=Royal Navy |accessdate=27 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926032437/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/sitecore/content/home/the-fleet/ships/assault-ships/hms-ocean |archivedate=26 September 2013 |df=dmy }}
49. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2014/september/19/140919-ocean-france |title=HMS Ocean joins the French in Exercise Gabion |date=19 September 2014 |accessdate=22 September 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921105141/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2014/september/19/140919-ocean-france |archivedate=21 September 2014 }}
50. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2014/september/17/140917-rm-launch-final-assualt-on-exercise-albanian-lion |title=Royal Marines launch final assualt [sic] on exercise Albanian Lion |website=Royal Navy |date=17 September 2014 |accessdate=17 June 2016}}
51. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2015/may/15/150515-845-nas-on-exercise-joint-warrior-151 |title=845 NAS on exercise Joint Warrior 15-1 |work=Royal Navy |date=15 May 2015 |accessdate=17 June 2016}}
52. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.naval-technology.com/news/newshms-ocean-conducts-first-time-operations-of-wildcat-helicopter-4588871 |title=HMS Ocean conducts first-time operations of Wildcat helicopter |website=Naval Technology |date=29 May 2015 |accessdate=17 June 2016}}
53. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2015/april/30/150430-ocean-sails-into-sunderland-and-open-to-visitors |title=HMS Ocean due into Sunderland for Freedom of the City and open to visitors |website=Royal Navy |date=30 April 2015 |accessdate=17 June 2016}}
54. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/queen-plymouth-live-coverage-majesty-s-visit/story-26203323-detail/story.html |title=The Queen in Plymouth – live coverage of Her Majesty's visit |first=Patrick |last=Daly |newspaper=Plymouth Herald |date=19 March 2015 |accessdate=17 June 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924122616/http://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/Queen-Plymouth-live-coverage-Majesty-s-visit/story-26203323-detail/story.html |archivedate=24 September 2015 |df=dmy-all }}
55. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2015/december/11/151211-ocean-returns-home |title=HMS Ocean returns home from Cougar deployment |work=Royal Navy |date=11 December 2015 |accessdate=17 June 2016}}
56. ^{{cite news |author= |title=Closing sail |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |date=30 August 2017 }}
57. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/update-from-priti-patel-on-the-uks-response-to-hurricane-irma |title=Update from Priti Patel on the UK's response to Hurricane Irma |work=gvo.uk |date=8 September 2017}}

External links

{{Commons category|HMS Ocean (L12)}}
  • Royal Navy HMS Ocean (royalnavy.mod.uk)
  • HMS Ocean (naval-technology.com)
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ocean (L12)}}

6 : Helicopter carrier classes|Ships built in Govan|1995 ships|Aircraft carriers of the Royal Navy|Amphibious warfare vessels of the Royal Navy|2012 Summer Olympics
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