| 词条 | Coke bottle styling |
| 释义 |
The design was used in airplanes as a way of greatly reducing the sharp drag rise that occurs at transonic speeds. Using this design often results in a pinch-waisted fuselage shape that National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) labeled the design principle 'area rule,' and variously identified as coke bottle, wasp waist, or Marilyn Monroe shape.[4][5] DevelopmentAs tailfins were influenced by jet aircraft of the 1950s, stylists were inspired by supersonic planes. Automotive designers incorporated the "wasp waist" body shape among numerous passenger cars, as they found that the previous "ponton" appearance seemed dated. Cars with this style treatment earned this term "by having more rounded body panels with arcs over the wheelwells, making them resemble bottles of Coca-Cola laid on their sides".[6] Aircraft such as the F-102 were designed with narrow waists and bulging forward and rear fuselages to conform to the area rule to achieve supersonic speeds.[7] United StatesStudebaker introduced the Raymond Loewy-designed Avanti with pronounced Coke-bottle look in 1962.[8] The 1962 Pontiac full-size models also "had a subtle horizontal crease about half way down [the bodyside] and a slight wasp-waist constriction at the doors which swelled out again in the rear quarters"[9] One of the cleanest examples of the “Coke bottle” styling was the 1963 Buick Riviera.[10] Chevrolet first tried the coke bottle look on Bill Mitchell's 1963 Corvette Sting Ray as a styling theme since the area rule does not apply at road speeds.[11]By 1966, the General Motors A-body sedans received a mid-riff pinch and "hop up" fenders. Intermediates such as the Pontiac Tempest, Dodge Charger, and Ford Torino soon followed suit, as well as compacts such as the Ford Maverick and Plymouth Duster. General Motors also styled their "B" body full-size cars from 1965-68 with this style, which is most prominent on the "fastback" 2-door hardtop models. Chrysler's "interpretation of the Coke-bottle styling treatment to its struggling B-body cars ... [resulted in] ... smooth lines, subtly rounded curves, and near perfect proportions."[12] Notable automobiles with this style include many of the muscle cars during this era, such as the Pontiac GTO, Chevrolet Camaro, and Dodge Charger.[1] Design "themes" such the "hop up" fenders became so pervasive across the industry that American Motors' all-new 1967 Rebel was criticized because "viewed from any angle, anyone other than an out-and-out car buff would have trouble distinguishing the Rebel from its GM, Ford, and Chrysler Corp. competition."[13] Moreover, AMC discovered that compared to slab styling with deeply sculpted ridges, "the rounded "Coke-bottle" panels would be easier to make and the dies would last longer — an important cost consideration."[14] Author Clinton Walker described the archetypal product of Australian suburbia, the muscle car, with its "Coke bottle hip bump but the bare midriff of a go-go dancer?"[15] According to automotive historian Darwin Holmstrom, Chevrolet "took it to its illogical extreme with the 1968 Corvette, though that car more closely resembled a prosthetic phallus than a Coke bottle".[16] By the late-1970s and early-1980s, cars like the Ford Fairmont and Chrysler K-cars moved towards straight lines. The Audi 5000 and Ford Taurus led towards functional aerodynamic styling. International marketsThis styling "was to be seen right across the marketplace and, before long, around the world".[10] Japanese, European, and Australian automobiles also adopted this style during the 1970s. Japanese automaker Nissan offered this appearance on 1970s era Nissan Cedrics, Nissan Glorias, Nissan Laurels, Nissan Bluebirds, and Nissan Violets. Toyota also offered this appearance on the 1972-1976 Toyota Corona Mark II, and their limited production sportscar called the Toyota 2000GT. Mitsubishi also adopted this appearance on the 1973-1980 Galant, and the 1973-1979 Lancer. The smallest car with this style is usually considered to be the 1967 Suzuki Fronte 360, which was less than {{convert|3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} long,[17] while the Subaru 360 also used similar styling elements, notably the curvaceous "belt line". The appearance was even used in popular culture in the Japanese anime Speed Racer's Mach 5. Not all cars displayed the full "plan-view" Coke bottle styling, with the waist narrowing. Some of them, like the British Ford Cortina Mark III achieved a similar look in their profile with the front wing curving up over the front wheel area and a much more pronounced curve over the rear wheel arch. Contemporary examplesThere have been modern examples showing a return to this appearance, such as the 1998-2004 Oldsmobile Alero, 2010 Chevrolet Camaro and 2008 Dodge Challenger, as well as the Nissan Fuga, Nissan Juke, and the Infiniti QX60. The revived Dodge Charger and similar Dodge Avenger does not have a complete Coke bottle body, but they have a rear fender line evocative of the second generation Dodge Charger. Other examples include the 2006-2010 Hyundai Elantra, and the 1996-2001 Hyundai Tiburon. {{clear}}Partial list of cars with Coke bottle styling
}} References1. ^1 {{cite book|last=Breitenstein |first=Jeff |first2=Troy |last2=Paiva |title=Ultimate Hot Rod Dictionary: A-Bombs to Zoomies |year=2004 |publisher=MBI Publishing |isbn=978-0-7603-1823-2 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=OtKWmLLiuTgC&pg=PA53&dq=Coke+bottle+styling |page=53 |accessdate=30 March 2016}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Coke Bottle Styling}}2. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.allpar.com/model/satellite.html |publisher=allpar.com|title=Plymouth Belvedere and Plymouth Satellite: 1968 coke-bottle restyling |accessdate=30 March 2016}} 3. ^{{cite web|title=1967-1969 AMC Ambassador DPL & SST 2-doors |url= http://auto.howstuffworks.com/1967-1969-amc-ambassador-dpl-and-sst.htm |publisher=auto.howstuffworks |author=Auto Editors of Consumer Guide |date=17 July 2007 |accessdate=30 March 2016}} 4. ^{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3x-umCIwEYQC&pg=PA146&dq=airplane+shape+known+variously+as+coke+bottle+wasp+waist+and+Marilyn+Monroe |page=146 |title=Fifty Years Among the New Words: A Dictionary of Neologisms, 1941-1991 |editor-first= John |editor-last=Algeo |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1993 |isbn= 978-0-521-44971-7 |accessdate=30 March 2016}} 5. ^{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/26/us/26whitcomb.html?_r=0 |title=Richard T. Whitcomb Is Dead at 88; Revolutionized the Design of Jet Aircraft |first=Dennis |last=Heversi |date=25 October 2009 |newspaper=The New York Times |accessdate=30 March 2016}} 6. ^{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zlteCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA130&lpg=PA130&dq=Coke-bottle+styling.+Cars+earned+this+nickname+by+having+more+rounded+body+panels+with+arcs+over+the+wheelwells,+making+them |page=130 |title=American Muscle Cars: A Full-Throttle History |first=Darwin |last=Holmstrom |isbn=9780760350133 |publisher=Motorbooks |year=2016 |accessdate=30 March 2016}} 7. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.torinocobra.com/articles/birth_of_torino.htm |title=The Birth of the 1970 Ford Fairlane/Torino |first=Bill|last=Shenk|date=May–June 1995 |publisher=The Fairlaner News |accessdate=30 March 2016}} 8. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.danjedlicka.com/classic_cars/studebaker_avanti.html |first=Dan|last=Jedlicka |title=1963-64 Studebaker Avanti |accessdate=30 March 2016}} 9. ^{{cite book| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=92VMACmtHMcC&q=they+had+a+subtle+horizontal+crease+about+half+way+down+and+a+slight+wasp-waist+constriction+at+the+doors+which+swelled+out+again+in+the+rear+quarters |page=269 |title=Chrome dreams: automobile styling since 1893 |first=Paul Carroll |last=Wilson |year=1976 |publisher=Chilton |isbn=978-0-8019-6352-0 |accessdate=30 March 2016}} 10. ^1 {{cite book|title=Car: The Definitive Visual History of the Automobile |page=186 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2dRqgSuHAjgC&pg=PA186&dq=One+of+the+cleanest+examples+of+the+Coke+bottle+styling+that+swept+across+the+industry |publisher=DK Publishing |year=2011 |isbn=9780756689384 |accessdate=30 March 2016}} 11. ^{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=opulnkVzhVwC&pg=PA59&dq=the+automotive+world's+copycat+design+actually+followed+correctly+in+the+area+rule's+best+intent |page=59 |title=Chevelle |last=Mueller |first=Mike |year=2002 |publisher=MotorBooks |isbn=9780760314845 |accessdate=30 March 2016}} 12. ^{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0SG1yOw4edUC&pg=PA229&lpg=PA229&dq=Coke+bottle+styling+automobiles |title=Muscle: America's Legendary Performance Cars|first=Randy |last=Leffingwell |first2=Darwin |last2=Holmstrom |publisher= MBI Publishing |year=2006 |isbn= 978-0-7603-2284-0 |page=229 |accessdate= 30 March 2016}} 13. ^{{cite journal|first=Bill |last=Kilpatrick |title=1967: The Showdown Year |date=October 1966 |page=101 |journal= Popular Mechanics |volume=126 |issue=4 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ydMDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA101&dq=A+case+in+point+is+AMC's+all-new+Rebel+Viewed+from+any+angle+All+current+styling |accessdate=30 March 2016}} 14. ^{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=JHVaQFDrx_MC&pg=RA1-PA1950&lpg=RA1-PA1950&dq=The+rounded+%22Coke-bottle%22+panels+would+be+easier+to+make+and+the+dies+would+last+longer+—+an+important+cost+consideration. |pages= 31-32 |title=AMC Muscle Cars |year=2000 |first=Larry |last=Mitchell |publisher= Motorbooks |isbn=9780760307618 |accessdate=30 March 2016}} 15. ^{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=dmVQc0XKjVUC&pg=PA42&lpg=PA42&dq=Coke+bottle+hip+bump+but+the+bare+midriff+of+a+go-go+dancer? |page=42 |title=Golden Miles: Sex, Speed and the Australian Muscle Car |first=Clinton |last=Walker |edition=Revised |publisher=Wakefield Press |year=2009 |isbn=9781862548541 |accessdate=30 March 2016}} 16. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=zlteCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA130&dq=took+it+to+its+illogical+extreme+with+the+1968+Corvette,+though+that+car+more+closely+resembled+a+prosthetic+phallus+than+a+Coke+bottle Holmstrom, p. 130.] 17. ^{{cite book|last=Ozeki|first=Kazuo|title=Suzuki Story: Small Cars, Big Ambitions|publisher=Miki Press|year=2007|page= 30| language= Japanese| isbn = 978-4-89522-503-8 }} 18. ^1 2 {{cite web|url= http://www.allpar.com/amc/ |title=The Spirit Is Still Alive: American Motors Corporation 1954-1987: 1967 |first=Chad |last=Quella |publisher=allpar.com |quote=Rebel, Marlin and the new, larger Ambassador wore sleek "Coke bottle" styling that was the fad at the time. |accessdate=30 March 2016}} 19. ^{{cite journal|last=Strohl|first=Daniel|title=Attack of the Welterweight |journal=Hemmings Muscle Machines |date=July 2005 |url= http://www.hemmings.com/mus/stories/2005/07/01/hmn_feature4.html |quote=... in profile, it had a real Coke-bottle effect. |accessdate=30 March 2016}} 20. ^{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=9Z5TAAAAMAAJ&q=%22coke+bottle%22+fenderlines+'+67+Ambassador+AMC's+fastback+Marlin+looked+miles+better+for+1967,+thanks+to+curvy+new+lower-body+lines |page=424 |title=Chronicle of the American automobile: over 100 years of auto history |first=James M. |last=Flammang |publisher=Publications International |year=1994 |isbn=9780785307785 |accessdate=30 March 2016}} 21. ^{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=r9j7MWLE_jMC&pg=PA74&dq=Cars+with+Coke+bottle+styling |page=73 |title=The cars of American Motors: an illustrated history |first=Marc |last=Cranswick |publisher=McFarland |year=2012 |isbn=9780786446728 |quote=Coke-bottle styling was being used on cars everywhere; AMC was staying abreast of fashion and came up with their first family car with style that rivaled function. |accessdate=30 March 2016}} 22. ^{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=y6DUvUpGmn0C&pg=PA74&dq=Coke+bottle+styling+Corvair |page=74 |last=Cheetham |first=Craig |title=Ultimate American Cars |publisher=MotorBooks/MBI |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7603-2570-4 |accessdate=30 March 2016}} 23. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.oldride.com/library/1967_chevrolet_impala.html |title=1967 Chevrolet Impala |work=oldride.com |quote=The Impala was redesigned and had a "coke bottle" shape that similar to the 1963 Buick Riviera. |accessdate=3 May 2016}} 24. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.motortrend.com/news/nine-zingers-new-kia-stinger/ |title=Nine Zingers About the New Kia Stinger |author=Loh, Edward |publisher=Motor Trend |date=2017-01-08 |accessdate=2018-07-19}} 25. ^{{cite web|url=http://auto.howstuffworks.com/1963-1964-studebaker-avanti.htm |title=1963-1964 Studebaker Avanti |publisher=auto.howstuffworks |author=Auto Editors of Consumer Guide|date=17 December 2007 |accessdate=30 March 2016}} 1 : Automotive styling features |
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