“Clausius–Duhem inequality”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

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Clausius–Duhem inequality

释义

Clausius–Duhem inequality in terms of the specific entropy
Clausius–Duhem inequality in terms of specific internal energy
Dissipation
See also
References
External links

The Clausius–Duhem inequality^[1]^[2] is a way of expressing the second law of thermodynamics that is used in continuum mechanics. This inequality is particularly useful in determining whether the constitutive relation of a material is thermodynamically allowable.^[3]

This inequality is a statement concerning the irreversibility of natural processes, especially when energy dissipation is involved. It was named after the German physicist Rudolf Clausius and French physicist Pierre Duhem.

Clausius–Duhem inequality in terms of the specific entropy

The Clausius–Duhem inequality can be expressed in integral form as

In this equation is the time, represents a body and the integration is over the volume of the body, represents the surface of the body, is the mass density of the body, is the specific entropy (entropy per unit mass), is the normal velocity of , is the velocity of particles inside , is the unit normal to the surface, is the heat flux vector, is an energy source per unit mass, and is the absolute temperature. All the variables are functions of a material point at at time .

In differential form the Clausius–Duhem inequality can be written as

where is the time derivative of and is the divergence of the vector .

Proof

Assume that

is an arbitrary fixed control volume. Then

and the derivative can be taken inside the integral to give

Using the divergence theorem, we get

Since is arbitrary, we must have

Expanding out

or,

Now, the material time derivatives of and are given by

Therefore,

From the conservation of mass . Hence,

Clausius–Duhem inequality in terms of specific internal energy

The inequality can be expressed in terms of the internal energy as

where is the time derivative of the specific internal energy (the internal energy per unit mass), is the Cauchy stress, and is the gradient of the velocity. This inequality incorporates the balance of energy and the balance of linear and angular momentum into the expression for the Clausius–Duhem inequality.

Proof

Using the identity

in the Clausius–Duhem inequality, we get

Now, using index notation with respect to a Cartesian coordinate system ,

Hence,

From the balance of energy

Therefore,

Rearranging,

Dissipation

The quantity

is called the dissipation which is defined as the rate of internal entropy production per unit volume times the absolute temperature. Hence the Clausius–Duhem inequality is also called the dissipation inequality. In a real material, the dissipation is always greater than zero.

References

1. ^{{Citation |last=Truesdell |first=Clifford |authorlink=Clifford Truesdell |year=1952 |title=The Mechanical foundations of elasticity and fluid dynamics |journal=Journal of Rational Mechanics and Analysis |volume=1 |issue= |pages=125–300 |doi= }}.
2. ^{{Citation |last=Truesdell |first=Clifford |lastauthoramp=yes |first2=Richard |last2=Toupin |year=1960 |chapter=The Classical Field Theories of Mechanics |title=Handbuch der Physik |volume=III |location=Berlin |publisher=Springer |isbn= }}.
3. ^{{Citation |last=Frémond |first=M. |year=2006 |chapter=The Clausius–Duhem Inequality, an Interesting and Productive Inequality |title=Nonsmooth Mechanics and Analysis |series=Advances in mechanics and mathematics |volume=12 |pages=107–118 |location=New York |publisher=Springer |doi=10.1007/0-387-29195-4_10 |isbn=0-387-29196-2 }}.

External links

[https://web.archive.org/web/20080513152511/http://www.mechanics.rutgers.edu/TruesdellMemories.pdf Memories of Clifford Truesdell] by Bernard D. Coleman, Journal of Elasticity, 2003.
Thoughts on Thermomechanics by Walter Noll, 2008.

1 : Continuum mechanics

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Clausius–Duhem inequality in terms of the specific entropy

Clausius–Duhem inequality in terms of specific internal energy

Dissipation

See also

References

External links