Coaling towers were constructed of wood, steel-reinforced concrete, or steel. In almost all cases coaling stations used a gravity fed method, with one or more large storage bunkers for the coal elevated on columns above the railway tracks, from which the coal could be released to slide down a chute into the waiting locomotive's coal storage area. The method of lifting the bulk coal into the storage bin varied. The coal usually was dropped from a hopper car into a pit below tracks adjacent to the tower. From the pit a conveyor-type system used a chain of motor-driven buckets to raise the coal to the top of the tower where it would be dumped into the storage bin; a skip-hoist system lifted a single large bin for the same purpose.[2][3] Some facilities lifted entire railway coal trucks or wagons. Sanding pipes were often mounted on coaling towers to allow simultaneous replenishment of a locomotive's sand box.
As railroads transitioned from the use of steam locomotives to the use of diesel locomotives in the 1950s the need for coaling towers ended. Many reinforced concrete towers remain in place if they do not interfere with operations due to the high cost of demolition incurred with these massive structures.[1][5]
The sortable tables below list existing steam locomotive coaling towers, coal stages, coal docks, coal chutes, and automatic loaders with the following information when known:
Place Name | State | Railroad | Year Built | Type | Capacity (tons) | Builder | Remarks | Coordinates | Flomaton | Alabama | Louisville and Nashville Railroad | 1943 | Coaling tower | Active tracks, similar to Decatur and Oneonta | {{coord|31.00016|-87.25065|format=dms}} |
Montgomery[2][5] | Alabama | Western Railway of Alabama | 1913 | Coaling tower | 600 | Roberts & Schaefer Company | Abandoned, Chester Yard | {{coord|32.39166|-86.30757|format=dms}} |
Opelika | Alabama | Western Railway of Alabama | Coaling tower | Active tracks | {{coord|32.64537|-85.38348|format=dms}} |
Union Springs | Alabama | Central of Georgia Railway | 1925 | Coaling tower | Fairbanks-Morse | Similar to Raymond | {{coord|32.13956|-85.71523|format=dms}} |
Osier | Colorado | Cumbres and Toltec Scenic Railroad | Coal dock | Active track | {{coord|37.01391|-106.33623|format=dms}} |
Vance Junction | Colorado | Rio Grande Southern Railroad | c1890 | Coal chutes | Historic restoration, wooden Burnett & Clifton 8-pocket automatic loader | {{coord|37.93724|-107.89912|format=dms}} |
New Haven | Connecticut | New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad | 1927 | Coaling tower | 2,400 | Roberts & Schaefer Company | Active yard, Cedar Hill Yard (CSX Transportation/Providence and Worcester Railroad), 5 tracks | {{coord|41.32362|-72.89422|format=dms}} |
Ivy City | Washington, D.C. | Baltimore and Ohio Railroad | Coaling tower | Active yard, Ivy City Yard (Amtrak). Possibly B&O Railroad steam-heating plant coal supply for Ivy City Yard buildings, not for locomotives. | {{coord|38.91387|-76.99712|format=dms}} |
Wilmington | Delaware | Philadelphia, Baltimore & Washington (Pennsylvania Railroad) | 1919 | Coaling tower | 1,200 | Roberts & Schaefer Company | Active yard, Edgemoor Yard (Norfolk Southern Railway), similar to Newport News | {{coord|39.7423|-75.52477|format=dms}} |
Camak | Georgia | Georgia Railroad | Coaling tower | Active tracks, similar to Chaska, Fire River, Hornepayne, Social Circle, Washago | {{coord|33.45149|-82.65049|format=dms}} |
Macon | Georgia | Central of Georgia Railway | Coaling tower | {{coord|32.82535|-83.62733|format=dms}} |
Newnan[2] | Georgia | Atlanta and West Point Railroad | 1913 | Coaling tower | 600 | Roberts & Schaefer | Active tracks | {{coord|33.36982|-84.79694|format=dms}} |
Raymond | Georgia | Central of Georgia Railway | 1926 | Coaling tower | 150 | Fairbanks-Morse | Active tracks, similar to Union Springs | {{coord|33.34001|-84.7165|format=dms}} |
Sardis | Georgia | Savannah and Atlanta Railway | Coaling tower | {{coord|32.97498|-81.75622|format=dms}} |
Social Circle | Georgia | Georgia Railroad | Coaling tower | Active tracks, similar to Camak, Chaska, Fire River, Hornepayne, Washago | {{coord|33.6537|-83.71695|format=dms}} |
Glenns Ferry | Idaho | Union Pacific Railroad | Coaling tower | Active tracks | {{coord|42.95269|-115.30063|format=dms}} |
Bluford | Illinois | Illinois Central Railroad | c1925 | Coaling tower | {{coord|38.31599|-88.72855|format=dms}} |
Carbondale | Illinois | Wabash Railroad | c1913 | Coaling tower | Active tracks, triple towers | {{coord|37.73983|-89.21777|format=dms}} |
Centralia | Illinois | Illinois Central Railroad | 1912 | Coaling tower | Active tracks | {{coord|38.49791|-89.14635|format=dms}} |
Decatur | Illinois | Baltimore and Ohio Railroad | Coaling tower | Active yard, Decatur Yard (Norfolk Southern Railway), similar to Flomaton, Oneonta | {{coord|39.8482|-88.94188|format=dms}} |
DeKalb | Illinois | Chicago and North Western Railway | Coaling tower | Active tracks | {{coord|41.92783|-88.73345|format=dms}} |
Freeport | Illinois | Illinois Central Railroad | Coaling tower | {{coord|42.29676|-89.60880|format=dms}} |
Gilman | Illinois | Illinois Central Railroad | Coaling tower | Active tracks, Double towers | {{coord|40.7876|-87.98959|format=dms}} |
Nelson | Illinois | Chicago and North Western Railway | 1947 | Coaling tower | 300 | Ross & White Company | Active tracks | {{coord|41.79963|-89.5969|format=dms}} |
Reevesville | Illinois | Illinois Central Railroad | Coaling tower | Active tracks | {{coord|37.34583|-88.71787|format=dms}} |
Frankfort[6] | Indiana | New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad (Nickel Plate) | Coaling tower | Active tracks | {{coord|40.28211|-86.52504|format=dms}} |
Lafayette | Indiana | Monon Railroad | Coaling tower | Active tracks | {{coord|40.44108|-86.88026|format=dms}} |
Michigan City | Indiana | New York Central Railroad | Coaling tower | 250 | Roberts & Schaefer Company | Active tracks | {{coord|41.72586|-86.87537|format=dms}} |
Sullivan[7] | Indiana | Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad | 1941 | Coaling tower | 500 | Ross & White Company | Active tracks | {{coord|39.11472|-87.40528|format=dms}} |
Council Bluffs | Iowa | Illinois Central Railroad | Coaling tower | Active yard, Council Bluffs Yard (Iowa Interstate Railroad) | {{coord|41.27429|-95.86399|format=dms}} |
Great Bend | Kansas | Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway | 1928 | Coaling tower | 300 | Roberts & Schaefer Company | Active tracks | {{coord|38.35525|-98.77007|format=dms}} |
Central City | Kentucky | Illinois Central Railroad | Coaling tower | {{coord|37.29317|-87.11837|format=dms}} |
Dawson Springs[6] | Kentucky | Illinois Central Railroad | Coaling tower | Active tracks, Double towers | {{coord|37.16502|-87.67809|format=dms}} |
Irvington | Kentucky | Louisville and Nashville Railroad | Coaling tower | Active tracks | {{coord|37.88171|-86.2815|format=dms}} |
Lebanon Junction | Kentucky | Louisville and Nashville Railroad | 1914 | Coaling tower | Active tracks | {{coord|37.8316|-85.73389|format=dms}} |
Lexington[8] | Kentucky | Chesapeake and Ohio Railway | Coaling tower | 300 | Netherland Yard, now a cement plant | {{coord|38.03919|-84.47314|format=dms}} |
Owensboro | Kentucky | Illinois Central Railroad | Coaling tower | 100 | Howlett Construction | Active tracks | {{coord|37.77166|-87.08416|format=dms}} |
Derby[9] | Maine | Bangor and Aroostook Railroad | Coaling tower | Roberts & Schaefer Company | Active tracks | {{coord|45.23204|-68.96655|format=dms}} |
Millinocket[9] | Maine | Bangor and Aroostook Railroad | Coaling tower | Roberts & Schaefer Company | Active tracks | {{coord|45.66737|-68.71235|format=dms}} |
Northern Maine Junction[9] | Maine | Bangor and Aroostook Railroad | Coaling tower | Roberts & Schaefer Company | Active tracks | {{coord|44.79011|-68.86102|format=dms}} |
Northern Maine Junction[9] | Maine | Maine Central Railroad | Coaling tower | Roberts & Schaefer Company | Active tracks | {{coord|44.7905|-68.86085|format=dms}} |
Oakfield[9] | Maine | Bangor and Aroostook Railroad | 1933 | Coaling tower | Roberts & Schaefer Company | Active tracks | {{coord|46.10404|-68.14896|format=dms}} |
Lees | Maryland | Baltimore and Ohio Railroad | Coaling tower | Overturned off the right-of-way, legs removed | {{coord|39.25611|-76.77861|format=dms}} |
Chester | Massachusetts | Boston and Albany Railroad | Coaling tower | Active tracks | {{coord|42.28734|-72.98222|format=dms}} |
Augusta[6][10] | Michigan | Michigan Central Railroad | 1923 | Coaling tower | 500 | Fairbanks-Morse | Active tracks, 4 tracks | {{coord|42.32179|-85.36948|format=dms}} |
Baldwin | Michigan | Pere Marquette Railway | c1936 | Coaling tower | 250 | Fairbanks-Morse | Active tracks | {{coord|43.89683|-85.86273|format=dms}} |
Clarendon | Michigan | Michigan Central Railroad | 1929 | Coaling tower | {{coord|42.13109|-84.84625|format=dms}} |
Detroit | Michigan | New York Central Railroad | Coaling tower | Active yard, Livernois Yard (CSX Transportation/Norfolk Southern Railway) | {{coord|42.3213|-83.12195|format=dms}} |
Durand | Michigan | Grand Trunk Western Railroad | 1886 | Coaling tower | Active tracks | {{coord|42.91566|-83.99769|format=dms}} |
Escanaba | Michigan | Chicago and North Western Railway | Coaling tower | {{coord|45.74905|-87.05987|format=dms}} |
Grand Haven | Michigan | Grand Trunk Western Railroad | 1925 | Coaling tower | Chinook Pier Park | {{coord|43.06765|-86.23014|format=dms}} |
Greenfield Village | Michigan | Weiser Railroad | 2014 | Coaling tower | 50 | Wooden, museum display, at The Henry Ford | {{coord|42.30728|-83.22952|format=dms}} |
Lake Station | Michigan | Pere Marquette Railway | Coaling tower | 250 | Pere Marquette Rail-Trail | {{coord|43.85177|-85.00117|format=dms}} |
Lansing | Michigan | Grand Trunk Western Railroad | Coaling tower | Active tracks, 4 tracks | {{coord|42.71929|-84.52055|format=dms}} |
Ludington | Michigan | Pere Marquette Railway | Coaling tower | 500 | Fairbanks-Morse | Active tracks | {{coord|43.94851|-86.43141|format=dms}} |
New Buffalo | Michigan | Pere Marquette Railway | 1921 | Coaling tower | 250 | Roberts & Schaefer | {{coord|41.78530|-86.74256|format=dms}} |
New Buffalo | Michigan | Pere Marquette Railway | 1942 | Coaling tower | 300 | Roberts & Schaefer Company | Active tracks, 2 tracks | {{coord|41.78668|-86.7421|format=dms}} |
Pontiac | Michigan | Grand Trunk Western Railroad | Coaling tower | {{coord|42.6543|-83.31607|format=dms}} |
Saint Paul | Minnesota | Northern Pacific Railway | Coaling tower | Northern Pacific Railway Company Como Shops Historic District | {{coord|44.97239|-93.15412|format=dms}} |
Lambert | Mississippi | Yazoo and Mississippi Valley Railroad | Coaling tower | Active tracks | {{coord|34.19819|-90.28249|format=dms}} |
McComb | Mississippi | Illinois Central Railroad | 1912 | Coaling tower | Active tracks | {{coord|31.24618|-90.45104|format=dms}} |
Marceline | Missouri | Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway | Coaling tower | Active track | {{coord|39.70815|-92.95514|format=dms}} |
Ely[11] | Nevada | Nevada Northern Railway | 1917 | Coaling tower | Roberts & Schaefer | Active tracks, Nevada Northern Railway Museum | {{coord|39.26|-114.86967|format=dms}} |
Chama[12] | New Mexico | Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad | 1924 | Coaling tower | 75 | Wooden, active tracks, Cumbres and Toltec Scenic Railroad | {{coord|36.90414|-106.57779|format=dms}} |
East Syracuse | New York (state) | New York Central Railroad | Coaling tower | Active tracks | {{coord|43.06244|-76.0715|format=dms}} |
Malone | New York (state) | New York Central Railroad | Coaling tower | Abandoned | {{coord|44.86503|-74.27697|format=dms}} |
Oneonta | New York (state) | Delaware and Hudson Railway | Coaling tower | Abandoned, similar to Decatur, Flomaton | {{coord|42.44813|-75.08718|format=dms}} |
West Seneca | New York (state) | Pennsylvania Railroad | 1890s | Coaling tower | {{coord|42.84876|-78.76257|format=dms}} |
Akron Junction[6] | Ohio | Baltimore and Ohio Railroad | Coaling tower | {{coord|41.08725|-81.48723|format=dms}} |
Girard | Ohio | Pennsylvania Railroad | Coaling tower | Active tracks | {{coord|41.15037|-80.70511|format=dms}} |
Harvey (Marion)[6] | Ohio | Pennsylvania Railroad | Coaling tower | Active tracks | {{coord|40.64549|-83.10446|format=dms}} |
Springfield | Ohio | Detroit, Toledo and Ironton Railroad | Coaling tower | Active tracks | {{coord|39.90516|-83.76773|format=dms}} |
Bartlesville | Oklahoma | Missouri–Kansas–Texas Railroad | 1926 | Coaling tower | Roberts & Schaefer Company | Active tracks | {{coord|36.74562|-95.9858|format=dms}} |
Cushing | Oklahoma | Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway | 1917 | Coaling tower | United States Railroad Administration design | Same design at Skedee | {{coord|35.97621|-96.77507|format=dms}} |
Muskogee | Oklahoma | Kansas, Oklahoma and Gulf Railway | Coaling tower | {{coord|35.76495|-95.36818|format=dms}} |
Oakland (Susquehanna) | Pennsylvania | Erie Railroad | Coaling tower | Roberts & Schaefer Company | Active tracks | {{coord|41.94393|-75.62609|format=dms}} |
Pittston | Pennsylvania | Lehigh Valley Railroad | Coaling tower | Active tracks | {{coord|41.35437|-75.80254|format=dms}} |
Red Bank | Pennsylvania | Pennsylvania Railroad | Coaling tower | {{coord|40.98518|-79.55462|format=dms}} |
Renovo | Pennsylvania | Pennsylvania Railroad | Coaling tower | {{coord|41.32679|-77.76071|format=dms}} |
Rockhill Furnace (Orbisonia) | Pennsylvania | East Broad Top Railroad and Coal Company | Coal chutes | {{coord|40.23747|-77.89975|format=dms}} |
Chaska | Tennessee | Louisville and Nashville Railroad | Coaling tower | Active track, similar to Camak, Fire River, Hornepayne, Social Circle, Washago | {{coord|36.52844|-84.07667|format=dms}} |
Leadvale (Rankin)[13] | Tennessee | Southern Railway | 1925 | Coaling tower | Roberts & Schaefer Company | Leadvale Coaling Station and Cut-off | {{coord|36.07909|-83.23985|format=dms}} |
Monterey | Tennessee | Tennessee Central Railway | Automatic loader | Fairbanks-Morse | Concrete column only | {{coord|36.14569|-85.26714|format=dms}} |
Paris | Tennessee | Louisville and Nashville Railroad | Coaling tower | Active tracks | {{coord|36.29909|-88.33866|format=dms}} |
Balcony Falls[6][8] | Virginia | Chesapeake and Ohio Railway | 1942 | Coaling tower | 300 | Ogle Engineering Company | Active track, 2 tracks, similar to Charlottesville, West Hamlin | {{coord|37.62695|-79.45769|format=dms}} |
Charlottesville[8] | Virginia | Chesapeake and Ohio Railway | 1942 | Coaling tower | 300 | Ogle Engineering Company | Active track, similar to Balcony Falls, West Hamlin | {{coord|38.02743|-78.47241|format=dms}} |
Clifton Forge[14][15] | Virginia | Chesapeake and Ohio Railway | 1922 | Coaling tower | 800 | Fairbanks-Morse | Active tracks | {{coord|37.81104|-79.8322|format=dms}} |
Gladstone[6][8] | Virginia | Chesapeake and Ohio Railway | Coaling tower | 300 | Fanning-Schuett | Active track, 1 track | {{coord|37.54776|-78.85341|format=dms}} |
Lynchburg[8] | Virginia | Chesapeake and Ohio Railway | 1948 | Coaling tower | 75(100) | Ogle Engineering Company | Active tracks, last coaling tower built by C&O | {{coord|37.39858|-79.12159|format=dms}} |
Miller's Yard | Virginia | Clinchfield Railroad | Coaling tower | {{coord|36.86271|-82.41091|format=dms}} |
Newport News[7][8] | Virginia | Chesapeake and Ohio Railway | Coaling tower | 300 | Roberts & Schaefer Company | Similar to Wilmington | {{coord|36.98800|-76.42977|format=dms}} |
Orange | Virginia | Chesapeake and Ohio Railway | Automatic loader | Fairbanks-Morse | Active track, Washington Subdivision | {{coord|38.22694|-78.11523|format=dms}} |
Vicker | Virginia | Norfolk and Western Railway | Coaling tower | Active tracks | {{coord|37.16311|-80.49049|format=dms}} |
Bluefield[6][7] | West Virginia | Norfolk and Western Railway | 1952 | Coaling tower | 2,000 | Ogle Engineering Company | Active yard, Bluefield Yard (Norfolk Southern Railway) | {{coord|37.2715|-81.22042|format=dms}} |
Cane Fork (Eskdale)[8] | West Virginia | Chesapeake and Ohio Railway | 1935 | Coaling tower | 50 | Ogle Engineering Company | Abandoned | {{coord|38.09496|-81.44161|format=dms}} |
Cowen | West Virginia | Baltimore and Ohio Railroad | Coaling tower | Active tracks | {{coord|38.42008|-80.54887|format=dms}} |
Elk Run Junction (Whitesville)[8] | West Virginia | Chesapeake and Ohio Railway | Coaling tower | 500 | Active tracks | {{coord|38.00386|-81.55145|format=dms}} |
Farm (Capels, Welch)[6] | West Virginia | Norfolk and Western Railway | Coaling tower | Active tracks | {{coord|37.44895|-81.603|format=dms}} |
Handley[8] | West Virginia | Chesapeake and Ohio Railway | 1919 | Coaling tower | 500 | Roberts & Schaefer | Active tracks | {{coord|38.18539|-81.35708|format=dms}} |
Hinton[6][8] | West Virginia | Chesapeake and Ohio Railway | 1929 | Coaling tower | 800 | Fairbanks-Morse | Four tracks | {{coord|37.6782|-80.88397|format=dms}} |
Iaeger | West Virginia | Norfolk and Western Railway | 1956 | Coaling tower | 200 | Active tracks, Auville Yard, the last coaling tower constructed | {{coord|37.45912|-81.81763|format=dms}} |
Prichard[6] | West Virginia | Norfolk and Western Railway | 1925 | Coaling tower | 2,000 | Roberts & Schaefer Company | Active tracks, six tracks | {{coord|38.23655|-82.60789|format=dms}} |
Raleigh (Glen Morgan, Beckley) | West Virginia | Chesapeake and Ohio Railway | Coaling tower | 300 | Active tracks | {{coord|37.75867|-81.16131|format=dms}} |
Ronceverte, West Virginia[6][8] | West Virginia | Chesapeake and Ohio Railway | 1935 | Coaling tower | 75 | Ogle Engineering Company | Active tracks, one track | {{coord|37.749|-80.46201|format=dms}} |
Thurmond[6][14][7][8] | West Virginia | Chesapeake and Ohio Railway | 1922 | Coaling tower | 500 | Fairbanks-Morse | Active tracks, four tracks | {{coord|37.95993|-81.08153|format=dms}} |
West Hamlin[6][8] | West Virginia | Chesapeake and Ohio Railway | Coaling tower | 300 | Ogle Engineering Company | Active track, one track, similar to Balcony Falls, Charlottesville | {{coord|38.28965|-82.19322|format=dms}} |
Adams | Wisconsin | Chicago and North Western Railway | Coaling tower | {{coord|43.95277|-89.82171|format=dms}} |
Ashland | Wisconsin | Chicago and North Western Railway | 1944 | Coaling tower | 150 | Ogle | {{coord|46.59725|-90.85264|format=dms}} |
Clyman Junction | Wisconsin | Chicago and North Western Railway | Coaling tower | Active track, two tracks, one remains | {{coord|43.32363|-88.71554|format=dms}} |
Dalton | Wisconsin | 1943 | Automatic loader | Fairbanks-Morse | Active tracks, two concrete columns remain (demolished prior to Aug 2016) | {{coord|43.65558|-89.20830|format=dms}} |
Marinette | Wisconsin | Chicago and North Western Railway | Automatic loader | Fairbanks-Morse | Active tracks | {{coord|45.09195|-87.64288|format=dms}} |
Montfort | Wisconsin | Chicago and North Western Railway | Coaling tower | Abandoned | {{coord|42.9637|-90.40871|format=dms}} |
1. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.michiganrailroads.com/RRHX/CoalFacilities/CoalFacilitiesMenu.htm | work= | accessdate=August 27, 2010 | title=Coal facility}}
2. ^1 2 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bS9AAQAAMAAJ&dq=Railway%2520Age%2520Gazette%2520volume%252053&pg=PA227#v=snippet&q=Newnan&f=false|title=Railway Age Gazette, volume 53, number 5|last=|first=|date=1912-08-02|publisher=Simmons-Boardman Publishing Company|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=228|language=en|via=}}
3. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=4806172|title=Casino Railway Precinct and Locomotive Depot {{!}} NSW Environment & Heritage|website=www.environment.nsw.gov.au|access-date=2016-06-24}}
4. ^{{NHLE|num=1078213|desc=Carnforth: the coaling plant|date=|accessdate=23 June 2016}}
5. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/al1290.sheet.00014a/|title=Coaling Tower Elevations - Western Railway of Alabama Montgomery Rail Shops, 701 North Perry Street, Montgomery, Montgomery County, AL; HAER AL-186 (sheet 14 of 14)|last=Dubin|first=Elisabeth|date=1999|website=Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Online Catalog|publisher=National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior|access-date=27 June 2016}}
6. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 {{Cite book|title=Steam Locomotive Coaling Stations and Diesel Locomotive Fueling Facilities|last=Dixon|first=Thomas W., Jr.|publisher=TLC Publishing, Inc.|year=2002|isbn=1883089778|location=Lynchburg, Virginia|pages=}}
7. ^1 2 3 {{Cite journal|last=Brouws|first=Jeff|date=August 2016|title=Coaling towers: enduring monoliths from the steam era|url=|journal=Trains|volume=76|issue=8|pages=34–41|doi=|pmid=|access-date=}}
8. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 {{Cite book|title=Chesapeake & Ohio Coaling Stations|last=Dixon|first=Thomas W., Jr.|publisher=Chesapeake & Ohio Historical Society|year=2014|isbn=9780939487660|location=Clifton Forge, Virginia|pages=}}
9. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite web|url=http://trn.trains.com/railroads/2013/10/crpa-november-2013|title=Stalking Coaling Towers in Maine {{!}} Trains Magazine|access-date=2016-07-05}}
10. ^1 {{Cite book|title=Locomotive Coaling Stations: Yard Storage Systems, Cinder Conveyers, Sand Plants; Bulletin No. 73001|last=|first=|publisher=Fairbanks, Morse & Co.|year=1935|isbn=|location=Reprint by TLC Publishing, Sterling, VA|pages=4–5}}
11. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qwkjAQAAMAAJ&dq=editions%253ANtEJX7zaYcUC&pg=PA618#v=onepage&q=Ely&f=false|title=Railway Age Gazette, Volume 61, Number 14|last=|first=|date=1916-10-06|publisher=Simmons-Boardman Publishing Company|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=618|language=en|via=}}
12. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.sandiasoftware.com/samples/tipple/tipple.htm|title=Tipple|website=www.sandiasoftware.com|access-date=2016-07-02}}
13. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.tn.gov/news/36830|title=State of Tennessee Newsroom|website=www.tn.gov|access-date=2016-06-24}}
14. ^1 2 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=thVKAQAAMAAJ|title=Railway Age|date=1922-01-01|publisher=Simmons-Boardman Publishing Company|language=en}}
15. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=acA6AQAAMAAJ&dq=Railway%2520Engineering%2520and%2520Maintenance%2520volume%252018&pg=PA294#v=onepage&q=Clifton%2520Forge&f=false|title=Railway Maintenance Engineer, Volume 18, Number 8|last=|first=|date=1922-08-01|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=294|language=en|via=}}