| 词条 | Climate of Malta | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| Malta | 9.9 | 15.6 | 98.5 | 9.4 | 15.6 | 60.1 | 10.6 | 17.3 | 44.2 | 12.4 | 19.8 | 20.7 | 15.5 | 24.1 | 16.0 | 19.1 | 28.6 | 4.6 | 21.7 | 31.5 | 0.3 | 22.6 | 31.8 | 12.8 | 20.8 | 28.5 | 58.6 | 18.1 | 25.0 | 82.9 | 14.6 | 20.7 | 92.3 | 11.6 | 17.1 | 109.2 |float = right |clear = |source = Meteo Climate (1981-2010 Data),[1] |date = January 2015}} Malta has a Mediterranean climate according to the Köppen climate classification (Csa),[2][3] with very mild winters and warm to hot summers. Rain occurs mainly in winter, with summer being generally dry. According to the Troll-Paffen climate classification[4] and the Siegmund/Frankenberg climate classification,[5] Malta lies within the subtropical zone, being at 35ºN latitude. TemperatureThe average yearly temperature is around {{convert|23|°C|°F|abbr=on}} during the day and {{convert|16|°C|°F|abbr=on}} at night (one of the warmest temperature averages in Europe). In the coldest month – January – the typical maximum temperature ranges from {{convert|12|to|18|C|F}} during the day and the minimum from {{convert|6|to|12|C|F}} at night. In the warmest month – August – the typical maximum temperature ranges from {{convert|28|to|34|C|F}} during the day and the minimum from {{convert|20|to|24|C|F}} at night. Generally, April starts with temperatures from {{convert|17|-|22|C|F}} during the day and {{convert|10|-|14|C|F}} at night. November has temperatures from {{convert|17|-|23|C|F}} during the day and {{convert|11|-|18|C|F}} at night. However even in the remaining four months of the year (December, January, February and March) temperatures sometimes reach {{convert|20|°C|0|abbr=on}}. Amongst all capitals in the continent of Europe, Valletta—the capital of Malta—has the warmest winters, with average temperatures of around {{convert|16|°C|°F|abbr=on}} during the day and {{convert|10|°C|°F|abbr=on}} at night in the months of January and February. In March and December average temperatures are around {{convert|17|°C|°F|abbr=on}} during the day and {{convert|11|°C|°F|abbr=on}} at night.[6] The average number of days above {{convert|32|°C|°F|1}} is 15, most of which occur during July and August.[7] In Malta large fluctuations in temperature are rare. Malta is one of only a handful of locations in Europe with a USDA hardiness zone of 11a. DaylightMalta enjoys one of the most optimal arrangement of hours of daylight in Europe. Days in winter are not as short as in the northern part of the continent, the average hours of daylight in December, January and February is 10.3 hours[7] (for comparison: London[8] or Moscow[9] or Warsaw[10] - about 8 hours). The shortest day of the year - 21 December - sunrise is around 7:00 and sunset is around 17:00. The longest day of the year - 21 June - sunrise is around 5:30 and sunset is around 20:30.[11]
SunshineAs one might expect from Malta's high daylight hours, Malta enjoys around 3,000 hours of sunshine per year (also one of the highest in Europe), from an average of above 5 hours of sunshine per day in December to an average of above 12 hours of sunshine per day in July.[15][7] Thus, Malta enjoys about twice the amount of sunshine as cities in the northern half of Europe.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}} For comparison, London has 1,461 hours per year;[13] however, in winter Malta has much more sunshine. For comparison, London has 37 hours[13] while Malta has 161 hours of sunshine in December.[15] {{Weather box|location = Malta |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jand sun = 5.46 |Febd sun = 6.36 |Mard sun = 7.33 |Aprd sun = 8.46 |Mayd sun = 9.99 |Jund sun = 11.23 |Juld sun = 12.15 |Augd sun = 11.36 |Sepd sun = 9.00 |Octd sun = 7.22 |Novd sun = 6.50 |Decd sun = 5.20 |yeard sun = 8.4 |Jan sun = 169.3 |Feb sun = 178.1 |Mar sun = 227.2 |Apr sun = 253.8 |May sun = 309.7 |Jun sun = 336.9 |Jul sun = 376.7 |Aug sun = 352.2 |Sep sun = 270.0 |Oct sun = 223.8 |Nov sun = 195.0 |Dec sun = 161.2 |year sun = 3054 |Jan percentsun= 58 |Feb percentsun= 62 |Mar percentsun= 64 |Apr percentsun= 67 |May percentsun= 72 |Jun percentsun= 81 |Jul percentsun= 87 |Aug percentsun= 88 |Sep percentsun= 77 |Oct percentsun= 65 |Nov percentsun= 62 |Dec percentsun= 55 |year percentsun= 70 |source 1 = MaltaWeather (Mean daily and monthly sunshine hours),[15] climatemps.com (Percent possible sunshine)[14]}} Sea temperatureAverage annual temperature of sea is {{convert|20|°C|°F|abbr=on}} (the highest annual sea temperature in Europe), from {{convert|15|-|16|C|F}} in the period from January to April to {{convert|26|°C|°F}} in August. In the 6 months from June to November, the average sea temperature exceeds {{convert|20|°C|°F|abbr=on}}. In May and December - the transition months - the average is around {{convert|18|°C|°F|abbr=on}}. In the second half of April, which is the beginning of the summer/holiday season the average sea temperature is {{convert|17|°C|°F|abbr=on}}. The highest sea temperature is {{convert|27|°C|°F}} in the middle-3rd week of August. In late August and early September the temperature drops to {{convert|26|°C|°F}}, and in the second half of September it drops to {{convert|25|°C|°F}}. Around mid-October it drops to {{convert|24|°C|°F}}, and during the last week of October it drops to {{convert|23|°C|°F}}. By early November the temperature drops to {{convert|22|°C|°F}} (data of 2010).[6][15]
PrecipitationWater supply poses a problem on Malta, as the summer is both rainless and the time of greatest water use, and the winter rainfall often falls as heavy showers running off to the sea rather than soaking into the ground. Malta depends on underground reserves of fresh water, drawn through a system of water tunnels called the Ta' Kandja galleries, which average about 97 m below surface and extend like the spokes of a wheel. In the galleries in Malta's porous limestone, fresh water lies in a lens upon brine. More than half the potable water of Malta is produced by desalination, which creates further issues of fossil fuel use and pollution.[18] Malta has an average of 90 precipitation days a year, and experiences from a few to a dozen rainy days per month (≥ 1 mm), ranging from 0.5 of a day in July to around 15 in December. The average annual precipitation is around 600 mm, ranging from ~0.3 mm in July to ~110 mm in December.[15] {{Weather box|location = Malta (Balzan in the central part of the island) |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan precipitation mm = 94.7 |Feb precipitation mm = 63.4 |Mar precipitation mm = 37.0 |Apr precipitation mm = 26.3 |May precipitation mm = 9.2 |Jun precipitation mm = 5.4 |Jul precipitation mm = 0.2 |Aug precipitation mm = 6.0 |Sep precipitation mm = 67.4 |Oct precipitation mm = 77.2 |Nov precipitation mm = 108.6 |Dec precipitation mm = 107.7 |year precipitation mm = 603.1 |Jan precipitation days = 15 |Feb precipitation days = 12 |Mar precipitation days = 9 |Apr precipitation days = 6 |May precipitation days = 3 |Jun precipitation days = 1 |Jul precipitation days = 0 |Aug precipitation days = 1 |Sep precipitation days = 5 |Oct precipitation days = 9 |Nov precipitation days = 13 |Dec precipitation days = 16 |year precipitation days = 90 |unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm |source 1 = MaltaWeather.com[15]}}{{Weather box |location = Malta |metric first = yes |single line = yes |collapsed = yes |Jan precipitation mm = 89.0 |Feb precipitation mm = 61.3 |Mar precipitation mm = 40.9 |Apr precipitation mm = 22.5 |May precipitation mm = 6.6 |Jun precipitation mm = 3.2 |Jul precipitation mm = 0.4 |Aug precipitation mm = 7.0 |Sep precipitation mm = 40.4 |Oct precipitation mm = 89.7 |Nov precipitation mm = 80.0 |Dec precipitation mm = 112.3 |year precipitation mm = 553.3 |Jan precipitation days = 13.7 |Feb precipitation days = 10.9 |Mar precipitation days = 8.9 |Apr precipitation days = 6.4 |May precipitation days = 2.8 |Jun precipitation days = 1.1 |Jul precipitation days = 0.4 |Aug precipitation days = 1.0 |Sep precipitation days = 3.9 |Oct precipitation days = 10.2 |Nov precipitation days = 10.6 |Dec precipitation days = 14.2 |year precipitation days = 84.1 |unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm |source 1 = World Meteorological Organization[19] |date = August 2010}} HumidityThe annual average relative humidity is high, averaging 75%, ranging from 65% in July (morning: 78% evening: 53%) to 80% in December (morning: 83% evening: 73%).[20] {{Weather box|location = Valletta |metric first = yes |single line = yes | Jan humidity = 80 | Feb humidity = 80 | Mar humidity = 80 | Apr humidity = 75 | May humidity = 75 | Jun humidity = 70 | Jul humidity = 65 | Aug humidity = 70 | Sep humidity = 75 | Oct humidity = 75 | Nov humidity = 80 | Dec humidity = 80 |year humidity = |source 1 = WeatherBase[21] |date = June 2018}} Records{{Refimprove|date=October 2013}}Despite the relative stasis of the Maltese climate, historical records present some variations. In the capital city of Valletta, meteorological officials of the time recorded a temperature of {{convert|1.2|°C|°F|abbr=on}} on 19 February 1895, which remains a record for the city.[22] Regarding the island as a whole, a temperature of {{convert|-1.7|°C|°F|abbr=on}} was recorded on 1 February 1962, at Ta' Qali airfield, in the centre of the island, which was accompanied by frozen precipitation (hail), and later in the day covered by snowfall that lasted through the night, though this temperature is not recognised by the Malta Met Office as it was not an official recording station and didn't use worldwide meteorological standard instruments.[22] Snow is a very rare phenomenon, although the island recorded several snow events since 1850, being the last one in 2014.[23] There was a big snowfall in January 1858 (widespread snowfall), March 1877 (light snow without accumulation), February 1895 (snow squalls without accumulation), January 1905 (flurries without accumulation), March 1949 (snow recorded in the interior of the island), and 31 January 1962,[22] On 31 December 2014 snow was reported at various locations.[24]. Graupel was also recorded during that day. That Winter went on to be one of the coldest and stormiest ever experienced in the Maltese Islands.[25][26] The lowest temperature ever recorded at Luqa International Airport was in January 1981, with {{Convert|1.4|°C|°F|1}}, and the highest temperature was {{Convert|43.8|°C|°F|1}}[27] recorded in August 1999. Among all countries in the world, Malta recorded the 5th highest temperature: {{convert|1.4|°C|°F|abbr=on}} (after tropical Malaysia, Puerto Rico, Bangladesh and Philippines) among lowest temperatures ever recorded {{Weather box|location = Malta |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan record high C = 22.2 |Feb record high C = 26.7 |Mar record high C = 33.5 |Apr record high C = 30.7 |May record high C = 35.3 |Jun record high C = 40.1 |Jul record high C = 42.7 |Aug record high C = 43.8 |Sep record high C = 37.4 |Oct record high C = 34.5 |Nov record high C = 28.2 |Dec record high C = 24.3 |year record high C = 43.8 |Jan record low C = 1.4 |Feb record low C = 1.7 |Mar record low C = 2.2 |Apr record low C = 4.4 |May record low C = 8.0 |Jun record low C = 12.6 |Jul record low C = 15.5 |Aug record low C = 15.9 |Sep record low C = 13.2 |Oct record low C = 8.0 |Nov record low C = 5.0 |Dec record low C = 3.6 |year record low C = 1.4 |source 1 = Malta Airport Meteorological Office (extremes 1947−2010)[27] |date = August 2010}}{{Weather box |location = Malta (Balzan in the central part of the island. 1987-2010) |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan record high C= 22.2 |Feb record high C= 24.1 |Mar record high C= 33.5 |Apr record high C= 31.7 |May record high C= 37.3 |Jun record high C= 40.1 |Jul record high C= 43.1 |Aug record high C= 43.0 |Sep record high C= 39.2 |Oct record high C= 33.5 |Nov record high C= 28.9 |Dec record high C= 24.9 |Jan record low C= 3.9 |Feb record low C= 2.6 |Mar record low C= 4.8 |Apr record low C= 6.5 |May record low C= 10.5 |Jun record low C= 14.7 |Jul record low C= 17.4 |Aug record low C= 18.0 |Sep record low C= 15.4 |Oct record low C= 11.3 |Nov record low C= 5.7 |Dec record low C= 3.6 |source 1 = MaltaWeather.com[15]}} Climate data{{Weather box|location = Malta (Luqa in the south-east part of main island, 1981-2010) |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan high C = 15.6 |Feb high C = 15.6 |Mar high C = 17.3 |Apr high C = 19.8 |May high C = 24.1 |Jun high C = 28.6 |Jul high C = 31.5 |Aug high C = 31.8 |Sep high C = 28.5 |Oct high C = 25.0 |Nov high C = 20.7 |Dec high C = 17.1 |year high C = 23.0 |Jan mean C = 12.8 |Feb mean C = 12.5 |Mar mean C = 13.9 |Apr mean C = 16.1 |May mean C = 19.8 |Jun mean C = 23.9 |Jul mean C = 26.6 |Aug mean C = 27.2 |Sep mean C = 24.7 |Oct mean C = 21.5 |Nov mean C = 17.7 |Dec mean C = 14.4 |year mean C = 19.3 |Jan low C = 9.9 |Feb low C = 9.4 |Mar low C = 10.6 |Apr low C = 12.4 |May low C = 15.5 |Jun low C = 19.1 |Jul low C = 21.7 |Aug low C = 22.6 |Sep low C = 20.8 |Oct low C = 18.1 |Nov low C = 14.6 |Dec low C = 11.6 |year low C = 15.5 |Jan precipitation mm = 98.5 |Feb precipitation mm = 60.1 |Mar precipitation mm = 44.2 |Apr precipitation mm = 20.7 |May precipitation mm = 16.0 |Jun precipitation mm = 4.6 |Jul precipitation mm = 0.3 |Aug precipitation mm = 12.8 |Sep precipitation mm = 58.6 |Oct precipitation mm = 82.9 |Nov precipitation mm = 92.3 |Dec precipitation mm = 109.2 |year precipitation mm = 595.8 |Jan precipitation days = 10 |Feb precipitation days = 7 |Mar precipitation days = 5 |Apr precipitation days = 4 |May precipitation days = 1 |Jun precipitation days = 1 |Jul precipitation days = 0 |Aug precipitation days = 1 |Sep precipitation days = 4 |Oct precipitation days = 6 |Nov precipitation days = 9 |Dec precipitation days = 10 |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |year precipitation days = 58 |Jan sun = 176.7 |Feb sun = 194.3 |Mar sun = 235.6 |Apr sun = 261.0 |May sun = 310.0 |Jun sun = 351.0 |Jul sun = 384.4 |Aug sun = 362.7 |Sep sun = 282.0 |Oct sun = 220.1 |Nov sun = 189.0 |Dec sun = 164.3 |year sun = 3131.1 |source 1 = Meteo Climate (1981-2010 Data),[28] climatetemp.info (Sun Data)[14] |date = January 2015}}{{Weather box |collapsed = yes |location = Malta (Balzan in the central part of main island, since 1985) |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan high C = 16.1 |Feb high C = 16.0 |Mar high C = 17.8 |Apr high C = 20.0 |May high C = 24.2 |Jun high C = 28.5 |Jul high C = 31.5 |Aug high C = 31.8 |Sep high C = 28.4 |Oct high C = 25.2 |Nov high C = 21.0 |Dec high C = 17.5 |year high C = 23.16 |Jan mean C = 13.2 |Feb mean C = 13.0 |Mar mean C = 14.6 |Apr mean C = 16.7 |May mean C = 20.4 |Jun mean C = 24.4 |Jul mean C = 27.2 |Aug mean C = 27.7 |Sep mean C = 25.0 |Oct mean C = 21.9 |Nov mean C = 18.0 |Dec mean C = 14.7 |year mean C = 19.73 |Jan low C = 10.3 |Feb low C = 9.9 |Mar low C = 11.3 |Apr low C = 13.3 |May low C = 16.6 |Jun low C = 20.3 |Jul low C = 22.8 |Aug low C = 23.6 |Sep low C = 21.6 |Oct low C = 18.6 |Nov low C = 15.0 |Dec low C = 11.9 |year low C = 16.26 |Jan precipitation mm = 94.7 |Feb precipitation mm = 63.4 |Mar precipitation mm = 37.0 |Apr precipitation mm = 26.3 |May precipitation mm = 9.2 |Jun precipitation mm = 5.4 |Jul precipitation mm = 0.2 |Aug precipitation mm = 6.0 |Sep precipitation mm = 67.4 |Oct precipitation mm = 77.2 |Nov precipitation mm = 108.6 |Dec precipitation mm = 107.7 |year precipitation mm = 603.1 |Jan precipitation days = 15 |Feb precipitation days = 12 |Mar precipitation days = 9 |Apr precipitation days = 6 |May precipitation days = 3 |Jun precipitation days = 1 |Jul precipitation days = 0 |Aug precipitation days = 1 |Sep precipitation days = 5 |Oct precipitation days = 9 |Nov precipitation days = 13 |Dec precipitation days = 16 |year precipitation days = 90 |Jan sun = 169.3 |Feb sun = 178.1 |Mar sun = 227.2 |Apr sun = 253.8 |May sun = 309.7 |Jun sun = 336.9 |Jul sun = 376.7 |Aug sun = 352.2 |Sep sun = 270.0 |Oct sun = 223.8 |Nov sun = 195.0 |Dec sun = 161.2 |year sun = 3053.9 |source 1 = MaltaWeather.com[29]|date=October 2013}}{{Weather box |location = Malta (Luqa in the south-east part of main island, 1961-1990) |metric first = yes |single line = yes |collapsed = yes |Jan high C = 15.2 |Feb high C = 15.5 |Mar high C = 16.7 |Apr high C = 19.1 |May high C = 23.3 |Jun high C = 27.5 |Jul high C = 30.7 |Aug high C = 30.7 |Sep high C = 28.0 |Oct high C = 24.2 |Nov high C = 20.1 |Dec high C = 16.7 |year high C = 22.3 |Jan mean C = 12.2 |Feb mean C = 12.4 |Mar mean C = 13.4 |Apr mean C = 15.5 |May mean C = 19.1 |Jun mean C = 23.0 |Jul mean C = 25.9 |Aug mean C = 26.3 |Sep mean C = 24.1 |Oct mean C = 20.7 |Nov mean C = 17.0 |Dec mean C = 13.9 |year mean C = 18.6 |Jan low C = 9.2 |Feb low C = 9.3 |Mar low C = 10.1 |Apr low C = 11.9 |May low C = 14.9 |Jun low C = 18.4 |Jul low C = 21.0 |Aug low C = 21.8 |Sep low C = 20.1 |Oct low C = 17.1 |Nov low C = 13.9 |Dec low C = 11.0 |year low C = 14.9 |Jan precipitation mm = 89.0 |Feb precipitation mm = 61.3 |Mar precipitation mm = 40.9 |Apr precipitation mm = 22.5 |May precipitation mm = 6.6 |Jun precipitation mm = 3.2 |Jul precipitation mm = 0.4 |Aug precipitation mm = 7.0 |Sep precipitation mm = 40.4 |Oct precipitation mm = 89.7 |Nov precipitation mm = 80.0 |Dec precipitation mm = 112.3 |year precipitation mm = 553.3 |Jan precipitation days = 13.7 |Feb precipitation days = 10.9 |Mar precipitation days = 8.9 |Apr precipitation days = 6.4 |May precipitation days = 2.8 |Jun precipitation days = 1.1 |Jul precipitation days = 0.4 |Aug precipitation days = 1.0 |Sep precipitation days = 3.9 |Oct precipitation days = 10.2 |Nov precipitation days = 10.6 |Dec precipitation days = 14.2 |year precipitation days = 84.1 |unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm |Jan humidity = 79 |Feb humidity = 79 |Mar humidity = 79 |Apr humidity = 77 |May humidity = 74 |Jun humidity = 71 |Jul humidity = 69 |Aug humidity = 73 |Sep humidity = 77 |Oct humidity = 78 |Nov humidity = 77 |Dec humidity = 79 |year humidity = 76 |Jan sun = 159 |Feb sun = 171 |Mar sun = 224 |Apr sun = 247 |May sun = 300 |Jun sun = 328 |Jul sun = 365 |Aug sun = 338 |Sep sun = 260 |Oct sun = 221 |Nov sun = 185 |Dec sun = 156 |year sun = |source 1 = World Meteorological Organization,[19] National Statistics Office, Malta (sun data)[27] |date = August 2010}} References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/listenormale-1981-2010-1-p138.php|title=Luqa Weather Averages 1981-2010|publisher=Meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org|accessdate=2015-06-02}} {{Europe topic|Climate of}}{{Malta topics}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Climate Of Malta}}2. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mt.html#Geo |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |date= |accessdate=2015-06-01}} 3. ^ {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531132411/http://www.doi.gov.mt/en/islands/location.asp |date=31 May 2009 }} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://web.tiscali.it/linnets/Troll-Paffen.jpg |title=Tiscali Webspace |publisher=Web.tiscali.it |date= |accessdate=2015-06-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004052732/http://web.tiscali.it/linnets/Troll-Paffen.jpg |archivedate=4 October 2012 |df=dmy }} 5. ^{{cite web|author=PH Heidelberg |url=http://www.ph-heidelberg.de/geographie/forschung-und-entwicklung/klimakarte-der-erde.html |title=Klimakarte der Erde: Pädagogische Hochschule Heidelberg |publisher=Ph-heidelberg.de |date= |accessdate=2015-06-01}} 6. ^1 2 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906074233/http://www.maltairport.com/weather/page.asp?p=17148&l=1 |date=6 September 2010 }} 7. ^1 {{cite web | url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-VI/ML/16597.TXT | title = Climate Data for Luqa | publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | accessdate = 15 October 2012}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/united-kingdom/london.php |title=London Climate and Weather Averages, UK |publisher=Weather2travel.com |date= |accessdate=2015-06-01}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/russia-europe/moscow.php |title=Moscow Climate and Weather Averages, Russia (Europe) |publisher=Weather2travel.com |date= |accessdate=2015-06-01}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/poland/warsaw.php |title=Warsaw Climate and Weather Averages, Poland |publisher=Weather2travel.com |date= |accessdate=2015-06-01}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.weathercast.co.uk/world-weather/city-weather/poi/755X16641426/malta.html |title=City weather: The weather for Maltese Islands, Malta |publisher=Weathercast.co.uk |date=2007-01-30 |accessdate=2015-06-01}} 12. ^http://www.malta.climatemps.com/sunlight.php 13. ^1 {{cite web | url = http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/sites/greenwich.html | title = Met Office: Climate averages 1971-2000 | publisher = Met Office|accessdate=2015-06-02 }} 14. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.malta.climatemps.com/sunlight.php |title=Sunshine & Daylight Hours in Luqa, Malta Sunlight, Cloud & Day length |publisher=Malta.climatemps.com |date= |accessdate=2015-06-01}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/malta/valletta.php |title=Valletta Climate Guide|publisher=Weather2travel.com |accessdate=5 June 2009}} 16. ^{{cite web|author=Copyright Global Sea Temperatures - A-Connect Ltd |url=http://www.seatemperature.org/europe/malta/birzebbuga-december.htm |title=Birżebbuġa Sea Temperature December Average, Malta Water Temperatures |location=35.82583;14.52694 |publisher=Seatemperature.org |date= |accessdate=2015-06-01}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/malta/ |title=Malta Climate and Weather Averages |publisher=Weather2travel.com |date= |accessdate=2015-06-01}} 18. ^{{cite news|last=McGrath |first=Matt |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6525069.stm |title=Science/Nature | Briny future for vulnerable Malta |publisher=News.bbc.co.uk |date=2007-04-04 |accessdate=2015-06-01}} 19. ^1 {{cite web| url = http://www.worldweather.org/012/c00042.htm| title= World Weather Information Service - Luqa, Malta| publisher = World Meteorological Organization| accessdate = 26 February 2013}} 20. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=79561&refer=&units=metric |title=Valletta, Malta Travel Weather Averages |publisher=Weatherbase.com |date= |accessdate=2015-06-01}} 21. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=79561&refer=&units=metric| title= Valletta, Malta average relative humidity| publisher = WeatherBase.com| accessdate = 14 June 2018}} 22. ^1 2 {{Cite book |author=Dr. Charles Mifsud| title=The Climate of the Maltese Islands |publisher=Mireva Publication |year=1985}} 23. ^https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20141231/local/updated-snowflakes-reported-in-several-parts-of-malta-met-office.550143 24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20141231/local/updated-snowflakes-reported-in-several-parts-of-malta-met-office-monitoring-situation.550143 |title=Updated - 'Snowflakes' reported in several parts of Malta - Met Office 'monitoring' situation |publisher=Timesofmalta.com |date=2014-12-31 |accessdate=2015-06-01}} 25. ^{{cite web|url=http://weather.maltairport.com/en/weather-news/news/222/last-maltese-winter-one-of-the-stormiest-in-20-years.htm |title=Last Maltese winter one of the stormiest in 20 years | Malta Weather - Malta Airport Met Office |publisher=Weather.maltairport.com |date= |accessdate=2015-06-01}} 26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/48139/december_brought_snow_pellets_and_record_low_temperatures |title=December brought snow pellets and record low temperatures |publisher=MaltaToday.com.mt |date=2015-01-07 |accessdate=2015-06-01}} 27. ^1 2 {{cite web | last1 = Galdies | first1 = Charles | url = http://www.nso.gov.mt/statdoc/document_file.aspx?id=3141 | title = The Climate of Malta: statistics, trends, and analysis 1951-2010 | pages = 6–7 | year = 2011 | publisher = National Statistics Office | accessdate = 26 February 2013}} 28. ^{{cite web|url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/listenormale-1981-2010-1-p138.php|title=Luqa Weather Averages 1981-2010|publisher=Meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org|accessdate=2015-06-02}} 29. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite web |url=http://www.maltaweather.com/information/maltas-climate/ |title=Malta's Climate |publisher=Maltaweather.com |accessdate=October 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806124550/http://www.maltaweather.com/information/maltas-climate/ |archivedate=6 August 2015 |df=dmy }} 3 : Climate by country|Climate by city|Geography of Malta |
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