| 词条 | Coastal Forces of the Royal Navy | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|unit_name=Coastal Forces |image= |caption= |dates= 1914-1918, 1939-1968 |country={{flag|United Kingdom}} |allegiance= |branch= Royal Navy |type= Naval force |role= |size= |command_structure= |current_commander= |garrison= |ceremonial_chief= Rear Admiral Coastal Forces |nickname= |patron= |motto= |colors= |march= |mascot= |battles= |notable_commanders= |anniversaries= }} Coastal Forces was a division of the Royal Navy initially established during World War I, and then again in World War II under the command of Rear-Admiral, Coastal Forces[1]. It remained active until the last minesweepers to wear the "HM Coastal Forces" cap tally were taken out of reserve in 1968. History{{multiple image| align = right | direction = vertical | width = 220 | image1 = Grey Goose FL4607.jpg | alt1 = | caption1 = The Steam Gun Boat Grey Goose | image2 = Royal Navy MTB 5.jpg | alt2 = | caption2 = Motor Torpedo Boat MTB 5 | image3 = Molins autoloader and 6-pounder gun WWII IWM A 25159.jpg | alt3 = | caption3 = Crewmen with a Molins Molins autoloading 57-mm gun on a Fairmile D motor torpedo boat during World War II | image4 = HMS Rutherford FL18469.jpg | alt4 = | caption4 = The Royal Navy Captain-class frigate {{HMS|Rutherford|K558}} underway during World War II. She served as a Coastal Forces Control Frigate (CFCF) in 1944 and 1945. }} PredecessorThe Royal Navy had previously operated flotillas of small torpedo- and depth-charge-armed craft (Coastal Motor Boats) during World War I (1914-1918). They operated as often in action against the enemy coast as in defence of British coastal areas. EstablishmentDuring World War II (1939-1945), the first Coastal Forces headquarters was set up at {{HMS|Vernon|shore establishment|6}} in 1940 under Rear Admiral Piers Kekewich, Flag Officer Coastal Forces. The Chief Staff Officer to the Rear Admiral was Augustus Agar, VC, who had commanded coastal motor boats during World War I and in British operations in the Baltic Sea in 1918 and 1919 in support of White Russian forces during the Russian Civil War. World War II operationsRoyal Navy Coastal Forces craft operated mainly in the English Channel and North Sea waters, especially in the build up to the Normandy invasion of 1944. They were also used in the Mediterranean[2] and off Norwegian coastline.[3]" They raided St. Nazaire and Dieppe. They were used to attack German convoys and their S-boat (known to the Allies as "E-Boat") escorts, carry out clandestine raids and landings, and pick up secret agents in Norway and Brittany. The coastal craft were manned by various Allied nationalities including Dutch, Norwegian, Canadian, Australian, and New Zealanders."[4] A number of Captain-class frigates were configured to operate as "Coastal Forces Control Frigates" (CFCF).[5] Operating with Coastal Forces officers embarked and responsible for controlling and providing radar support to groups of Coastal Forces motor torpedo boats intercepting German motor torpedo boats in the North Sea,[6] these frigates were involved in the destruction of at least 26 E-Boats.[7] By 1944 Coastal Forces numbered 3,000 officers and 22,000 ratings. Altogether there were 2,000 British Coastal Forces craft. Affectionately known as the Royal Navy's "Little Ships", they fought over 900 actions and sank around 400 enemy vessels, including 48 E-boats and 32 midget submarines. They fired 1,169 torpedoes, shot down 32 enemy aircraft and carried out many mine laying operations. 170 of the "Little Ships" were sunk or otherwise destroyed.[8] Post-World War IIAfter World War II, the Royal Navy redesignated all its motor torpedo boats (MTBs) and motor gun boats (MGBs) as "fast patrol boats." The Brave-class fast patrol boats were the last craft to be built for the Coastal Forces, and the Coastal Forces were disbanded as a separate unit and their last base, ({{HMS|Hornet|shore establishment|6}}), decommissioned in 1956. The last sailors to wear the "HM Coastal Forces" cap tally were the ship's companies of the inshore minesweepers {{HMS|Dittisham|M2621}} and {{HMS|Flintham|M2628}} on being taken out of reserve in 1968, before individual cap tallies for the minesweepers had been manufactured and issued. Craft types usedCoastal Forces included the following types of coastal defence craft:[9]
At the outbreak of World War II in September 1939 there were three flotillas of Motor Torpedo "short boats" between {{convert|60|ft|m|abbr=on}} and {{convert|72|ft|m}} long. These could typically maintain 40 knots and were armed with two torpedo tubes. They were built mainly by the British Power Boat Company, Vospers, and Thornycroft. In 1940 a modified craft, the Motor Gun Boat, was introduced. These were armed with weapons such as the 0.5 in Vickers machine gun, 2 pounder "pom pom", a single or twin 20 mm Oerlikon and ultimately the autoloader fitted 6-pounder gun.[11] It was also apparent that larger craft were needed as the operational capability of the short boats was too restricted by sea conditions. Fairmile designed a series of larger coastal craft, up to {{convert|120|ft|m}} long. The Fairmile A Type and B Type were motor launches and the C Type was a motor gun boat.[12] In 1943 the Fairmile D Type appeared. It was a motor torpedo boat – nicknamed the "Dog Boat" – and was designed as a counter to the German S-boat (known to the Allies as the "E-boat"). It could be fitted as either a gun or a torpedo boat, so the designation "MGB" disappeared and all the craft were labelled MTBs. It was a good sea boat and could maintain {{convert|30|kn|km/h}} at full load. The later D types carried four {{convert|18|in|mm|sing=on}} torpedo tubes.[13] The Vosper Type I MTB appeared in 1943. This was a {{convert|73|ft|m|sing=on}} craft with four {{convert|18|in|mm|sing=on}} torpedo tubes and was capable of a maximum speed of {{convert|40|kn|km/h}}. {{clear}}BasesCoastal Forces bases were located around the British coast and at major locations overseas.[14][15][16][17] {{Col-begin}}{{Col-break}}
Commonwealth coastal forcesAlthough British Commonwealth coastal forces operated independently from British ones, they used similar vessels:
Surviving craft
Some surviving motor launches in British waters were taken on as pleasure boats and a number of them are on the National Register of Historic Vessels. See also
ReferencesNotes1. ^Royal Navy Coastal Forces 2. ^Reynolds, L.C. and Cooper, H.F. (1999) Mediterranean MTBs at War: Short MTB Flotilla Operations, 1939-45 3. ^for example Operation Brandy or MTB 345 4. ^Coastal Forces of World War Two (Royal Naval Museum) 5. ^{{cite book | last=Donald | title=The Captain Class Frigates in the Second World War | pages=31}} 6. ^Naval History: HMS Rutherford (K 558) 7. ^{{cite book | last=Donald | title=The Captain Class Frigates in the Second World War |pages=124, 139}} 8. ^The Coastal Forces Heritage Trust: Coastal Forces Achievements 9. ^The Coastal Forces Heritage Trust: Our Objectives 10. ^Note that minesweepers, trawlers and landing craft are not included. 11. ^Allied Coastal Forces of World War II - Volume II: Vosper designs and US Elcos - by John Lambert and Al Ross, 1993 {{ISBN|0-85177-602-7}} 12. ^Allied Coastal Forces of World War II - Volume I: Fairmile designs and US Submarine Chasers - by John Lambert and Al Ross, 1990 {{ISBN|978-0-85177-519-7}} 13. ^The Fairmile D Motor Torpedo Boat (Anatomy of the Ship's series) by John Lambert, 1985 {{ISBN|0-85177-321-4}} 14. ^Coastal Forces Shore establishments 15. ^Combined Operations Training Establishments 16. ^List of Royal Navy shore establishments 17. ^Western Approaches Command Bases 18. ^ 19. ^{{cite web|url=http://dartmouthmuseum.org/things-to-do/#walking|title=Things to Do – Dartmouth Museum|publisher=Dartmouth Museum|accessdate=23 August 2011|quote=The Royal Dart Hotel between the ferries played a vital role in the Second World War. It was called HMS Cicala then.|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120710073830/http://dartmouthmuseum.org/things-to-do/#walking|archivedate=10 July 2012|df=}} 20. ^Canadian Fairmile Bs {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913125109/http://www.warshipsww2.eu/lode.php?language=E&period=&idtrida=1413 |date=2007-09-13 }} 21. ^Canadian Fairmile Ds {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107191436/http://warshipsww2.eu/lode.php?language=&period=&idtrida=1412 |date=2007-11-07 }} 22. ^BPB Motor Torpedo Boat {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107195135/http://warshipsww2.eu/lode.php?language=&period=&idtrida=1411 |date=2007-11-07 }} 23. ^Australian HDMLs {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720173947/http://www.warshipsww2.eu/lode.php?language=E&period=&idtrida=1456 |date=2011-07-20 }} 24. ^Australian Fairmile Bs {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720173736/http://www.warshipsww2.eu/lode.php?language=E&period=&idtrida=1455 |date=2011-07-20 }} 25. ^New Zealand HDMLs {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107191556/http://warshipsww2.eu/lode.php?language=&period=&idtrida=1528 |date=2007-11-07 }} 26. ^New ZealandFairmile Bs {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107195302/http://warshipsww2.eu/lode.php?language=&period=&idtrida=1527 |date=2007-11-07 }} 27. ^HDML 1387 Medusa {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070113185014/http://www.trinitystar.co.uk/cfht/page11.html |date=2007-01-13 }} 28. ^Medusa Medusa Trust 29. ^MTB102 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070113185037/http://www.trinitystar.co.uk/cfht/page15.html |date=2007-01-13 }} 30. ^MTB102 Trust 31. ^MTB-331 - {{convert|55|ft|m|abbr=on}} coastal motor torpedo boat {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080315104031/http://www.mtb331.org.uk/index.htm |date=15 March 2008 }} 32. ^British Military Powerboat Trust MTB 331 33. ^British Military Powerboat Trust MGB 81 Bibliography{{refbegin}}
External links
4 : History of the Royal Navy|Military units and formations of the Royal Navy|World War II torpedo boats|World War II gunboats |
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