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词条 Coastal fortifications of New Zealand
释义

  1. The "Russian-scare" forts of 1885

     Artillery  The forts 

  2. World War II coastal fortifications

     Ordnance  The fortifications  Upper North Island  Lower North Island  Upper South Island  Lower South Island 

  3. Post war

  4. Postscript

  5. See also

  6. Notes

  7. Bibliography

  8. External links

Coastal fortifications were constructed in New Zealand in two main waves: around 1885 as a response to fears of an attack by Russia, and in World War II due to fears of invasion by the Japanese.

The fortifications were built from British designs adapted to New Zealand conditions. They typically included gun emplacements, pill boxes, fire control or observation posts, camouflage strategies, underground bunkers, sometimes with interconnected tunnels, containing magazines, supply and plotting rooms and protected engine rooms supplying power to the gun turrets and searchlights. There were also kitchens, barracks, and officer and NCO quarters.[1]

The "Russian-scare" forts of 1885

In the 1870s New Zealand was a young self-governing colony of Britain. It had developed no coastal defences of any consequence and was becoming increasingly sensitive to how vulnerable its harbours were to attack by a hostile power or opportunistic raider. In the aftermath of the Crimean war, Tsarist Russia seemed particularly suspicious.{{Why?|date=June 2010}}

(In 1873 an Auckland editor perpetrated) ...what has been hailed the greatest spoof in the country's history. The Monday, 18 February 1873 edition of the Southern Cross reported the sudden declaration of war between England and Russia. As a result, the Russian warship Kaskowiski – whose very name should have made sober readers suspicious – had allegedly entered Auckland Harbour on the previous Saturday night and proceeded to capture a British ship, along with the city's arms and ammunition supply, and hold a number of leading citizens for ransom. The 954-man Russian vessel obviously meant business, with a dozen 30-ton guns as well as a remarkably new advance in warfare, a paralysing and deadly "water-gas" that could be injected into enemy ships from a great distance.[2]

The Southern Cross article created panic and the Government commissioned its first reports on the colony's defences. It was now clearly understood that Britain would protect its territories and vital shipping routes, but the defence of individual ports was the responsibility of each self-governing colony. Then Russia declared war on Turkey in 1877 producing another "scare". The decision was taken to construct fortifications and purchase naval boats which would protect the harbours at Auckland, Wellington, Lyttelton and Port Chalmers. These coastal artillery fortifications or land batteries were to be based on British designs. Heavy artillery pieces and ammunition was ordered from Britain. By 1885 work started in earnest on the construction of what eventually became seventeen forts, further encouraged by yet another Russian scare.[2]

Artillery

In 1885 the New Zealand Government bought ten Armstrong BL 8-inch and thirteen Armstrong BL 6-inch guns on disappearing carriages. The disappearing gun was the very latest in military technology in the 1880s. It was "disappearing" because as it fired, the recoil pushed the gun back underground where it could be reloaded under cover. The total costs of this artillery plus the costs of installation including land, emplacements, magazines and barracks was about £160,000.[3]

Following the "second Russian scare" a number of additional RML 7-inch and 64-pr guns were also installed [4]

Artillery circa 1890 Number Range Notes
Armstrong BL 8-inch Mk VII disappearing guns 10 4 miles Weighed 13.5 tons and fired a 180-pound shell.
Armstrong BL 6-inch disappearing guns 13 3 miles Weighed 5 tons and fired a 100-pound shell.
RML 7 inch 7 ton guns 11 Weighed 7 tons.
RML 64-pr Mk 3 guns 9 2 miles Weighed 64 cwt

The forts

FortHarbourWay-
point		Ordnance
circa 1890		Range
(miles)		DatesNotes
North Head Auckland{{Coord|36|49|39|S|174|48|44|E|type:landmark_region:NZ |name=North Head |display=inline}} 1xBL 8in gun
RML 7in guns
64-pr guns		 1870 At Devonport, divided into three sub-forts:
  • North Battery (to defend Rangitoto Channel)
  • South Battery (with a 7in gun to protect the inner harbour)
  • Fort Cautley (with the 8in gun on the summit).[5][6][7]
Bastion Point Auckland{{Coord|36|50|43|S|174|49|29|E|type:landmark_region:NZ |display=inline |name=Bastion Point}} 2xBL 6in guns1885– In Mission Bay. Not completed.
Fort Resolution Auckland 2xBL 6in guns 1885 In Parnell.
Fort Takapuna Auckland{{Coord|name=Fort Takapuna |36|48|55|S|174|48|24|E|type:landmark_region:NZ |display=inline}} 2xBL 6in guns 1886– [8][9][10][11]
Fort Victoria Auckland 1xBL 8in gun 1885 On Mount Victoria, Devonport. The gun fired only once because of complaints from residents whose windows were broken.[12]
Fort Ballance Wellington{{Coord|name=Fort Ballance |41|17|41|S|174|50|02|E|type:landmark_region:NZ |display=inline}} 2x7" RML guns
1x6" BLHP gun
2 x QF 6 pounder Nordenfelt guns		 1885 (1885–1886) Point Gordon. At Miramar. Wellington's primary military fort until 1911 when Fort Dorset opened.[13]
Fort Gordon Wellington{{Coord|name=Fort Ballance |41|17|41|S|174|50|02|E|type:landmark_region:NZ |display=inline}} 1x8" BLHP gun 1895-1924 Point Gordon
Fort Buckley Wellington{{Coord|name=Fort Buckley |41|15|38|S|174|47|17|E |type:landmark_region:NZ |display=inline}} 2x64-pr RML guns2 At Kaiwharawhara.[14][15][16]
Haswell Battery Wellington 1xBL 8in gun 1889 At Miramar.
Kau Point Battery Wellington 1xBL 8in gun 1891-1922 At Miramar.
Fort Kelburne Wellington 2xBL 8in guns 1885 At Ngauranga.[17]
Battery Point Lyttelton{{Coord|name=Battery Point |43|36|10|S|172|44|25|E |type:landmark_region:NZ |display=inline}} 2x7in RML guns
1x QF 6 pounder Nordenfelt guns		 1885 On the north side of Lyttelton Harbour, 3 miles from mouth.[18][19]
Fort Jervois Lyttelton{{Coord|name=Ripapa Island |43|37|11|S|172|45|15|E |type:landmark_region:NZ |display=inline}} 2x8in BL guns
2x6in BL guns		 1886 On Ripapa Island on the south side of Lyttelton Harbour (often called 'Ripa') [20] Fort Jervois is an internationally rare 1880s “Russian Invasion Scare” structure, which has retained a high level of authenticity of both structure and hardware (6” and 8” disappearing guns). It is one of only five examples of this type of fortification in the world. The Island has been managed by the Department of Conservation since 1990.[21]
Spur Point Battery Lyttelton 1x64-pounder RML gun 1885 Site of battery, quarried away as part of land reclamation during the 1970s to build Cashin Quay.[22]
Lawyer's Head Battery Port Chalmers{{Coord|name=Lawyer's Head Battery |45|54|32|S|170|32|06|E |type:landmark_region:NZ |display=inline}} 1885 Eastern Ocean Beach, Dunedin South.
Ocean Beach Battery Port Chalmers 1886
St Clair Battery Port Chalmers 1885 On a spur of Forbury Hill above Second Beach, Dunedin. No remnants remain; the area was cleared and subdivided for residential housing.
Fort Taiaroa Port Chalmers{{Coord|name=Fort Taiaroa |45|46|26|S|170|43|40|E |type:landmark_region:NZ |display=inline}} 1xBL 6in gun 1885 Otago Harbour. This Armstrong Disappearing Gun was installed in May 1889 and was recommissioned during World War II. It is the only one of its kind working and is still in its original gun pit.[23][24]

World War II coastal fortifications

The second main wave of building coastal fortifications occurred during World War II. This was mainly a response to a perceived threat of invasion by the Japanese after the attack on Pearl Harbor. From 1942 until 1944, when the threat receded, 42 coastal artillery fortifications or land batteries were either developed using historical fortifications or were built from scratch. The fortifications were built from British designs adapted to New Zealand conditions. Radar was installed which allowed long range shooting at night and replaced the traditional fortress system of range finding.[1]

Ordnance

The fortifications were equipped with both old and new ordnance, mostly British. Some World War I ordnance was requisitioned from museums and recommissioned.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}

Ordnance used during World War II Number Range Notes
9.2 inch guns 6 18 miles
BL BL 6 inch Mk 24 guns 3 14 miles
BL 6 inch Mk 21 guns 6 13 miles
6 inch Mark 7 guns 32 12 miles
[https://web.archive.org/web/20160807121544/http://riv.co.nz/rnza/hist/dgun/index.htm 6in EOC gun] 2 6 miles Elswick Ordnance Company
5"/51 caliber guns[25] (USA naval guns) 6 10 miles 51 calibre MkVII 1912
4.7in guns 1 6 miles
4 inch Mark 7 guns 11 9 miles
155mm guns 2 9 miles
75mm guns 2
QF 12 pdr guns 8 8 miles
QF 6 pdr guns 125 miles
Bofors 40mm guns 48 4 miles
CASLs 48 Coastal Artillery Searchlight

The fortifications

The fortifications were administered by the Royal New Zealand Artillery, which grouped them into four areas. Each area was under the command of a heavy artillery regiment. Within each regiment the fortifications were grouped into batteries.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}

     Seven of the now historic Russian scare fortifications were also used.     

Upper North Island

Under the command of the 9th Heavy (Coast) Regiment.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}

BatteryNameWay-
point		World War II
Ordnance		Range
(miles)		DatesNotes
60 Motutapu Island{{Coord|36|45|03|S|174|55|09|E|type:landmark_region:NZ |display=inline |name=Motutapu Island}} 3 x 6in Mk 21 guns
2 x CASLs		13 1936
-1945		 Consisted of a battery, camp, gun emplacement, pill boxes and US naval magazines. Its remains are administered by DOC.[26]
61
RHQ		North Head
[Russian scare]		{{Coord|36|49|39|S|174|48|44|E|type:landmark_region:NZ |name=North Head |display=inline}} 2 x 4in Mk 7 guns
2 x 12pdr guns
4 x 6pdr H&N
6 x CASLs		9 1870
-1957		 Part of Auckland's coastal defence system from the Russian scare in 1885 to World War I. By World War II, with ships' guns able to fire long distances, the old fort was too close to the city it was meant to defend. New batteries were built at Motutapu, Castor Bay, Whangaparaoa and Waiheke Island and North Head became the centre of administration.[27] A complex of tunnels, guns, searchlights and other fortifications remain and it is now a historic reserve managed by the Department of Conservation.[5][6]
61Bastion Point
[Russian scare]		{{Coord|name=Bastion Point |36|50|43|S|174|49|29|E |type:landmark_region:NZ |display=inline}} 2 x 12pdr gun
Twin 6pdr guns
3xCASLs		81885– Located in Mission Bay. The fortifications were buried in the 1940s when the Michael Joseph Savage memorial was built, and effectively forgotten. The underlying tunnels were later rediscovered.
61 Great Barrier Island 6in Mk 7 gun
4in Mk 7 gun
4 x 40mm Bofors		12
61 Manukau 1x4.7in gun6 1942 Built by American Forces [unknown unit] at the end of Harvey Road, Manukau Heads, approximately 100 m north of lighthouse site, this open fronted fortification had one gun, and an observation post inland. Accommodation was at the end of Harvey Road, with only concrete pads remaining for some buildings. Due to the erosive nature of these compacted sandhills the gun emplacement was undermined and slipped down the cliffs in the early 1980s. According to local residents, the gun was only fired 6 times, cracking the concrete abutments.
61 Motuihe Island{{Coord|name=Motuihe Island |36|48|40|S|174|49|29|E|type:landmark_region:NZ |display=inline}} 2 x 4in Mk 7 guns9 1872– During World War II (1941) the Motuihe buildings became HMNZS Tamaki naval base, a training establishment. Now in the care of the Department of Conservation.[28][29][30]
62Fort Takapuna
[Russian scare]		{{Coord|name=Fort Takapuna |36|48|55|S|174|48|24|E|type:landmark_region:NZ |display=inline}} 2 x 4in Mk 7 guns
2 x CASLs		9 1886– Also known as HMNZS Tamaki, and Narrow Neck. In 1963 the RNZN moved its New Entry Training School HMNZS Tamaki from Motuihe Island to the fort. The navy built a new Gunnery School and set up an Officer Training School. Previously officers had been sent overseas for training. Only the Officer and Trade Training schools remain. Has been under the care of the Department of Conservation since 2000.[8][9][10][10][11]
63 Castor Bay{{Coord|name=Castor Bay |36|45|22|S|174|46|0|E|type:landmark_region:NZ |display=inline}} 2 x 6in Mk 7 guns
2 x CASLs		12 1942
-1944

Notable for its camouflage strategies during World War II.[31][32][33]

64 Whanga-
paraoa		{{Coord|name=Whangaparaoa |36|36|09|S|174|50|16|E|type:landmark_region:NZ |display=inline}} 2 x 6in Mk 7 guns
2 x CASLs		12 SE tip of peninsula
163 Whanga-
paraoa		{{Coord|name=Whangaparaoa |36|36|09|S|174|50|17|E|type:landmark_region:NZ |display=inline}} 2 x 9.2in guns18 SE tip of peninsula
164 Stony Batter
{{Coord|name=Stoney Batter |36|45|45|S|175|10|27|E|type:landmark_region:NZ |display=inline}} 2 x 9.2in guns18 1942– Waiheke Island. Now in the care of the Department of Conservation.[34][35]
68 Moturoa Island{{Coord|name=Moturoa Island |35|13|07|S|174|11|21|E|type:landmark_region:NZ |display=inline}} 4 x 6in Mk 7 guns
8 x 40mm Bofors		12 Bay of Islands
68 Whangaroa{{Coord|name=Whangaroa |35|00|40|S|173|45|21|E|type:landmark_region:NZ |display=inline}} 6in Mk 7 gun12 South Head of harbour.
139 Bream Head
{{Coord|name=Bream Head |35|51|01|S|174|31|35|E|type:landmark_region:NZ |display=inline}} 5in Mk 7 gun (USA)10 1942
-1944		 Entrance to Whangarei harbour. Remaining structures are the (Colchester) gun shelter, engine room, and observation post. The most significant feature is the spotting mural with compass bearings painted above the slit window in the observation post.[36][37]

Lower North Island

Under the command of the 10th Heavy (Coast) Regiment.[38]

BatteryNameWay-
point		World War II
Ordnance		Range
(miles)		DatesNotes
70 Palmer Head{{Coord|name=Palmer Head |41|20|14|S|174|49|01|E|type:landmark_region:NZ |display=inline}} 3x6in Mk 21 guns
4xCASLs		13 1936
-1957		 At the entrance to the Wellington Harbour. The abandoned gun pits were blown up in the late 1960s. The only remains are the underground plotting rooms, which are closed for safety reasons.[39]
71
RHQ		 Fort Dorset{{Coord|name=Fort Dorset |41|19|33|S|174|50|14|E|type:landmark_region:NZ |display=inline}} 2x6in Mk 7 guns
2x4in Mk 7guns
4x12pdr guns
7xCASLs		12 1908
-1991		 At the inner entrance to Wellington harbour. The fort was demolished in 1998.[40][41]
72Fort Ballance
[Russian scare]		{{Coord|name=Fort Ballance |41|17|41|S|174|50|02|E|type:landmark_region:NZ |display=inline}} 2x4in Mk 7guns
Twin 6pdr guns
2x75mm guns
6xCASLs		9 1885–
1945		 (1885–1886) Point Gordon

By Mount Crawford, Karaka Bays, Wellington's primary fort until 1911 when Fort Dorset opened, Fort Ballance was closed in 1945 but remnants remain.[13]

73 Fort Opau{{Coord|name=Opau |41|13|20|S|174|41|46|E|type:landmark_region:NZ |display=inline}} 2x6in Mk 7 guns12 1942
-1944		 On a high headland above Makara, on Wellington's west coast, protecting Cook Strait.[42][43][44] The fort was built in 1941, and comprised two covered 6" gun emplacements, a battery operations post, and an observation post and a radar post, with a large barracks several hundred metres inland.
165 Wrights Hill Fortress{{Coord|name=Wrights Hill Fortress |41|17|46|S|174|44|21|E |type:landmark_region:NZ |display=inline}} 2x9.2in guns18 1942
1957		 This British-designed fortress was similar to the 9.2 inch fortresses built at Whangaparaoa and Stoney Batter. 2,030 feet (620 metres) of interconnecting tunnels were dug. Two 185 hp diesel generators provided power to manoeuvre the guns. Each gun weighed 135 tons and could fire a 380-pound (172 kg) shell across Cook Strait or up to Plimmerton. The fortress was used for training purposes up to the mid-1950s. In early 1960 the guns were sold for scrap, ironically, to the Japanese. The Wrights Hill Fortress Restoration Society is restoring the coastal battery to its former state.[45][46]
77 Bluff Hill{{Coord|name=Bluff Hill |39|28|43|S|176|55|03|E|type:landmark_region:NZ |display=inline}} 2x6in Mk 7 guns
4x40mm Bofors		12 At Napier. Also a signal station during World War II,[47] although never a lighthouse,[48] despite being situated on Lighthouse Road.
77 Titirangi (Kaiti Hill){{Coord|name=Kaiti Hill |38|42|03|S|178|03|56|E|type:landmark_region:NZ |display=inline}} 5in Mk 7 gun (USA)10 Located at Gisborne.
78 Moturoa 2x155mm guns
4x40mm Bofors		9 At New Plymouth.
140 Languard Bluff{{Coord|name=Languard Bluff |39|57|30|S|175|01|20|E|type:landmark_region:NZ |display=inline}} 5in Mk 7 gun (USA)10 At Wanganui.[49][50]

Upper South Island

Under the command of the 11th Heavy (Coast) Regiment.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}

BatteryNameWay-
point		World War II
Ordnance		Range
(miles)		DatesNotes
80
RHQ		 Godley Head{{Coord|name=Godley Head |43|35|13|S|172|48|21|E |type:landmark_region:NZ |display=inline}} 3x6in Mk 24 guns
2xCASLs		14 1939
-1963		 At the northern entrance to Lyttelton Harbour, the last NZA to be decommissioned. It last fired a gun in 1959. In its heyday in World War II, it was staffed by over 400 men and women and was a self-contained community. It is ranked in the top ten New Zealand coastal defence heritage sites.[51] It is now under the care of the Department of Conservation and the Godley Head Heritage Trust.[52][53]
81Battery Point
[Russian scare]		{{Coord|name=Battery Point |43|36|10|S|172|44|25|E |type:landmark_region:NZ |display=inline}} 2x4in Mk 7guns
Twin 6pdr guns
5xCASLs		9 1886– On the northern side of Lyttelton Harbour, 3 miles from mouth.[18][19]
81Fort Jervois
[Russian scare]		{{Coord|name=Ripapa Island |43|37|11|S|172|45|15|E |type:landmark_region:NZ |display=inline}} 6in EOC gun6 1886 On Ripapa Island on the southern side of Lyttelton Harbour.[20] It is an internationally rare 1880s “Russian Invasion Scare” military defence structure, which has retained a high level of authenticity of both structure and hardware (6” and 8” disappearing guns). It is one of only five examples of this type of fortification in the world. The island has been managed by the Department of Conservation since 1990.[21]
Magazine Bay
[Russian scare]		 ? 1886 Lyttelton, in conjunction with nearby torpedo boat base.[54]
84 Tory Channel entrance 6in Mk 7 gun
12x40mm Bofors		12 Queen Charlotte Sound
84 Maraetai{{Coord|name=Maraetai |41|15|21|S|174|08|01|E |type:landmark_region:NZ |display=inline}} 6in Mk 7 gun12 In Tory Channel, Queen Charlotte Sound.
84 Blumine Island{{Coord|name=Blumine Island 1 |41|09|30|S|174|14|11|E |type:landmark_region:NZ |display=inline}}; {{Coord|name=Blumine Island 2 |41|09|31|S|174|14|39|E |type:landmark_region:NZ |display=inline}} 2x6in Mk 7 guns12 1942
-1945		 Guarding the northern entrance to Queen Charlotte Sound, the guns are positioned separately on the two northern points of Blumine Island. Associated with each emplacement are a magazine, observation post and accommodation camp.[55][56]
84 Post Office Point 6in Mk 7 gun12 In Pelorus Sound.
84 Maud Island{{Coord|name=Maud Island |41|01|01|S|173|54|21|E |type:landmark_region:NZ |display=inline}} 6in Mk 7 gun12 At the entrance to Pelorus Sound. Under the care of the Department of Conservation.[57][58]
84 Port Hills{{Coord|name=Port Hills |41|16|10|S|173|15|59|E |type:landmark_region:NZ |display=inline}} 6in Mk 7 gun12 In Nelson.
85 Smithfield Freezing Works{{Coord|name=Smithfield Freezing Works |44|22|16|S|171|14|41|E |type:landmark_region:NZ |display=inline}} 2x6in Mk 7 guns
4x40mm Bofors		12 1942–
1944		 In Timaru. The No 2 (Colchester type) gun shelter is in an excellent state of preservation [59]
134 Westport{{Coord|name=Westport Gun Emplacement |41|43|48|S|171|35|15|E |type:landmark_region:NZ |display=inline}} 5in Mk 7 gun (USA)
4x40mm Bofors		10 1942–
1944		 On South Spit. The gun emplacement is no longer there but the battery observation post is visible on Google Earth.[60]
134 Cobden{{Coord|name=Cobden |42|26|15|S|171|12|45|E |type:landmark_region:NZ |display=inline}} 5in Mk 7 gun (USA)
4x40mm Bofors		10 1942–
1944		 At Greymouth. Establishment: 2 Officers, 1 WO, 3 Sergeants and 26 ORs. Grey District Council destroyed part of this site, without consultation, in 2007 to make way for a sewer line [61]
143 Wainui{{Coord|name=Wainui |43|49|46|S|172|54|17|E|type:landmark_region:NZ |display=inline}} 2x6in Mk 7 guns
4x40mm Bofors
2xCASLs		12 1942–
1944		 At Akaroa Harbour on Banks Peninsula [62]

Lower South Island

Under the command of the 13th Heavy (Coast) Regiment.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}

BatteryNameWay-
point		World War II
Ordnance		Range
(miles)		DatesNotes
RHQ Dunedin
82Fort Taiaroa
[Russian scare]		{{Coord|name=Taiaroa Heads |45|47|12|S|170|43|39|E |type:landmark_region:NZ |display=inline}} 6in EOC gun
5xCASLs		6Close to Taiaroa Head at the northeastern tip of Otago Peninsula. Restored, and open to the public. Includes what is believed to be the only 1889 Armstrong Disappearing gun remaining in working condition in its original gun pit.[63]
82 Rerewahine{{Coord|name=Rerewahine |45|47|13|S|170|44|45|E |type:landmark_region:NZ |display=inline}} 2x6in Mk 7 guns12 Otago Peninsula.
82 Tomahawk{{Coord|name=Tomahawk |45|54|19|S|170|33|11|E |type:landmark_region:NZ |display=inline}} 2x6in Mk 7 guns12 Dunedin
82 Harington Point{{Coord|name=Harrington Point |-45.7834|170.7245|type:landmark_region:NZ |display=inline}} 2xTwin 6pdr guns
2x6pdr H&N		 Dunedin
141 Cape Wanbrow{{Coord|name=Cape Wanbrow |45|07|13|S|170|58|50|E |type:landmark_region:NZ |display=inline}} 5in Mk 7 gun (USA)10 1942– Under the care of the Oamaru Coastal Defence Restoration Group [64][65]
142 Bluff 6in Mk 7 gun12

Post war

The advent of air warfare and missiles made these forts redundant and most were decommissioned by the 1950s. Godley Head continued because of compulsory military training and last fired a gun in 1959. The Department of Conservation has the remains of around 30 installations on land it manages.[51]

Postscript

None of the forts fired a gun in anger, though in October 1939 a Battery Point gun at Lyttleton accidentally sank the fishing boat "Dolphin" and killed its skipper.[66]

In 1972 the United States declassified a contingency plan for invading New Zealand. This plan consisted of a 120-page intelligence document called Naval War Plan for the Attack of Auckland, New Zealand. The intelligence for the report was gathered during the visit of the Great White Fleet to Auckland over six days in 1908. The plan advocated Manukau Harbour as the best invasion point and landing heavy guns on Rangitoto Island to shell the forts on the North Shore. The plan was not very realistic and may have been an exercise to keep young officers busy (see United States war plans; which allocated the colour Garnet to New Zealand as part of War Plan Red).[67]

See also

  • Early naval vessels of New Zealand
  • Coastal defences of Australia during World War II
  • Coastal Forces of the Royal New Zealand Navy
  • Axis naval activity in New Zealand waters
  • British hardened field defences of World War II
  • British anti-invasion preparations of World War II
  • Seacoast Defense (US)

Notes

1. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://riv.co.nz/rnza/hist/baigent1.htm|title=Coast Artillery Defences in New Zealand|work=riv.co.nz|accessdate=20 September 2016}}
2. ^1 Wolfe, Richard (2007) With Honour – Our Army Our Nation Our History. Page 51. {{ISBN|978-0-670-04565-5}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://riv.co.nz/rnza/hist/dgun/harbdef1885.htm|title=Harbour Defences 1885|first=CM|last=Rivers|work=riv.co.nz|accessdate=20 September 2016}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://riv.co.nz/rnza/hist/dgun/index.htm|title=Disappearing Guns|first=CM|last=Rivers|work=riv.co.nz|accessdate=20 September 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807121544/http://riv.co.nz/rnza/hist/dgun/index.htm|archivedate=7 August 2016|df=}}
5. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/places-to-visit/auckland/central-and-south-auckland/north-head-historic-reserve/|title=Maungauika/North Head Historic Reserve|publisher=|accessdate=5 April 2015}}
6. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.devonport.co.nz/north_head.htm|title=North Head|publisher=|accessdate=5 April 2015}}
7. ^North Head self-guided walk
8. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://riv.co.nz/rnza/units/9c/taka.htm|title=9 Coast Regiment at Fort Takapuna|first=CM|last=Rivers|work=riv.co.nz|accessdate=20 September 2016}}
9. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/tracks-and-walks/auckland/central-and-south-auckland/fort-takapuna-historic-walk/|title=Fort Takapuna Historic Walk|publisher=|accessdate=5 April 2015}}
10. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/places-to-visit/auckland/central-and-south-auckland/fort-takapuna-historic-reserve/|title=Fort Takapuna Historic Reserve|publisher=|accessdate=5 April 2015}}
11. ^1 Fort Takapuna
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealandInBrief/GovernmentAndNation/10/ENZ-Resources/Standard/1/en|title=Fortifications at Mt Victoria, Auckland – Nation and government – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand|publisher=|accessdate=5 April 2015}}
13. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.capitaldefence.orcon.net.nz/prfles/pre1930/ballnce1.htm|title=Fort Ballance, Wellington|work=orcon.net.nz|accessdate=20 September 2016}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://capitaldefence.orcon.net.nz/prfles/pre1930/bukley1.htm|title=Fort Buckley|work=orcon.net.nz|accessdate=20 September 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041212140642/http://capitaldefence.orcon.net.nz/prfles/pre1930/bukley1.htm|archivedate=12 December 2004|df=}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://capitaldefence.orcon.net.nz/period/buklyp1.htm|title=Fort Buckley: period photo|work=orcon.net.nz|accessdate=20 September 2016}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/36251685@N00/sets/683677|title=Fort Buckley|work=Flickr|accessdate=5 April 2015}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://capitaldefence.orcon.net.nz/period/ftkelburne1.htm|title=Fort Kelburne: Period photo|work=orcon.net.nz|accessdate=20 September 2016}}
18. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.nzrifle.com/ml_battery_point.htm|title=WWII Coastal Defence Fortifications - Battery point|publisher=|accessdate=5 April 2015}}
19. ^1 Annotated photo of Battery Point
20. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.doc.govt.nz/conservation/historic/by-region/canterbury/christchurch-and-banks-peninsula/fort-jervois-ripapa-island/|title=New Zealand historic heritage: Our work|publisher=|accessdate=5 April 2015}}
21. ^1 Fort Jervois Restoration
22. ^{{cite book |last=Glackin |first=Russel |authorlink= |title=In Defence of Our Land: A Tour of New Zealand's Historic Harbour Forts |url= |accessdate= |year=2009 |publisher=Penguin Group |location= |isbn=978-014301186-6 |page=64 |pages=}}
23. ^Fort Taiaroa
24. ^Raising the Guns
25. ^DiGiulian, Tony, "United States of America 5"/51 (12.7 cm) Marks 7, 8, 9, 14 and 15. British 5"/51 (12.7 cm) BL Marks VI and VII
26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.doc.govt.nz/conservation/historic/by-region/auckland/hauraki-gulf-islands/motutapu-island-recreation-reserve/|title=New Zealand historic heritage: Our work|publisher=|accessdate=5 April 2015}}
27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.doc.govt.nz/conservation/historic/by-region/auckland/central-and-south-auckland/north-head-historic-reserve/history-of-the-reserve/|title=Maungauika/North Head Historic Reserve|publisher=|accessdate=5 April 2015}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.doc.govt.nz/conservation/historic/by-region/auckland/hauraki-gulf-islands/hauraki-gulf-defences/|title=New Zealand historic heritage: Our work|publisher=|accessdate=5 April 2015}}
29. ^HMNZS Tamaki
30. ^Long, Instructor Lieutenant A.G.
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.livingheritage.org.nz/schools/primary/campbellsbay/campbells_war/stories/storyReader$45.html|title=Campbell's Bay Primary School|publisher=|accessdate=5 April 2015}}
32. ^McCarthy, Christine (2002) Camouflage: Military Upholstery and Interior Disguise. Space and Culture, Vol5, No4, 320–332.
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://riv.co.nz/rnza/tales/ngaire1.htm|title=Ngaire's War - 9th Heavy Regiment|first=CM|last=Rivers|work=riv.co.nz|accessdate=20 September 2016}}
34. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.doc.govt.nz/conservation/historic/by-region/auckland/hauraki-gulf-islands/stony-batter-historic-reserve-waiheke-island/|title=New Zealand historic heritage: Our work|publisher=|accessdate=5 April 2015}}
35. ^Stony Batter
36. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.doc.govt.nz/conservation/historic/by-region/northland/whangarei/bream-head/#Bream|title=New Zealand historic heritage: Our work|publisher=|accessdate=5 April 2015}}
37. ^Bream Head Gun – Well worth a visit
38. ^{{cite web|url=http://riv.co.nz/rnza/tales/wright2.htm|title=10 Coast Regiment|first=CM|last=Rivers|work=riv.co.nz|accessdate=20 September 2016}}
39. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.capitaldefence.orcon.net.nz/prfles/post1930/palmnd1.htm|title=Palmer Heads fortress, Wellington|work=orcon.net.nz|accessdate=20 September 2016}}
40. ^{{cite web|url=http://capitaldefence.orcon.net.nz/prfles/other/dorset1.htm|title=Fort Dorset|work=orcon.net.nz|accessdate=20 September 2016}}
41. ^{{cite web|url=http://capitaldefence.orcon.net.nz/period/dorstp1.htm|title=Photos of guns at Fort Dorset|work=orcon.net.nz|accessdate=20 September 2016}}
42. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.capitaldefence.orcon.net.nz/prfles/post1930/opau1.htm|title=Fort Opau, Wellington|work=orcon.net.nz|accessdate=20 September 2016}}
43. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.capitaldefence.orcon.net.nz/prfles/post1930/opau2.htm|title=Fort Opau: Photos|work=orcon.net.nz|accessdate=20 September 2016}}
44. ^Fort Opau: More photos
45. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.whfrs.org.nz/|title=Wrights Hill Fortress: Home Page|publisher=|accessdate=5 April 2015}}
46. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.capitaldefence.orcon.net.nz/prfles/post1930/wrthil1.htm|title=Wrights Hill Fortress|work=orcon.net.nz|accessdate=20 September 2016}}
47. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.napier.govt.nz/napier/parks/memorials/bluff-hill-lookout|title=Bluff Hill Lookout|publisher=|accessdate=5 April 2015}}
48. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.newzealandlighthouses.com/napier_bluff.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202215305/http://www.newzealandlighthouses.com/napier_bluff.htm|title=Napier Bluff|work=newzealandlighthouses.com|archivedate=2 February 2015|accessdate=20 September 2016}}
49. ^{{cite web|url=http://capitaldefence.orcon.net.nz/prfles/post1930/wngpil1.htm|title=Wanganui gun emplacements|work=orcon.net.nz|accessdate=20 September 2016}}
50. ^{{cite web|url=http://capitaldefence.orcon.net.nz/prfles/post1930/wngpcd3.htm|title=Photos of Wanganui Coastal Battery|work=orcon.net.nz|accessdate=20 September 2016}}
51. ^1 {{cite web|title=Godley Head coastal defence battery|url=http://www.doc.govt.nz/conservation/historic/by-region/canterbury/christchurch-and-banks-peninsula/godley-head-coastal-defence-battery/}}
52. ^{{cite web|url=http://homepages.paradise.net.nz/peterwil/godleyhead/|title=The Godley Head Heritage Trust|publisher=|accessdate=5 April 2015}}
53. ^Godley Battery and Camp
54. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lytteltonheritage.co.nz Magazine Bay torpedo Boat museum}}
55. ^Defence Installations, Blumine Island
56. ^{{cite web|url=http://sustainableblumine.wikispaces.com/Background|title=SustainableBlumine - Background|publisher=|accessdate=5 April 2015}}
57. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/places-to-visit/marlborough/sounds-area/maud-island/|title=Maud Island (Te Hoiere) (Scientific Reserve)|publisher=|accessdate=5 April 2015}}
58. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.naturespic.com/NewZealand/image.asp?id=15187|title=Second World War Gun Emplacement on the NE point of Maud Island. Te Hoire, Maud Island, Marlborough Sounds, Marlborough District, Marlborough Region, New Zealand (NZ).|work=naturespic.com|accessdate=20 September 2016}}
59. ^{{cite web|url=http://nzrifle.com/ml_timaru.htm|title=WWII Coastal Defence Fortifications - Timaru|publisher=|accessdate=5 April 2015}}
60. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nzrifle.com/ml_westport.htm|title=WWII Coastal Defence Fortifications -Westport|publisher=|accessdate=5 April 2015}}
61. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nzrifle.com/ml_cobden.htm|title=WWII Coastal Defence Fortifications - Cobden|publisher=|accessdate=5 April 2015}}
62. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nzrifle.com/ml_akaroa.htm|title=WWII Coastal Defence Fortifications - Akaroa|publisher=|accessdate=5 April 2015}}
63. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.otago-peninsula.co.nz/royalalbatrosscentre.html|title=Otago Peninsula Royal Albatross Centre|first=Herman van|last=Velthoven|work=otago-peninsula.co.nz|accessdate=20 September 2016}}
64. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nzrifle.com/ml_oamaru.htm|title=WWII Coastal Defence Fortifications - Oamaru|publisher=|accessdate=5 April 2015}}
65. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.visitoamaru.co.nz/?precinct&ln=cape_wanbrow|title=Home|publisher=|accessdate=5 April 2015}}
66. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/today-in-history/9266344/Today-in-History-October-12|accessdate=21 February 2017|title=Today in History: October 12|date=12 October 2013|publisher=Stuff.co.nz}}
67. ^Stevens, David and Reeve, John (2001) [https://books.google.com/books?id=5LremxKXzkMC&pg=PA187&lpg=PA187&dq=%22naval+war+plan+for+the+attack+of+auckland%22&source=web&ots=ojirAVaYnA&sig=ghD3VDDCZFBrIDuuvb0uKWmBRSM#PPA187,M1 Southern Trident: Strategy, History and the Rise of Australian Naval Power, Page 184–188.] Allen & Unwin. {{ISBN|978-1-86508-462-6}}

Bibliography

  • Cooke, Peter (2002) Defending New Zealand: Ramparts on the Sea 1840s–1950s. (Wellington). Two volumes. {{ISBN|0-473-08923-8}}. Peter Cooke is a desktop publisher who has collated images of and commented on extensive source documents and period photos he has found in various archives.
  • Corbett, Peter D. (2003). A First Class Defended Port: The History of the Coast Defences of Auckland, its Harbour and Approaches. {{ISBN|0-478-22452-4}} (Available from Auckland Conservancy, Department of Conservation).
  • Glackin, Russell (2009) In defence of our land: a tour of New Zealand's historic harbour forts, Penguin, {{ISBN|0-14-301186-3}}.

External links

{{GeoGroupTemplate}}
  • NZ coastal artillery units of World War II
  • Coast Artillery Defences
  • Map of Coastal Defence Sites around Auckland
  • Hauraki Gulf Defences
  • Capital Defence – Coastal Defence Sites around Wellington
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20091027131228/http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Den/5417/index.html Wellington's Coastal Defences]
  • World War II Fortifications in Canterbury and Westland
  • Artillery pieces in New Zealand
  • Bunkers, tunnels, fortifications in Australia during World War II

9 : Forts in New Zealand|Coastline of New Zealand|New Zealand Army|Military history of New Zealand|Military history of New Zealand during World War II|World War II sites in New Zealand|Coastal fortifications|19th-century fortifications|20th-century fortifications
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