| 词条 | Clelia Duel Mosher |
| 释义 |
| name = Clelia Duel Mosher | image=Clelia Mosher in uniform.jpg | caption=Mosher in Red Cross uniform during the First World War | pseudonym = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date|1863|12|16|df=yes}} | birth_place = Albany, New York, United States | death_date = {{death date and age|1940|12|21 |1863|12|16|df=yes}} | death_place = | occupation = Professor, Hygienist, Red Cross | genre = Health | movement = | notableworks = | influences = | influenced = | website = }}Clelia Duel Mosher (KLEEL-ya DUE-el MOE-sher; December 16, 1863 – December 21, 1940) was a physician, hygienist and women's health advocate who disapproved of Victorian stereotypes about the physical incapacities of women.[1] EducationMosher attended Wellesley College, the University of Wisconsin, and Stanford University, where she received a bachelor's degree in zoology in 1893. In 1894, she received a master's degree from Stanford. In 1896, Mosher became a student at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. Mosher's Master's degree thesis disproved the then widely held belief that women were physically inferior to men because they could only breathe costally, showing instead it was only women’s fashionable corset clothing of the time that prevented diaphragmatic breathing. She found that women would breathe with their diaphragm with enough exercise. CareerAfter her graduation as a doctor of medicine, Mosher worked in private practice, until she became an assistant professor of personal hygiene at Stanford in 1910. Mosher subsequently researched menstruation, gathering data from 2,000 women over 12,000 menstrual cycles.[2] She revealed unhygienic habits that caused painful menstruation[3] and created the Mosher breathing exercise,[4] making her possibly the first American physician to advocate core-body-strength-increasing exercises to reduce the pain of menstrual cramps. Her most famous work, published posthumously, was a survey that she began in 1892 as an undergraduate when preparing to lecture on the "Marital Relation" before the Mother's Club of the University of Wisconsin,[5][6] and continued throughout her career. It is the only known existing survey of Victorian women's sexual habits,[5] and was initially controversial because of its frankness and the overwhelmingly sex-positive views of the participants, even including the use of "male sheaths" (now called condoms) and "rubber cap over the uterus" (either a diaphragm or cervical cap) birth control.[7][8] All this stood in high contrast to other existing historical literature of the time which held that women have no sexual desires and sex should only be used for reproduction.[7][8] One theory is because the researcher was a woman gathering data from women that knew the results would only be put forth before a purely female audience, the normal strictures of propriety of that time were let down and more realistic data was actually gathered.[1][6] See also
Notes1. ^1 Stanford School of Medicine: Who is Clelia Duel Mosher? 2. ^Mosher, Clelia Duel: Woman’s Physical Freedom, p. 19 3. ^Mosher, Clelia Duel: Woman’s Physical Freedom, p. 28–35 4. ^Mosher, Clelia Duel: Woman’s Physical Freedom p. 26 5. ^1 Jacob, Kathryn Allamong: The Mosher Report 6. ^1 Clara Platoni, "The Sex Scholar," Stanford Magazine March/April 2010. 7. ^1 Gershaw: The First Sex Survey 8. ^1 Hyde: Understanding Human Sexuality p. 5 BibliographyPublished
ReferencesPrinted
Web
The Mosher Report|publisher=American Heritage|author=Jacob, Kathryn Allamong|date=|accessdate=19 February 2009}}
Woman’s Physical Freedom|publisher=Museum of Menstruation scans of the original book|author=Museum of Menstruation|date=|accessdate=19 February 2009}}
1892 image of Clelia Duel Mosher|publisher=Humboldt University of Berlin|author=Anonymous|date=|accessdate=22 February 2009}}
External links
12 : 1863 births|1940 deaths|Hygienists|American primary care physicians|American women physicians|Physicians from Albany, New York|American feminists|Stanford University alumni|Stanford University School of Medicine faculty|Johns Hopkins University alumni|American Red Cross personnel|American sexologists |
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