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词条 Coastal Motor Boat
释义

  1. 40-foot Coastal Motor Boats

     Service history  Survivors 

  2. 55 foot Coastal Motor Boats

     Survivors 

  3. 70-foot Coastal Motor Boat

  4. See also

  5. Notes

  6. References

  7. Further reading

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}{{Use British English|date=March 2018}}

During the First World War, following a suggestion from three junior officers of the Harwich destroyer force that small motor boats carrying a torpedo might be capable of travelling over the protective minefields and attacking ships of the Imperial German Navy at anchor in their bases, the Admiralty gave tentative approval to the idea and, in the summer of 1915, produced a Staff Requirement requesting designs for a Coastal Motor Boat for service in the North Sea.

These boats were expected to have a high speed, making use of the lightweight and powerful petrol engines then available. The speed of the boat when fully loaded was to be at least {{convert|30|kn|km/h}} and sufficient fuel was to be carried to give a considerable radius of action.

They were to be armed in a variety of ways, with torpedoes, depth charges or for laying mines. Secondary armament would have been provided by light machine guns, such as the Lewis gun. The weight of a fully loaded boat, complete with 18-inch (450 mm) torpedo,[1] was to not exceed the weight of the {{convert|30|ft|m|sing=on}} long motor boat then carried in the davits of a light cruiser, i.e. 4.5 tons.

The CMBs were designed by Thornycroft, who had experience in small fast boats. Engines were not proper maritime internal combustion engines (as these were in short supply) but adapted aircraft engines from firms such as Sunbeam and Napier.

40-foot Coastal Motor Boats

{{Infobox ship class overview
Name=40 foot CMBBuilders=Thornycroft, Tom Bunn, Taylor & Bates, J W Brooke, Frank Maynard, Salter Bros, Wills & PackhamUnited Kingdom}}Class before=Class after=Subclasses=Cost=Built range=In service range=In commission range=Total ships building=Total ships planned=Total ships completed=39 +2 not taken into service as CMBTotal ships cancelled=16Total ships active=Total ships laid up=Total ships lost=Total ships retired=Total ships scrapped=Total ships preserved=1 (CMB 4)
}}{{Infobox ship characteristics		Hide header=Header caption=45|ft|m|abbr=on}} o/aship displacement=5 tonsShip propulsion=Single screw, various choices of petrol engineShip notes=Mahogany plank on frame construction, single-step planing round-form hullShip armament=Single 18" torpedo, 2-4 Lewis guns, depth charges or minesShip complement=2-3
}}

In 1910, Thornycroft had designed and built a {{convert|25|ft|m|abbr=on}} speedboat called Miranda IV. She was a single-step hydroplane powered by a {{convert|120|hp|abbr=on}} Thornycroft petrol engine and could reach {{convert|35|kn|km/h}}.[2]

A {{convert|40|ft|m|abbr=on}} boat based on Miranda IV was accepted by the Admiralty for trials. A number of these boats were built and had a distinguished service history, but in hindsight they were considered to be too small to be ideal, particularly in how their payload was limited to a single 18-inch torpedo.

Several companies were approached, but only Thornycroft considered it possible to meet such a requirement. In January 1916, twelve boats were ordered, all of which were completed by August 1916. Further boats were built, to a total of 39.[3]

The restriction on weight meant the torpedo could not be fired from a torpedo tube, but instead was carried in a rear-facing trough. On firing it was pushed backwards by a cordite firing pistol and a long steel ram, entering the water tail-first. A trip-wire between the torpedo and the ram head would start the torpedo motors once pulled taut during release. The CMB would then turn hard over and get out of its path. There is no record of a CMB ever being hit by its own torpedo, but in one instance the firing pistol was triggered prematurely and the crew had a tense 20 minutes close to the enemy whilst reloading it.[4]

Service history

  • Losses [4]
  • 1917 Zeebrugge action

In December 1916, the 3rd CMB Division proceeded to Dunkirk under the command of Lieutenant W.N.T. Beckett of CMB4 and operated on the Belgian coast. On 7 April 1917, the 3rd CMB Division attacked a group of German destroyers anchored at Zeebrugge. As a result, one destroyer was sunk and one very seriously damaged. For these actions Beckett was mentioned in Despatches and was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC).[5]

  • 1919 Baltic actions against the Soviet Red forces.

In June 1919 a force of two CMBs attacked Kronstadt and sank the cruiser Oleg. Lt. Augustus Agar of CMB4 won his Victoria Cross in this operation.[6]

In August, a larger combined operation with aircraft managed to damage one battleship and sink a depot ship. There were casualties as the mission came under heavy fire.[7] Lt. Agar won a DSO to accompany his VC.[8]

  • 1919-1920 British Caspian Flotilla

In January 1919 a force of 12 CMBs was dispatched to the Caspian Sea (travelling by rail from Batumi on the Black Sea coast to Baku) to join a British naval unit supporting the anti-Bolshevik governments of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia.[9]

Survivors

The hull of CMB 4 in which Augustus Agar won his VC for the attack on Kronstadt naval base in 1919 and sank the cruiser Oleg was, for many years, at the Vosper Thornycroft works on Platt's Eyot on the Thames near Kingston. When these works closed it was restored and can now be seen at the Imperial War Museum, Duxford with details of these boats and the action. Agar’s VC is at the War Museum in London.

CMB 9 has been restored and is based at Avonmouth near Bristol. She took part in the 2014 Remembrance Day events in Bristol. CMB 9 was converted to a Distance Control Boat in 1918, the first CMB so converted and in so doing became DCB1. It is in her DCB outfit that the vessel currently exists.

55 foot Coastal Motor Boats

{{Infobox ship class overview
Name=55 foot CMBOperators=Royal NavyTotal ships completed=88[11]Total ships preserved=
}}{{Infobox ship characteristics		Hide header=Header caption=Ship displacement=11 tons60|ft|m|abbr=on}} o/a11|ft|m|abbr=on}}3|ft|m|abbr=on}}750|-|900|hp|abbr=on}} total power depending on engines
  • 2 shafts
34|-|42|kn|km/h|abbr=on}}Ship crew=3-5Ship notes=Ship armament=2 18" torpedoes or 1 18" torpedo plus 4 depth charges, 4 Lewis guns
}}

Larger versions of the 40-footer were ordered in 1916[11]

In 1917 Thornycroft produced an enlarged {{convert|60|ft|m|sing=on}} overall version. This allowed a heavier payload, and now two torpedoes could be carried. A mixed warload of a single torpedo and four depth charges could also be carried, the depth charges released from individual cradles over the sides, rather than a stern ramp.[10]

Speeds from {{convert|35|-|41|kn|mph km/h}} were possible, depending on the various petrol engines fitted. At least two unexplained losses due to fires in port are thought to have been caused by a build-up of petrol vapour igniting.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}}

It was these larger boats that entered the harbour during the Kronstadt raid and torpedoed the Soviet ships.

{{Infobox ship career
Hide header=Ship country=United KingdomShip flag=Ship name= MTB 331Ship operator=Royal NavyShip builder=ThornycroftShip launched=1941Ship status=Ship notes=
}}{{Infobox ship class overview		Name=55 foot CMBT (1941 class)Operators=Royal NavyTotal ships completed=14Total ships preserved=MTB 331
}}{{Infobox ship characteristics		Hide header=Header caption=Ship displacement=17 tons60|ft|m|abbr=on}}11.5|ft|m|abbr=on}}4|ft|m|abbr=on}}650|hp|abbr=on}} Thornycroft RY12 petrol engines40|kn|km/h}}Ship crew=Ship notes=Mahogany plank on frame construction, single-step planing round-form hullShip armament=Twin 18" torpedoes, depth charges or mines
}}

The design was so successful that more were built during World War II. The last survivor, MTB 331, is of this group, built in 1941.

Survivors

MTB 331, owned by Hampshire County Council and on-loan to the British Military Powerboat Trust (BMPT) at Marchwood, is the sole surviving 55' CMB.[11] Built in 1941, the penultimate 55' built, her design was based on that of the CMBs of 1917 with two V12 engines. Her post-war history is incomplete, but she was registered as the Jonrey at Teignmouth, then later at Bristol. She was acquired by the Council around 1990. Some restoration after this was carried out at Priddy's Hard, then she was transported by road to BMPT Marchwood in March 2000.[12]

70-foot Coastal Motor Boat

Twelve 72 ft long CMBs were ordered in early 1918 for minelaying (7 magnetic mines) or torpedo work (6 torpedoes). Five were cancelled; of the remainder, 3 survived the Second World War,[13] with CMB 103 MT preserved as a museum ship. CMB 103 was restored in August 2011 and is on display at The Historic Dockyard at Chatham.[14][15]

{{clear left}}

See also

  • Coastal Forces of the Royal Navy

Notes

1. ^The British "18 inch" torpedoes were 17.72 inches (45.0 cm) in diameter British torpedoes pre WWII
2. ^{{cite journal |journal=Marine Modelling International |date=April 2008 |title=The Thornycroft 55' Coastal Motor Boat |author=Barrie Griffin}}
3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.battleships-cruisers.co.uk/motor_torpedo_boats.htm |title=WW1 numbers and losses of MTB classes}}
4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.naval-history.net/WW1LossesBrRNA-L.htm#c |title=British Minor Warship Losses - 1914 - 1918}}
5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.unithistories.com/officers/RN_officersB.html#Beckett_WNT |title=Royal Navy (RN) Officers 1939-1945 - B}}
6. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.twickenham-museum.org.uk/detail.asp?ContentID=274 |title=A naval operation in the Baltic |quote=sinking of the Russian Cruiser 'Oleg' in 1919}}
7. ^{{cite book |title=History of WWI |year=1969 |volume=Vol. 8}}
8. ^{{cite book |title=The Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy |pages=330 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bzrya4r-2n8C&pg=PA330&lpg=PA330&dq=coastal+motor+boats |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-860527-0 |author1=Hill, J. R |author2=Ranft, Bryan |date=2002-10-17}}
9. ^"The Royal Navy on the Caspian, 1918-1919". Naval Review, 7/8 1919-20. pp87-99 and 218-240*
10. ^{{cite book |title=I Kept No Diary |author=Air Commodore F. R. Banks |year=1978 |pages=29 |publisher=Airlife |isbn=0-9504543-9-7}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hants.gov.uk/scrmxn/c8033.html |title=The Preservation of Thornycroft Coastal Motor Boat 331 at Fort Gilkicker |year=1991 |publisher=Hampshire County Museums Service |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050102041825/http://www.hants.gov.uk/scrmxn/c8033.html |archivedate=2 January 2005 }}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mtb331.org.uk/index.htm |title=MTB 331 home site and restoration photos |publisher=British Military Powerboat Trust (BMPT) |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080315104031/http://www.mtb331.org.uk/index.htm |archivedate=15 March 2008 }}
13. ^1 2 {{Cite book |title=Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1906-1921 |year=1985 |page=100 |ref={{harvid|Conway's}}}}
14. ^Historic Warships News Sheet: December 2011
15. ^http://www.nationalhistoricships.org.uk/ships_register.php?action=ship&id=434.

References

{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

Further reading

  • {{cite book

|title=Fast Fighting Ships 1870-1945
|author=Harald Fox
|year=1978
|ref=Fox, 1978
}}
  • {{cite book

|title=Coastal Forces: Vessels of the Royal Navy from 1865
|author=M P Cocker
|publisher=National Maritime Museum, Greenwich
|year=2006
|ref=Cocker, 2006
}}

3 : Motor torpedo boats of the Royal Navy|Military boats|Fast Attack Craft
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