| 词条 | Holaspis |
| 释义 |
| name = Holaspis | image = Blaue Sägeschwanzeidechse (Holaspis guentheri) (9714928345).jpg | image_caption = Holaspis laevis | taxon = Holaspis | authority = Gray, 1863 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = See text. }} Holaspis is a genus of equatorial African lizards in the family Lacertidae. These lizards are capable of gliding flight for distances of 30 meters (98 feet). EtymologyThe New Latin word "Holaspis " is derived from the Greek words "[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aspis aspis]", [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80%CF%83%CF%80%CE%AF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek ἀσπίς] (= a buckler, or round shield) and "[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/holo- holos]", ὅλος, ὅλως (= whole, all, complete). It refers to the head scalation with frontoparietal and occipital scales all fused. H. guentheri is named after Albert Günther (1830-1914), a German-born zoologist at the British Museum,[1] and the Latin word "laevis " means smooth. The common names are eastern/western blue-tailed tree lizard, blue-tailed gliding lizard, serrate-toed tree lizard, sawtail lizard, and neon blue-tailed tree lizard. Geographic rangeThe two species have disjunct distributions. Holaspis guentheri lives in West Africa in the southern parts of Sierra Leone, Guinea, Liberia, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, and Cameroon. In north Cameroon exist relict populations in the Guinea savanna region (30 km northeast of Tignère, 1000 m altitude). In Central Africa it can be found in Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Central African Republic, Congo, northern and western Democratic Republic of Congo and south to northwestern Angola. This species is also known in East Africa from northwestern Tanzania (Bukoba) and southeast Uganda (Budongo Forest) (regions west of Lake Victoria).[2][3][4][5][6]Holaspis laevis is distributed in East Africa in northeastern and southeastern Tansania, northeastern and centraleastern Mozambique and southern Malawi.[2][3]DescriptionIn morphology-based parsimony and compatibility analyses Arnold (1989) recognized a clade called the "Equatorial African group" including Adolfus, Gastropholis, and Holaspis. In all lacertids of this clade the parietal foramen is consistently absent, the parietal scale extends to the edge of the parietal table, and the postnasal scale is single. In Holaspis the head and body are very depressed, frontoparietal and occipital scales are all fused to shields, the tail is depressed with lateral fringes of scales, and the third and fourth toes of the forefoot are fused for nearly their entire joint. There are two longitudinal rows of smooth broad band-like scales down the vertebral line of the back and on the tail. The ventral scales are smooth. The collar is composed of 9 to 15 small scales. 16 to 24 femoral pores are present, more developed in males. Maximum total length (including tail) in both species is {{convert|129|mm|in|abbr=on}}, and maximum snout-vent-length (SVL) is {{convert|53|mm|in|abbr=on}}. There is no sexual dimorphism in SVL, but males have larger heads and their tail base is wider.[7][8][9] Dorsally the ground colour is black. On the head from the tip of the snout to the nape of the neck there is a yellow to yellow greenish median line. On each side of the back outside the large dorsal scales there runs a turquoise to sky blue longitudinal stripe which fuses on the tail base. From there it travels as a clear blue stripe partly interrupted onto the tip of the tail. The pattern of the flanks differs in the two species: In H. guentheri there are two yellowish brown to greyish lines on the flanks while in H. laevis there runs only one broader yellowish brown to red brown or usually beige stripe from the tip of the snout to the hind limb. The wide tail scales on the sides are yellow to orange-coloured.[8] The number of light or dark stripes is the only known external morphological difference between the two species. As Arnold (1989) wrote: H. guentheri: "A dark vertebral stripe on body and three dark stripes on each side". H. laevis: "A dark vertebral stripe and two dark stripes on each side". Ventrally the lizards are coloured yellow or orange to greenish-orange, partly with a mother-of-pearl shimmer. Males are often more brightly coloured. Juveniles resemble their parents but the coloured dorsal stripes are narrower and less intensely coloured. Ventrally the juveniles are pitch-black in contrast to the adults.[8] Habitat and natural historyHolaspis are diurnal, arboreal, extremely agil lacertids and able to move on vertical and overhanging surfaces with body and tail pressed closely to the surface. They live on larger trees at least {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=on}} above the forest floor in primary forest, man-influenzed areas and even in Eucalyptus forest with smooth bark but are not found in closed forest. The serrated tail is considered as an additional tree climbing adaption to increase grip.[2][3][8][10]They are active hunters of small insects and other arthropods like ants, grasshoppers and spiders, often investigating crevices in which they also frequently hide.[2][8] Not much is known about the reproduction in nature. More than one clutch/year is produced. Females lay two eggs under loose bark or in leaf litter. Specimen from northeastern Democratic Republic of Congo laid eggs in June and females from Nyasaland caught on 3 August held two well developed eggs.[3][10][11] FlightThe species of Holaspis are unique among lacertids in being capable of gliding flight between trees up to 30 m distance. Adaptions for gliding are the flat body and tail, the fused fingers and their low body mass. Their bones are packed full of air spaces, making the lizard's skeleton feather light for gliding.[3][8][12][13][14][15][16] They are less specialized for flight than species of the agamid genus Draco or gekkonid genus Ptychozoon. Vivarium keepingHolaspis species are occasionally kept as pets. But Holaspis guentheri and H. laevis are often confused in pet trade or generally named H. guentheri because H. laevis was formerly only a subspecies of H. guentheri. Nearly all Holaspis in the pet trade are H. laevis. For discrimination of the two species see "Description". Captive breeding resulted in an increase of information on the biology of Holaspis.[8][9][17][18]In the "Cologne Aquarium" a female of H. laevis from Tanzania laid one to two eggs on 14 November, 22 December, 24 February and 5 April. Only one egg hatched after 54 days of incubation.[19] Incubation of eggs was more successfully by Kroniger & Bosch (2001). Females of H. laevis deposited eggs under the bark. Clutch almost always consisted of two eggs, rarely only one egg was laid by younger females. They produced clutches every four to six weeks during the year. Egg size at oviposition was (6.0 - 7.2) mm x (11.3 - 12.9) mm and their mass (0.30 - 0.38) g. At 29 °C (84 °F) the incubation time was 55 to 57 days. Hatchlings measured {{convert|21|to|24|mm|in|abbr=on}} in snout-to-vent length and {{convert|30|to|35|mm|in|abbr=on}} in tail length and had a mass of 0.23 to 0.25 g. Sexual maturity is reached in 1.5 to 2 years in captivity.[9] SpeciesTwo species are recognized as being valid. Formerly H. laevis was a subspecies of H. guentheri.[9][20]
References1. ^Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. (Holaspis guentheri, p. 110). 2. ^1 2 3 Arnold 1989 3. ^1 2 3 4 Spawls et al. 2002 4. ^Chirio & Ineich 2006 5. ^Hoinsoude Segniagbeto et al. 2015 6. ^LeBreton 1999 7. ^Boulenger 1921 8. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 Kroniger & Bosch 2001 9. ^1 2 3 Kroniger 2004 10. ^1 Dunger 1967 11. ^Loveridge 1953 12. ^{{cite web|title=Neon Blue Tailed Tree Lizard Glides|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090717090824.htm}} Photo shows H. laevis 13. ^Vanhooydonck et al. 2009 14. ^Arnold 2002 15. ^Schiøtz & Volsøe 1959 16. ^Schmidt 1919 17. ^{{cite web|title=Neon Blue Tailed Tree Lizard|url=http://www.exotic-pets.co.uk/neon-blue-tailed-tree-lizard.html}} Photo shows H. laevis 18. ^Meyer 2000 19. ^Herrmann 1998 20. ^http://www.lacerta.de/AS/Taxon.php?Genus=52 Further reading
4 : Lacertidae|Gliding animals|Lizard genera|Taxa named by John Edward Gray |
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