1. Classification and efficacy of the different therapies
    Behavioral interventions  Emotion-oriented interventions  Cognition-oriented treatments  Stimulation-oriented treatments 

2. Summary of a Systematic Review of Psychological Approaches to the Management of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Dementia found in the American Journal of Psychiatry^[27]
    Conclusions 

3. References

Classification and efficacy of the different therapies

Interventions may be used in conjunction with pharmaceutical treatment and can be classified within behavior, emotion, cognition or stimulation oriented approaches. Research on efficacy is reduced.^[10]

Behavioral interventions

but can help to reduce some specific problem behaviors, such as incontinence.^[12] There is still a lack of high quality data on the effectiveness of these techniques in other behavior problems such as wandering.^[13][14]

Emotion-oriented interventions

Emotion-oriented interventions include reminiscence therapy, validation therapy, supportive psychotherapy, sensory integration or snoezelen, and simulated presence therapy. Supportive psychotherapy has received little or no formal scientific study, but some clinicians find it useful in helping mildly impaired patients adjust to their illness.^[10]

Reminiscence therapy (RT) involves the discussion of past experiences individually or in group, many times with the aid of photographs, household items, music and sound recordings, or other familiar items from the past. Although there are few quality studies on the effectiveness of RT it may be beneficial for cognition and mood.^[15]

Simulated presence therapy (SPT) is based on attachment theories and is normally carried out playing a recording with voices of the closests relatives of the patient. There is preliminary evidence indicating that SPT may reduce anxiety and challenging behaviors.^[16][17]

Finally, validation therapy is based on acceptance of the reality and personal truth of another's experience, while sensory integration is based on exercises aimed to stimulate senses. There is little evidence to support the usefulness of these therapies.^[18][19]

Cognition-oriented treatments

The aim of cognition-oriented treatments, which include reality orientation and cognitive retraining is the restoration of cognitive deficits. Reality orientation consists in the presentation of information about time, place or person in order to ease the understanding of the person about its surroundings and his place in them, for example using an orientation board. On the other hand, cognitive retraining tries to improve impaired capacities by exercitation of mental abilities. Both have shown some efficacy improving cognitive capacities,^[20][21] although in some works these effects were transient and negative effects, such as frustration, have also been reported.^[10] Most of the programs inside this approach are fully or partially computerized and others are fully paper based such as the Cognitive Retention Therapy method.^[22][23]

Stimulation-oriented treatments

Stimulation-oriented treatments include art, music and pet therapies, exercise, and any other kind of recreational activities for patients. Stimulation has modest support for improving behavior, mood, and, to a lesser extent, function. Nevertheless, as important as these effects are, the main support for the use of stimulation therapies is the improvement in the patient daily life routine they suppose.^[10]

A study published in 2006 tested the effects of Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST) on the demented elderly’s quality of life. The researchers looked at the effect of CST on cognitive function, the effect of improved cognitive function on quality of life, then the link between the three (CST, cognition, and QoL). The study found an improvement in cognitive function from the CST treatment, as measured by the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS-Cog), as well as an improvement in quality of life self-reported by the participants using the Quality of Life-AD measure. The study then used regression models to explain the correlation between the CST therapy and quality of life to see if the improved cognitive function was the primary mediating factor for the improved quality of life. The models supported the correlation and proposed that it was the improved cognition more than other factors (such as reduced depression symptoms and less anxiety) that led to the participants reporting back that they had a better quality of life (with significant improvements especially in energy level, memory, relationship with significant other, and ability to do chores.) ^[24]

Another study that was done in 2010 by London College that tested the efficacy of the Cognitive Stimulation Therapy. Participants were tested using a Mini Mental State Examination to test their level of cognitive ability and see if they qualified as a demented patient to be included in the study. The participants had to have no other health problems allowing for the experiment to have accurate internal validity. The results clearly showed that those who were given the Cognitive Stimulation Therapy did significantly better on all memory tasks than those that did not receive the therapy. Out of the eleven memory tasks that were given ten of the memory tasks were improved by the therapeutic group. This is another study that supports the efficacy of CST, demonstrating that the elderly that have dementia greatly benefit from this treatment.. Just like it was tested in the 2006 study,^[24] the improvement of the participants' cognitive abilities can ultimately improve their daily lives since it helps with social influences being able to speak, remember words etc.^[25]

In July 2015 UK NHS trials were reported of a robot seal from Japan being in the management of distressed and disturbed behaviour in dementia patients. "Paro", which has some artificial intelligence has the ability to "learn" and remember its own name. It can also learn the behaviour that results in a pleasing stroking response and repeat it. The robot was being evaluated in a joint project involving Sheffield Health and Social Care NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Sheffield.^[26]

Summary of a Systematic Review of Psychological Approaches to the Management of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Dementia found in the American Journal of Psychiatry^[27]

Out of 1632 total studies reviewed roughly 10% of them were included in the review.

Objective was to determine the level of quality of the studies and the effectiveness of the results.

Main theories of the studies explored were as follows.

• Reminiscence Therapy - using household materials, family pictures and old newspapers to stimulate memories and hopefully have the participant share their experiences.

Results were dependent on reality orientation and were largely insignificant.

• Validation Therapy - Based on personal uniqueness, promotes validating feelings of unfinished conflicts.

Results were inconclusive and insignificant.

• Reality Orientation Therapy - Uses reminders about information such as day, time and location.

Results were insignificant.

• Cognitive Retention Therapy - Uses information processing.

Results varied but were very positive in improving aspects of neuropsychiatric symptoms immediately and for many months after. Also improved mood, and delayed institutionalization. {{Citation needed|date=March 2012}}

• Other dementia-specific therapies - "individualized special instruction" and "self-maintenance therapy"

Results may have been a product of environment but concluded an improvement to behavior and depression.

• Non-dementia-specific therapies - Included many different varieties of treatments.

Most were inconclusive. Positive results were achieved using ‘life review, sensory stimulation’ and other personalized techniques.

• Music Therapy - Helps reduce agitation and improve behavior during sessions and immediately after, however no long term benefits.
• Snoezelen therapy - Possible improvement in disruptive behavior during sessions, effects are only apparent for a short time after.
• Other sensory stimulation - Calming effects during sessions, no long term usefulness.
• Simulated presence therapy - Possible reduction in agitation, no other real benefits.
• Therapeutic activity programs - Results varied but overall were inconsistent and inconclusive with no real benefits.
• Montessori activities - No changes realized.
• Physical exercise - No changes realized.
• Social interaction - Possible improvement in neuropsychiatric symptoms in some participants.
• Decreased sensory stimulation - No real benefits.
• Environmental Manipulation - Changing the visual environment, adding or removing mirrors, signposting, unlocking doors and other environmental manipulations such as group living.

Results showed a possible reduction in agitation and improvement with orientation, with no other real benefits.

• Other studies focused on psychoeducation of Staff and family members ability to manage behavioral problems.

Results showed individual education was more effective then groups in being useful to treat neuropsychiatric symptoms.

Conclusions

The article concluded:

"Only behavior management therapies, specific types of caregiver and residential care staff education, and possibly cognitive stimulation appear to have lasting effectiveness for the management of dementia-associated neuropsychiatric symptoms. Lack of evidence regarding other therapies is not evidence of lack of efficacy. Conclusions are limited because of the paucity of high-quality research (only nine level-1 studies were identified). More high-quality investigation is needed."

References

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