“Holyoke, Massachusetts”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Holyoke is a city in Hampden County, Massachusetts, United States, that lies between the western bank of the Connecticut River and the Mount Tom Range. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 39,880.^[13] As of 2017, the estimated population was 40,341.^[12] Sitting {{convert|8|mi|0}} north of Springfield, Holyoke is part of the Springfield Metropolitan Area, one of the two distinct metropolitan areas in Massachusetts.

Holyoke is among the early planned industrial cities in the United States. Built in tandem with the Holyoke Dam to utilize the water power of Hadley Falls, it is one of a handful of cities in New England built on the grid plan.^[14] During the late 19th century the city produced an estimated 80% of the writing paper used in the United States and was home to the largest paper mill architectural firm in the country,^[15] as well as the largest paper, silk, and alpaca wool mills in the world.^[16]^[17] Although a considerably smaller number of businesses in Holyoke work in the paper industry today,^[18]^[19] it is still commonly referred to as "The Paper City".^[1]^[2] Today the city contains a number of specialty manufacturing companies,^[20] as well as the Massachusetts Green High Performance Computing Center, an intercollegiate research facility which opened in 2012.^[21] Holyoke is also home to the Volleyball Hall of Fame and known as the "Birthplace of Volleyball", as the internationally played Olympic sport was invented and first played at the local YMCA chapter by William G. Morgan in 1895.^[3]^[4]

While working for the Holyoke Water Power Company in the 1880s, hydraulic engineer Clemens Herschel invented the Venturi meter to determine the water use of individual mills in the Holyoke Canal System. This device, the first accurate means of measuring large-scale flows, is widely used in a number of engineering applications today, including waterworks and carburators, as well as aviation instrumentation.^[22]^[23] Powered by these municipally owned canals, Holyoke has among the lowest energy rates in the Commonwealth,^[24] and as of 2016 between 85% and 90% of the city's energy was carbon neutral, with administrative goals in place to reach 100% in the immediate future.^[25]^[26]

History

English colonists arrived in the Connecticut River Valley in 1633, when traders from the Plymouth Plantation established a post at Windsor, Connecticut. In 1636, Massachusetts Bay Colony assistant treasurer and Puritan iconoclast William Pynchon led a group of settlers from Roxbury, Massachusetts to the Valley to establish Springfield on land scouts had found to be advantageous for farming and trading. This settlement was built north of the Connecticut River's first major falls, Enfield Falls, where seagoing vessels had to transfer cargo into smaller shallops to continue northward on the river. Due to its proximity to the banks of the river Springfield quickly became a successful settlement on the Bay Path to Boston, as well as the Massachusetts Path to Albany. Originally, the settlement spanned both sides of the river but was partitioned in 1774 with the land on the western bank becoming West Springfield, Massachusetts. This area, previously allotted to landowners on the east side of the river in Springfield, was settled by colonists by 1655.^[7]{{rp|148}} Holyoke as a geographic entity was initially incorporated as a parish; the 3rd Parish of West Springfield, otherwise known as "Ireland" or "Ireland Parish" was first incorporated on July 7, 1786.^[7]{{rp|70}} The area's first post office, "Ireland", was established June 3, 1822, with Martin Chapin as first postmaster; it was discontinued in 1883. Another, "Ireland Depot", was established February 26, 1847, with John M. Chapin as first postmaster, and assumed the town name upon Holyoke's incorporation.^[27] Though the name Hampden was considered, the area was subsequently named for earlier Springfield settler William Pynchon's son-in-law, Elizur Holyoke, who had first explored the area in the 1650s.^[28] Following land acquisitions and development by the Hadley Falls Company, the town of Holyoke was officially incorporated on March 14, 1850.^[8] The first official town meeting took place a week later, on March 22, 1850.^[7]{{rp|76–77}}

A part of Northampton known as Smith's Ferry was separated from the rest of the town by the creation of Easthampton in 1809. The shortest path to downtown Northampton was on a road near the Connecticut River oxbow, which was subject to frequent flooding. The neighborhood became the northern part of Holyoke in 1909.^[29]

Holyoke had few inhabitants until the construction of the dam and the Holyoke Canal System in 1849 and the subsequent construction of water-powered mills, particularly paper mills, the first and last to operate in the city, being those of the Parsons Paper Company. At one point over 25 paper mills were in operation in the city. The Holyoke Machine Company, manufacturer of the Hercules water turbine, was among many industrial developments of the era.^[30]^[31]^[32]

Holyoke's population rose from just under 5,000 in 1860 to over 60,000 in 1920. Due to this staggering growth the municipality was officially incorporated as a city on April 7, 1873, only 23 years after its initial incorporation as the "Town of Holyoke".^[9] Later that year the city elected its first mayor, William B. C. Pearsons, who, a quarter-century earlier, had established himself among the first lawyers in the city, and was the first editorial writer of the area newspaper-of-record, the Hampden Freeman, best known as the Holyoke Transcript-Telegram.^[34]

In 1888, Holyoke's paper industry spurred the foundation of the American Pad & Paper Company (AMPAD), which {{As of|2007|lc=on}} is one of the largest suppliers of office products in the world. Holyoke was also previously the location of the headquarters of the American Writing Paper Company, a trust company established in 1899 with the merging of 23 rag paper mills, 13 of which were located in Holyoke. At one point the company was the largest producer of fine papers in the world, however incompetent leadership lacking technical knowledge of the industry, and heavily oriented around shareholder returns, led the company to fold as a manufacturer by 1963.^[35]^[36]^[37] The availability of water power enabled Holyoke to support its own electric utility company and maintain it independently of America's major regional utilities. The city was thus a rare unaffected area in the Northeast blackout of 1965, for example.^[38]^[39]

Geography

Holyoke is located at {{Coord|42|12|11|N|72|37|26|W|type:city}} (42.203191, -72.623969).^[40]

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of {{convert|22.8|sqmi|km2}}, of which {{convert|21.3|sqmi|km2}} is land and {{convert|1.5|sqmi|km2}} (6.70%) is water. The city is bordered by Southampton and Westfield to the west, Easthampton to the north, Hadley, South Hadley and Chicopee as river borders to the east, and West Springfield to the south.

Holyoke is the location of East Mountain, the Mount Tom Range, and Mount Tom, at {{convert|1202|ft}} the highest traprock peak on the Metacomet Ridge, a linear mountain range that extends from Long Island Sound to the Vermont border. The most densely populated area of the city, lying between the Mount Tom Range and the Connecticut River, is characterized by a series of level terraces separated by undeveloped wooded ravines, known as dingles, which drain to the river.^[41] Mount Tom is characterized by its high cliffs, sweeping vistas, and microclimate ecosystems. The {{convert|110|mi|km|adj=on}} Metacomet-Monadnock Trail traverses the Mount Tom Range and East Mountain. Fossilized dinosaur tracks and specimens can be found at the foot of these mountains due to their unique geology. A species of dinosaur, Podokesaurus holyokensis, whose fossils were first discovered across the river in South Hadley, was given its name for the area,^[42] and the city has in recent years passed measures to try to protect fossils in the its parks from theft or vandalism.^[43]

Neighborhoods

The city of Holyoke contains 15 distinct neighborhoods of differing character. Some, like Springdale and Oakdale, were conceived by individual developers as streetcar suburbs for mill workers in the 19th century, whereas others like Rock Valley and Elmwood were previously extant villages within West Springfield that predate the city. Additionally a number of names such as Ewingville and Elmwood Heights^[44] have been used historically but have become defunct as separate entities. In alphabetical order, Holyoke's neighborhoods are:^[45]

Architecture

Holyoke's industrial development in the late 19th and early 20th centuries led to a massive demand for new housing and accommodating structures as the population grew by more than 1000% from the years from 1850 to 1890.^[52] Initially this demand was filled by company housing, including such examples as the Hadley Falls Company Housing District, whose structures were built in 1847–1848. Gradually the Holyoke Water Power Company began building housing on its land holdings to sell to working families,^[53] and by the end of the 19th century more private developments had begun to appear. Holyoke's architecture can be characterized by a mixture of Italianate, Gothic Revival, Queen Anne and Second Empire, with some Tudor revival examples throughout its neighborhoods.^[54] The city is also home to at least two examples of works by national architects, the Holyoke City Hall designed in the Gothic Revival style by Charles B. Atwood,^[55] and the now-defunct Connecticut River Railroad Station designed by eminent architect H. H. Richardson.^[56]

Throughout its history Holyoke has been home to a number of local architects who shaped its unique urban landscape. The most prominent included George P. B. Alderman, who designed industrial buildings as well as the Holyoke Post Office, apartment blocks, and many of the city's iconic Victorian estates. Alderman started his independent practice after being an apprentice to James A. Clough of Clough & Reid, who is best known as the architect of the former iconic Mount Tom Summit Houses as well as the Holyoke Public Library. Architect Oscar Beauchemin's work shaped both the Main Street landscape of Springdale and many large multi-colored brick tenements built in mixed density housing can be attributed to him, often with Renaissance Revival architectural motifs.

Holyoke's own millwright engineers and architects David and Ashley Tower, doing business as D. H. & A. B. Tower, would go on to design more than 100 mills in the latter half of the 19th century, and in many respects made Holyoke synonymous with its present-day handle "The Paper City". Holyoke's paper mills from this period were largely the work of the brothers, who designed mills on five continents and among the first of Kimberly-Clark and Crane Currency.^[58]^[59] In sum they would design 16 factories and mills in Holyoke and, including minor design roles, performed engineering work in some capacity on 25 of the city's in total.^[60]

Planned industrial community

Demographics

As of the census of 2010, there were 39,880 people, 15,361 households, and 9,329 families residing in Holyoke. There were 16,384 housing units in the city.

The racial makeup in 2017 was 84.9% white (43.0% non-Hispanic white), 3.8% black, 0.4% Native American, 1.6% Asian (0.4% Cambodian, 0.4% Indian, 0.3% Chinese, 0.3% Korean, 0.1% Pakistani), 0.1% Pacific Islanders, 6.6% some other race, and 2.6% from two or more races. Hispanic and Latinos of any race were 51.2% of the population (46.0% Puerto Rican, 2.0% Dominican, 0.8% Mexican, 0.5% Colombian, 0.5% Cuban, 0.4% Venezuelan, 0.3% Salvadoran, 0.2% Argentine, 0.1% Honduran, 0.1% Guatemalan). The ten largest ancestry groups in the city were Irish (13.4%), Polish (8.3%), French (7.2%), German (4.4%), Italian (3.8%), English (3.6%), French-Canadian (3.3%), American (2.8%), Scottish (1.0%), and sub-Saharan African (0.9%). Immigrants accounted for 28.8% of the population. The ten most common countries of origin for immigrants in the city were Puerto Rico (US Territory), the Dominican Republic, Poland, Germany, China, El Salvador, the United Kingdom, Colombia, Kenya, and Mexico. ^[66]

There were 15,361 households in 2010, out of which 34.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 30.5% were headed by married couples living together, 24.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.3% were non-families. Of all households, 32.0% were made up of individuals, and 12.3% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51, and the average family size was 3.16.^[66]

In the city, 26.4% of the population were under the age of 18, 10.2% were from 18 to 24, 25.5% were from 25 to 44, 23.8% were from 45 to 64, and 14.2% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35.0 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.4 males.^[66]

For the period 2011–15, the estimated median annual income for a household in the city was $36,608, and the median income for a family was $41,194. Male full-time workers had a median income of $43,902 versus $40,988 for females. The per capita income for the city was $22,343. About 25.9% of families and 28.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 45.9% of those under age 18 and 17.9% of those age 65 or over.^[67]

The city reached its peak population just before the First World War in 1913, with an estimated total of 62,300 people according to a report by the school superintendent at that time.^[68] Following a period of de-industrialization after the war and into the end of the 20th century, the population reached a low of an estimated 39,790 residents in 2001, but since the 2010 census the city has seen its highest population growth since World War II, with a 2017 estimate of 40,341 people.^[52]^[69]

Ethnicity and immigration

Throughout its history Holyoke has undergone fluctuations in different foreign-born demographics. In the 1890 census, Holyoke had the third most foreign-born residents, per capita, of any city in the United States, with 47% of residents born in another country; this was exceeded only by Fall River, Massachusetts and Duluth, Minnesota.^[37] Later waves of immigration led to significant growth and cultural influence of communities of Germans, Italians, Jews, Poles, and Scots into the first half of the 20th century, and Puerto Ricans, Greeks, Colombians, and Dominicans in the subsequent decades.

Historically, a city of working-class immigrants, the first wave of millworkers was predominantly Irish. Irish immigrants began settling in the region before the construction of the dam and industrialization that followed, granting the area the name "Ireland" or "Ireland Parish." While colonists had claimed lands by 1655, it wasn't until the following decade homesteads would appear. Traditional accounts refer to John Riley as the first permanent settler of Holyoke,^[70]^[71]{{rp|12}} but while Riley owned 28 acres along "Riley's Brook" (Tannery Brook in modern-day Ingleside), his daughters Mary and Margaret, and their Irish Protestant husbands, Joseph Ely and William MacCranny, first resided there beginning in 1667.^[72]{{rp|10}} By the time West Springfield was partitioned in 1707, a number of Irish families had moved to the Parish. With the emergence of Holyoke's industrial base, a new wave of Irish immigration occurred and by 1855 a third of residents were of Irish heritage. Holyoke's Irish roots are celebrated today in its annual St. Patrick's Day Parade.^[73]

In the 1850s, mill owners began to recruit French-Canadians, regarded as docile and less likely to create labor unions due to their agrarian backgrounds and anti-unionism promoted by Québecois clergy at that time.^[74] Many Québecois workers were first recruited by Nicholas Proulx (anglicized as Prew) who hailed from Saint-Ours, Quebec and arrived in Holyoke in 1856. He and his sons would bring in a number of line workers for Lyman Mills, including his son John J. Prew, who founded Springdale and became the first French member of the city council, then the board of aldermen.^[75]^[76] By 1900, 1 in 3 residents were French or French Canadian descent,^[76] and when the city reached its peak population of 62,300 in 1913, this number had become 1 in 4, while the city contained the 7th largest French or French Canadian immigrant population in the country, exceeding Chicago's at that time.^[77] By 1980, reflecting economic and cultural changes, this population comprised 10% of the population, a similar figure to those who identified as French or French Canadian in the 2010 census.^[78]^[79]

Beginning at the end of World War II, an influx of Puerto Ricans and other Latino groups began to immigrate to the Northeast United States, driven largely by the Farm Labor Program initiated by the US Department of Labor.^[80] Not unlike the Bracero program, in the following decades the agency recruited Puerto Rican laborers to work on agricultural land in the United States; in the case of Holyoke, many worked on valley tobacco farms,^[81] and arrived in the city in search of better job opportunities at the mills as previous generations had.^[82] The first permanent Puerto Rican resident was said to have been Domingo Perez; a landlord who later became among the first to be appointed in city government, he was reported to have arrived in Holyoke around 1955.^[83]^[84] By 1970 the number of Puerto Rican residents numbered around 5,000,^[85] however by that time, many faced a city economy in free fall. Holyoke's mills had closed due to the changing economic landscape of early globalization and deindustrialization; from 1955 to 1970, 1 for every 2 industrial jobs vanished.^[83]^[86] Despite economic and social difficulties the population grew significantly during the 1980s, and from 1990 to 2016, the buying power of the Latino community at-large increased by nearly 300%.^[87] Today Latinos form the city's largest minority group, with the largest Puerto Rican population per capita of any American city outside Puerto Rico proper, at 44.7%.^[79] The entire Latino population of Holyoke, as of the 2010 census, was 19,313, or 48.4% of the city's population of 39,880.

Religion

As a city of built by several immigrant groups throughout its history, Holyoke is home to houses of worship for numerous denominations of Christianity and Judaism. One of the city's oldest monikers was Baptist Village as the first congregation established there was the First Baptist Church of Holyoke, which first erected a meetinghouse in 1792, traces its origins to five baptisms on the shores of the Connecticut in 1725, and continues as a congregation today.^[72]

As of 2010 an estimated 60% of Holyoke is religious, with the largest demographic being Christians, more specifically Roman Catholics, who comprise 49% of the city's population.^[88] In 2011, two Catholic parishes, Holy Cross and Mater Dolorosa were merged into Our Lady of the Cross Parish.^[89] A number of other Catholic parishes, including Our Lady of Guadalupe, St. Jerome's, and Immaculate Conception Parish also reside in the city.^[90]^[91]

In addition to its parishes, the city has a number of convents of sisters including the Sisters of Providence of Holyoke in Ingleside, the Sisters of St. Joseph of Springfield who maintain some group homes there, and the Sisters of St. Francis of Assisi in Highland Park.

A Greek Orthodox church, Holy Trinity Greek Orthodox Church, has also existed in the city since its founding in 1917.^[95]

Holyoke is also home to a significant Jewish population. As one of 35 municipalities in Massachusetts with more than 100 Jewish residents, Holyoke is home to an estimated 1,300 residents observing the faith and two synagogues, Congregation Sons of Zion, a Reform congregation, and Congregation Rodphey Sholom, practicing Orthodoxy. Both congregations originated in the 19th century, with Rodphey Sholom being founded in 1903 but tracing its heritage to the Paper City Lodge of the Order Brith Abraham, founded in 1899, and Sons of Zion being founded in 1901; today both congregations often hold joint services during certain holidays.^[96]^[97]^[71]{{rp|172}}

Economy

Manufacturing

Known by its moniker, the "Paper City", Holyoke's economic base was developed almost entirely around the paper industry for the better part of the late 19th and early 20th century; at one time the city was reportedly the largest producer of stationery, writing, and archival goods in the world.^[98]^[99] While writing paper production has left the city, Holyoke is still home to a number of specialty paper manufacturers and converters, including companies like Eureka Lab Book, Hampden Paper, Hazen Paper, United Paper Box, and University Products. Several international companies also maintain manufacturing facilities in the area, including a power transmission factory for U.S. Tsubaki in Springdale, and a Sonoco cardboard recycling plant in South Holyoke. Some former mills have in the past been used as incubators for new manufacturing businesses as well; from 1973 until 1983, when it relocated to a newly constructed factory in Deerfield, Yankee Candle's first factory was located in one such building in the canal district.^[100]

Though the number of service-based jobs overtook Holyoke manufacturing jobs in 1972,^[101] the city is still home to an array of manufacturing concerns outside of the paper and textile industries, including several producing industrial machinery and components. Until 2017, its oldest manufacturer was the Holyoke Machine Company which, incorporated in 1863, served large mills and factories with specialty roll parts and service; the firm manufactured a number of different products. At one time the company produced the "Holyoke Hercules" model of water turbine which served the city's industries on the canal system, and previously their shops cast the bronze doors to the U.S. Capitol Building.^[102] Today the city is still home to a number of firms specializing in such equipment as medical devices, industrial vacuums, solid waste containers, plastics and rubber manufacturing, bookbinding agents and archival supplies.^[20]

In recent years the city has also seen a handful of food manufacturing firms, due to its proximity to large metropolitan areas like New York City and Boston. In 1996 the Paper City Brewing Company opened out of one of the former Farr Alpaca Company's facilities, following a period of financial difficulties in 2017, the brewery closed temporarily, with plans in place to reopen in the future.^[103] Another notable firm, Dan's Power Plant, produces nut-based cheese substitutes known as "Fauxmaggio", as a vegan alternative, selling many of their products in upscale markets in New York, Connecticut, and Massachusetts.^[104]^[105]

Technology

In recent years there have been successful efforts to attract high-tech jobs to Holyoke and diversify its economic base. For example, a coalition of universities and tech companies have built the Massachusetts Green High Performance Computing Center, an energy-efficient, high-performance computing center, in Holyoke which opened in 2012. Partners in this project include Cisco Systems, Harvard University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT,) the University of Massachusetts, Boston University, Northeastern University, EMC Corporation, and Accenture PLC. The data center has been built in Holyoke in part due to hydropower accessibility as well as the city's extensive fiber network.^[106] In 2015, the editors of Popular Mechanics ranked Holyoke as 6th on a list of 14 cities they considered to be best for startups in the United States, citing these factors.^[107] ISO New England, an electricity regional transmission organization, is based in Holyoke, utilizing the city's central location for easy access to metropolitan areas in New England and New York.^[108]

Services

The retail sector has been a major employer since the construction of the Holyoke Mall, one of the largest shopping malls in New England, in 1979. Retail has provided the city with a large and steady tax base, contributing over $7 million in taxes annually.^[109]

The city also features the corporate headquarters of PeoplesBank, the largest bank in Western Massachusetts, as well as the local Holyoke Credit Union which was originally started as a credit union for the students of a former parochial school.

Urban agriculture

Despite a reputation as an industrial city, agriculture has played a continuing role in the Holyoke's livelihood throughout its history. On July 24, 1917, it became the first city in Western Massachusetts to open a modern farmers market, a novelty at the time, bringing producers directly to consumers.^[111] The current farmers market, which began in 1979, is regularly held outside city hall on Thursdays from 10 to 2 from May to October.^[112] As late as the 1950s, the city maintained a poor farm while, in contrast, during the late 19th century a number of wealthy manufacturers raised thoroughbred Jersey cattle.^[113] This trend began in 1881, when the city went from a population of zero to fifty head of registered Jerseys, the largest herd in the Connecticut Valley being that of William Whiting.^[114] This prize-winning herd, then 75 head, was lost however to an incendiary fire that destroyed Whiting Farm's stock barn in 1919.^[115] Conventional dairy and cattle farming remained extant through most of the 20th century, with the last conventional farm closing in 1982.^[116]

Nevertheless smaller market agriculture operations, which began in the 20th century, endure today. Among Holyoke's most notable contemporary agricultural organizations is Nuestras Raices. Established in 1992 by members of the La Finquita community garden of South Holyoke, the nonprofit organization has worked with state and federal agencies to help new farmers build skills and expertise, particularly in the Puerto Rican community, through microloans, direct marketing, and land leasing.^[117]

Holyoke also has a prominent example of ecosystem garden permaculture– the Holyoke Edible Food Forest Garden, established in 2004 by Eric Toensmeier and Jonathan Bates. In the following decade the two designed and developed their tenth of an acre backyard into a year-round food producing garden, with over 100 perennial plant species which sustain limited wildlife populations, and have remediated soil on the site.^[118] Their permaculture garden has been featured in the New York Times, as well as lectures at Harvard and Yale University.^[119]^[120] A detailed account of the design and management of this space and the principles behind it can be found in the book by the two, "Paradise Lot", released in 2013 by Chelsea Green Publishing.^[121]

Soon after medical marijuana was legalized in Massachusetts, Mayor Alex Morse began promoting the city as a growth and distribution center for the new industry, due to its low energy costs and proximity to several metropolitan markets.^[122] Since the legalization of recreational weed in Massachusetts in 2016, the city has been approached by several cultivation businesses hoping to establish themselves in former mills.^[123] In 2018, the first cannabis cultivation operation, a $10 million investment, opened in the city, with plans to open a dispensary in the future.^[124]

Education

The city's educational needs are served by Holyoke Public Schools, including Holyoke High School, and a number of private institutions. The city's private schools include Paulo Friere Social Justice High School, Mater Dolorosa Catholic School and Pope Francis High School (now located in Springfield).^[125]

The city is also home to Holyoke Community College, the first community college in the state, which was initially created by the city's school board. Today the 2-year college selectively allows high school seniors to enroll in its coursework for transferable college credit,^[126] and has the highest percentage of student graduates completing associate degrees and certificate programs among the state's community colleges.^[127] With the aid of state and federal education grants the college opened the HCC MGM Culinary Arts Institute in cooperation with MGM Springfield in April 2018.^[128]^[129]

Library

Holyoke Public Library, found at 335 Maple Street, is one of the very few examples of neoclassical architecture in the city of Holyoke, designed by prominent local architect James A. Clough. It sits on Library Park, which was donated by the Holyoke Water Power Company in 1887. The library established in 1870 was originally a room in the old Appleton Street School, and by 1876 moved to a central room on the main floor of City Hall. It remained there until its collections had outgrown this space and a modern facility was required.^[131] Holyoke's citizens were charged to raise money to construct the library building and provide additional books. Under the leadership of Henry Chase, $95,000 was raised. William Whiting and William Skinner, each gave $10,000. Clough, the architect who designed the building, gave his services gratis because his daughter was a faithful patron of the library. It opened officially in 1902.^[132]^[133]

At the dedication ceremony William Whiting, library president at the time, referred to the library as the "people's college" and added that: "A library is as much a part of the intellectual life of a community as its schools, and should be supported generously as part of our educational system. Within these walls you will find authors devoted to literature, arts and science, and they are free to any who will ask. We can say to the citizens of Holyoke you have only to ask her and you will find knowledge to make your life useful and happy."^[131]

Culture

A number of artists have been associated with the city since its founding, including Irish-American sculptor Jerome Connor, who moved to the city at the age of 14, and became best known for his sculptures in Washington, D.C. including Nuns of the Battlefield, one of only two such memorials in the capital to honor the role of women in the American Civil War.^[136]^[137]^[138]{{rp|80}}

On May 2, 1885, Clark W. Bryan, a publisher and stakeholder in The Republican,^[139] launched Good Housekeeping magazine, originally described as "not to be a bi-monthly cookbook" but "a family journal conducted in the interests of the higher life of the household". The magazine was subsequently published in Springfield after March 1887, and moved to New York following its acquisition in 1911 by the Hearst Corporation.^[140] In literature, Holyoke was the hometown of John Clellon Holmes, whose novel Go is considered to be the first published novel depicting the Beat Generation, predating works of his contemporaries Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg.^[141] Though not as well known as Holmes, the critically acclaimed novelist Raymond Kennedy set a number of his works in a fictional Holyoke, referred to as "Ireland Parish".^[142]^[143] Several acclaimed photographers originate from Holyoke, including Ray D'Addario, chief photographer of the Nuremberg trials, William Wegman, known nationally for his compositions of costumed weimaraners, and Mitch Epstein, whose photo essay Family Business received the United Kingdom's Kraszna-Krausz Photography Book Award in 2004. The 2003 book covered the final days of his father's furniture and real estate businesses in the city, mirroring its deindustrialization and decline.^[144]

During the height of its industrial prowess Holyoke was a regular stop on Vaudeville circuits, with its most famous actress, Eva Tanguay, known as "The Girl Who Made Vaudeville Famous". Tanguay moved to Holyoke at a young age, spending her childhood in the city where she began performing songs at an amateur show at the local Parsons Hall in the 1880s. Tanguay was soon discovered by a Pennsylvania touring company, and went on to become the first American popular musician to achieve mass-media celebrity.^[145]^[146]^[147]{{rp|489}} During her career her name was known from coast-to-coast and she would out-earn such celebrities as Enrico Caruso and Harry Houdini. Edward Bernays, the "father of public relations" went on to describe her celebrity as "our first symbol of emergence from the Victorian age".^[146] Tanguay's was just one of many acts associated with the city's history, it was in Holyoke that vaudevillian Sophie Tucker was found by the Theatrical Syndicate's Marc Klaw who introduced her to Broadway's Ziegfeld Follies in 1909.^[147]{{rp|509}}

Even as Vaudeville declined in the 1920s, the city remained a regular stop for actors and musicians alike. Among other acts, Bing Crosby and The Marx Brothers were known to have played shows in the city at its Victory Theater.^[148] Performers from the B. F. Keith Circuit would regularly tour Mountain Park's own playhouse as well.^[149] Perhaps the most prominent venue after the 1920s, the Valley Arena Gardens hosted a wide variety of musical acts including the likes of Count Basie, Duke Ellington, The Dorsey Brothers, The Glenn Miller Orchestra, Frances Langford, Cab Calloway, and Sarah Vaughn among many others still known in American popular culture today.^[150]^[151] Holyoke City Hall during this period also regularly served as a venue for notable music acts as well, including several by the New York Philharmonic Orchestra annually from 1912-1925 under the direction Josef Stránský and subsequently Willem Mengelberg, and at least one performance by the Boston Symphony Orchestra in 1926.^[152]^[153] These concerts were organized by the Chamber of Commerce, Holyoke Music Club, and Mount Holyoke College, which also brought a number of internationally-renowned artists to Holyoke High School as well, including violinist Efrem Zimbalist, baritone Reinald Werrenrath, Berlin State Opera contralto Margarethe Arndt-Ober, and pianist-composers Ethel Leginska and Percy Grainger.^[154]^[155]^[156]

Of venues that once defined Holyoke's stage history, few remain; for the last decade an effort has been underway to restore the Victory Theater by the Massachusetts International Festival of the Arts.^[157] These efforts have included introduction of the Victory Players in 2018, an international music residency program which plays contemporary classical music to support the funding of future theater programming.^[158] Today Holyoke's venues include Gateway City Arts, a converted paper factory now serving as a regular music venue, as well as the site of the former Mountain Park, now used for some large outdoor concerts, and the Holyoke Turner Hall, which features smaller shows.^[148]^[159] The city has its own symphony as well; the Holyoke Civic Symphony, originally a project of the Holyoke Community College, has been playing popular and classical works since 1967, and is based out of the college's Leslie Phillips Theater.^[160]

Museums

In addition to the Volleyball Hall of Fame the city is also home to Wistariahurst. Named for the flowered vines which adorn its gardens, the estate was home to the Skinner Family which produced sewing silk and satins, becoming the largest producer of the latter in the world.^[161] The museum is home to a wide variety of contemporary and historic gallery events and contains numerous archival collections for research. Though no longer in the museum collections, Wistariahurst was once home to the eminent Belle Skinner Collection of Musical Instruments, curated by its namesake Belle Skinner. Several decades after her death, the collection became a substantial part of the Yale University Collection of Musical Instruments.{{efn|A complete catalog of this collection may be found in {{cite book|title=The Belle Skinner collection of old musical instruments, Holyoke, Massachusetts|last1=Skinner|first1=William|location=Philadelphia|publisher=Beck Engraving Company|last2=Thompson|first2=Elizabeth|year=1933|url=https://archive.org/stream/belleskinnercoll00skin#page/n7/mode/2up|oclc=64299108}}}}

The Children's Museum at Holyoke, started by the Junior League of Holyoke in 1984,^[162]^[163] features a number of hands-on exhibits, including a water table, Lite-Brite wall, and a variety of displays including 2,000 collector Pez dispensers.^[164]^[165]

Annual events

Holyoke is home to the second-largest St. Patrick's Day parade in the United States, surpassed only by the New York City parade.^[166]{{Better source|reason=Citation is from old St. Patrick's Parade site; there must be more objective sources for this.|date=May 2018}} Held annually since 1952 on the Sunday following St. Patrick's Day, the parade draws hundreds of thousands of people from across New England and the Eastern seaboard of United States. In recent years the Holyoke Saint Patrick's Day Parade typically attracts 350,000 to 450,000 people each year.^[167] Featured in the parade every year since the first in 1952 is the Holyoke Caledonian Pipe Band,^[168] founded in 1910, it is the oldest pipe band continuously operating in the United States.^[169]^[170]

Since 1962, the city has held an annual Shad Derby every year in May with rare exception. The contest, begun under the Holyoke Water Power Company, is now ran by the municipal energy department Holyoke Gas & Electric.^[171]^[172] Though not weighed in time to enter Derby records, the section of the Connecticut south of the Holyoke Dam at Hadley Falls holds the world record for the largest American shad caught, which weighed 11 pounds, 4 ounces when it was hooked in 1986.^[173]^[174] Thanks to conservation measures, the river is known for a thriving American shad population, which has fluctuated between 226,000 and 778,000 fish since 2000.^[175]

Every June since it was first introduced by mayor and LGBT activist Alex Morse in 2012, the city has held a rainbow flag-raising ceremony in recognition of Gay Pride Month with the event often featuring speakers, music, and a moment of silence for victims of discrimination and persecution.^[176]^[177]

The Puerto Rican community of Holyoke holds an annual Puerto Rican Day parade on the third weekend of July as part of an Annual Hispanic Family Festival held by La Familia Hispana, inc. Every year the parade grows in popularity, attracting Puerto Ricans from across the northeast.

In the last week of August, the city hosts Celebrate Holyoke at Holyoke Heritage State Park. The event, launched in 1986 to celebrate the opening of the then-new state park, features live music, food, and open house events for businesses in the downtown and canal district. In its first year alone the event featured a laser show, and had as many as 40 to 60 thousand attendants over the course of four days; financial difficulties however led to its cancellation in 1995.^[178]^[179] The event was revived in 2015, and has continued as a two-day event since.^[180]

Since 2016, every September the neighborhood association of South Holyoke has hosted El Sabor de South Holyoke (Taste of South Holyoke) a festival featuring local Puerto Rican cuisine, live music, and other events, including honoring different organizations such as the Holy Trinity Greek Church and Nueva Esperanza for their contributions to the community.^[181]

Every November, the International Volleyball Hall of Fame presents awards to its next class of inductees, as the best players of that year are named. The Hall presents three additional awards annually: the Court of Honor Award for contributions of teams or organizations to volleyball, the William G. Morgan Award for outstanding support or promotion of the sport, and Mintonette Medallion of Merit Award in recognition of significant individual achievement, including coaches, referees, scorekeepers and other notable contributors to the sport.^[182]^[183]

Points of interest

Sports

Birthplace of Volleyball

On February 9, 1895, William G. Morgan invented volleyball, originally known as "mintonette" for its similarity to badminton, at the Holyoke YMCA. Though the original YMCA building in which the sport was first played was lost to fire in 1943, the Greater Holyoke YMCA remains an active chapter.^[187] Today the Volleyball Hall of Fame resides in Holyoke at Holyoke Heritage State Park and inducts a new class of athletes, coaches, and contributors every October. The city's legacy in the creation of the sport is also honored by two volleyball clubs in the Netherlands, which borrow its name – Belfeldse Volleybalclub Holyoke, of Belfeld, and Volleybalvereniging Holyoke of Enter.^[188]^[189]

Baseball

The Valley Blue Sox, a member of the New England Collegiate Baseball League, play their home games at Mackenzie Stadium. Previously the Concord Quarry Dogs from 2001 until 2006, the collegiate summer baseball franchise moved to Holyoke in 2007, winning their first NECBL Championship in 2017.^[190]

Holyoke has been home to a handful of minor league and collegiate baseball teams, among the first was the Holyoke Paperweights of the Connecticut League from 1903 to 1911.^[191] The Holyoke Millers, a Double-A team, moved to the city following a single season in Pittsfield as the Berkshire Brewers. Early planning proved difficult for the team as they often had to coordinate with the athletic departments of Holyoke High School and Holyoke Catholic High School for use of the field at that time.^[192] The Millers would leave for New Hampshire after their 1982 season, when the franchise changed its affiliation from the Milwaukee Brewers to the California Angels; that franchise is now the Harrisburg Senators.^[193]

While unsuccessful attempts were made to attract a new team in the years that followed,^[192] Holyoke would not host another until 2004. Following their departure from Middletown, Connecticut, the Holyoke Giants, a Futures Collegiate Baseball League team, made Mackenzie Stadium their home until 2007, subsequently becoming the North Shore Navigators of Lynn.^[194]

Boxing

Holyoke has a rich history in the world of boxing. It was in Holyoke that bantamweight Sixto Escobar, the first Puerto Rican to become a world champion, fought and won his first match in the United States, on May 7, 1934, against bantamweight contender and Canadian flyweight champion Bobby Leitham.^[195]^[196] Most notably, Rocky Marciano's professional debut took place at the Valley Arena Gardens on St. Patrick's Day, March 17, 1947; the venue also served as the ring for many other well-known fighters including Beau Jack, Fritzie Zivic, and Tony DeMarco.^[197] Prior to his professional career, one of Mike Tyson's earliest fights was at the Holyoke Boys and Girls Club on February 12, 1983. As the 8th ranked amateur super-heavyweight in the country at the age of 16, Tyson won the fight handily with a knock-out, and gained the Western Massachusetts Golden Gloves title.^[198]^[199] The Golden Gloves tournament was held in Holyoke from 1958 until 2005, when it was relocated to Vernon, Connecticut. Following an 8-year departure, it returned briefly to the city,^[200]^[201] and is held in Springfield today.^[202]

Golf

Holyoke has two private golf courses in Smith's Ferry, on opposite sides of Mount Tom, the 9-hole Holyoke Country Club and the 18-hole Wyckoff Country Club, the latter of which was originally designed by noted golf course architect Donald Ross. With the construction of Interstate 91 in the 1960s, the course required a redesign. From 1966 to 1967 much of the landscape was reshaped by golf architect Al Zikorus; today five holes and seven greens remain of Ross's original designs.^[203]^[204]

The Wyckoff course opened in 1899 as the Mount Tom Golf Club, and was described as rocky and unrefined in its early years.^[205] In 1910, Joseph L. Wyckoff, partner of stationary maker White & Wyckoff, and the club's eventual namesake, was playing a round with then-president of the Boston Athletic Association Edward E. Babb. Wyckoff remarked the course at the time was "an apology for a [golf] course" and that he wished to find a man who "really knew about the laying out a golf course". Babb, a member of Oakley Country Club, said he knew such a person, introducing Wyckoff to Ross later that year.^[206] Wyckoff brought Ross back to the course, where he suggested key changes, but was unable to prepare plans as he had just signed a two-year contract as professional for the Essex Golf & Country Club.^[207] Upon completion of this contract he returned to Holyoke in 1914 where he was put up in a house built for him by Wyckoff, who saw himself as a patron of Ross, and offered him financial backing to pursue a broader career in golf course architecture.^[206]^[208] It is unknown what duration Ross lived in the city as he had summer homes and travelled often, though a Boston Herald article places him there in 1919.^[206] He would work with the club for many years, completing a full redesign of the course by 1922,^[209] which remained unchanged until the construction of I-91 in 1965.

Parks and recreation

Holyoke is home to a wide array of municipal, state, and private land trust parks, including several designed by the Olmsted Brothers. The largest of these is Springdale Park, designed by the brothers in 1905-1906, and today the site of the annual Western Massachusetts Puerto Rican Parade and Festival. The park is one of three of the city's flagship parks, the other two being Pulaski Park, also an Olmsted design, and the Roberts Sports Complex, former site of Elmwood Park, which abuts Mackenzie Stadium. In total the city department of parks and recreation maintains 47 listed municipal facilities comprising nearly 250 acres, and including several baseball diamonds, playgrounds, a skatepark, basketball courts, tennis courts, a municipal pool, and a dog park.^[210]^[211] The Holyoke Water Works also maintains land holdings for the preservation of its watershed, some of which are open to the public, including Ashley Reservoir and Whiting Street Reservoir, which allow hiking but bar certain activities such as fishing, dog walking, and swimming.^[212] This same area, which transects the Metacomet Ridge, also contains a portion of the New England National Scenic Trail, managed by the National Park Service.

There are two state parks in Holyoke maintained by the Commonwealth's Department of Conservation and Recreation, the largest being the Mount Tom State Reservation, as well as the urban Holyoke Heritage State Park which was built on the site of the former Skinner Silk Mill, adjacent to City Hall.

The Trustees of Reservations maintain a number of parks in the city, including the Dinosaur Footprints Reservation, Land of Providence, and Little Tom Mountain. The latter, once part of the Mount Tom Ski Area, has remained closed since the ski resort shuttered in 1998, and was subsequently purchased in part by the Trustees, along with the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Holyoke Boys & Girls Club. In recent years there has been discussion of reopening the property as a nature camp, or potentially as a special permit skiing area, not unlike Mount Snow, however while some have still used the remaining ski slopes in recent years, the area has been subject to vandalism and remains closed with no plans for reopening agreed by its landholders.^[213]^[214]^[215]

Government and politics

Holyoke has a strong mayor – council government where the executive historically has broad powers to directly appoint officials or commissions which perform the same function, as well as present an initial budget before the city council.^[71]{{rp|163}} Taken into consideration with the authority of the city council, the office however has been described by the Massachusetts state government as having limited executive powers.^[216] For example, the mayor retains appointment of the chief of police directly,^[217] including terms of their contract, as well as the three members of the fire commission, without council approval.^[218]

The fire commission however has exclusive authority to appoint or suspend the chief and other officers. Other municipal positions such as treasurer or city clerk are elected directly, unless said officeholder is appointed by the mayor in an acting capacity.^[219] In 2015 voters passed a resolution raising mayoral terms from two to four years.^[220] In 2017, Mayor Alex Morse was re-elected and is presently serving the city's first four-year mayoral term.^[221]

Holyoke's legislative body is its City Council, which features seven ward representatives and six councilors at large. Historic records refer to the city council as the "Board of Aldermen" until its name changed in 1992,^[222] however the title also reflected a separate body. From 1874 until 1896, the City Council was bicameral; the Board of Aldermen consisted of seven at-large members, and a Common Council of 21 presided with 3 representatives per ward.^[223] From the ratification of the 1896 charter until the 1950s, the common council was eliminated and the Board comprised 21 members with 14 at-large, subsequently changed to 8 at-large and 7 ward members.^[224] In 2015 the city voted to reduce the number of councilors from 15 to 13, removing two at-large seats and creating a majority of ward-based seats.^[220] The City Council passes the city's final budget, holds hearings, creates departments and commissions, and amends zoning laws.^[225]

The city government comprises 33 offices, departments, and agencies, including utilities which are municipally owned and operated, Holyoke Gas and Electric and the Holyoke Water Works.^[226]

In the Massachusetts House of Representatives, Holyoke is represented by Aaron Vega of the 5th Hampden District, which is conterminous with the city's boundaries. The city's state senator is Donald Humason Jr., of the 2nd Hampshire and Hampden District. In the United States Congress the city is represented by Richard Neal of the state's 1st district, and senators Elizabeth Warren and Edward Markey.

Politically, the city's largest block of voters are those belonging to no political party, however in recent years the city has largely supported candidates from the Democratic Party by a wide margin. In the 2012 elections, voters supported President Barack Obama over Mitt Romney by a margin of 76%-22%,^[227] and Elizabeth Warren over incumbent Senator Scott Brown 70%-30%.^[228] Holyoke elected an openly gay mayor, Alex Morse, in the 2011 municipal election.^[229]

Public safety

Following the collapse of its industrial base in the 1970s, the city began to see civil unrest which gained notoriety both in state and national coverage; a wave of crime set in and the population declined nearly 20% from 1970 through 1990.^[52]^[231] Since that time, crime has gradually declined, with an increased state police presence, and greater state socioeconomic support programs.^[232] Since 2011, state and federal authorities have worked with the Holyoke Police Department in a Safe Neighborhood Initiative, attempting to suppress gang violence and creating greater after-school programming and opportunities for at-risk youth.^[233] This demographic has been described by Massachusetts' Shannon Community Safety Initiative as those most affected by violent crime in the city. In 2016, the HPD estimated 3 out of 4 violent crimes were committed by an estimated 589 gang members between Holyoke and Chicopee, often with members being offenders and victims in turf battles over narcotics trafficking.^[234]

Between 2010 and 2018, the violent crime rate for Holyoke decreased by approximately 14.6%, whereas the property crime rate declined by 26.5%; both rates remain more than twice their respective state averages, as of 2018.^[235]^[236]

Media

Newspapers

Since 2004 the area has also been covered by the bilingual monthly El Sol Latino; published independently out of Amherst, it covers the news of the Pioneer Valley's Puerto Rican community, with considerable coverage given to Holyoke.^[238]^[239] The Republican also publishes a free Spanish-language weekly known as El Pueblo Latino, with distribution mainly in Springfield and Holyoke. Historically Holyoke has had numerous non-English news publications. Between 1874 and 1910 more than twelve French newspapers were published. Many of these were printed for only a matter of weeks, while the best documented, the weekly La Justice, was published from 1909 to 1964, being biweekly in its last six years.^[240] Another prominent example was the Polish language Gwiazda, or Polish Weekly-Star, among the best documented of at least four such publications.^[241]^[242]

Radio and television

Holyoke is served by radio stations in the Springfield market, including its own WCCH, Holyoke Community College's radio station, Mount Holyoke College's WMHC of South Hadley, and WMUA of UMass Amherst. A Christian radio station WREA also broadcasts Spanish-language religious programming from a studio in downtown Holyoke.

In addition to television stations serving the Springfield market, the city is also home to Holyoke Media, a public-access media non-profit.^[243]

Film

In its history many smaller productions have been filmed in Holyoke, as well a handful of notable pictures including the neo-noir film Malice (1993) and mystery horror drama The Reincarnation of Peter Proud (1975). The city served as a filming location for the 1977 bodybuilding documentary Pumping Iron, as Mountain Park then held bodybuilding championships at its Clambake Pavilion. The Holyoke Merry-Go-Round was also the setting of a music video sequence in the 2007 British documentary Young@Heart, chronicling a New England chorus of elders from Northampton who cover classic and contemporary rock songs.^[244]

Infrastructure

Healthcare

The Holyoke Medical Center offers comprehensive health services, was named a top hospital by The Leapfrog Group in 2016, and in 2018 received multiple awards for its stroke care from the Paul Coverdell National Acute Stroke Program of the Massachusetts Department of Public Health, and the American Heart Association.^[245]^[246] The city's Providence Behavioral Health Hospital offers a number of programs for psychiatric health as well, with emphasis on new substance abuse treatment programs.^[247] It has been affiliated with the Sisters of Providence of Holyoke, who have operated medical facilities in the city since they first received their charter in 1892.^[248]

The Soldiers' Home in Holyoke is one of two state-operated veterans healthcare facilities in the Commonwealth, offering longterm residential care as well as outpatient services to Massachusetts veterans. In 2018, the facility received high marks from the Department of Veterans Affairs, showing improved safety measures for elderly residents and no deficiencies in provided care.^[249]

Telecom and public fiber

Since September 1997, the city's municipal utility, Holyoke Gas & Electric, has provided fiber optic high-speed internet service to municipal agencies, as well as commercial and industrial businesses.^[250] This network would also play a decisive role in the location of the Massachusetts Green High Performance Computing Center in the city, due to its 1gbps service offered to commercial customers, and a dedicated link exceeding 10gbps for the facility's educational affiliates, on specialized networks such as Internet2.^[251]^[252]

The municipal fiber line network has also served as an internet service provider to other area towns, including commercial customers in Chicopee, Metro Center Springfield,^[253] and Greenfield (until 2017), as well as network operator to residential customers in Leverett.^[254] With renewed public interest in net neutrality, civic groups have rallied for the city to offer a limited or complete rollout of this fiber-to-the-home service in Holyoke and Chicopee, however despite orders by the council to further explore this measure, no immediate plan for residential service has been given by the municipal utility as of 2018.^[255]^[256]

Transportation

Highways

Immediately south of Holyoke is the Massachusetts Turnpike, accessible from exit 14 on I-91 South:

Bus and rail

Several buses from the Pioneer Valley Transit Authority operate in the city including the Paper City Express with a route across town as well as routes to South Hadley, Westfield, Northampton, Amherst, and Springfield, connecting with Peter Pan Buslines at the Holyoke Transportation Center.

Passenger rail service returned to Holyoke in August 2015, after being absent since 1967.^[257] Amtrak's Vermonter stops at the Holyoke station once a day in each direction, and a New Haven–Springfield Shuttle pilot program will commence in Spring 2019 linking Holyoke to adjacent stations in Northampton and Springfield, as far north as Greenfield and south as New Haven, Connecticut, with two trains operating in the morning and the evening.^[258] The planned route will link provide service to commuters working in as far north as Greenfield and as far south as New Haven, Connecticut, with connections to New York City. The evaluation period of this pilot service will tentatively end in 2021 based on the results of the program.^[259]

Freight rail service is provided to the city's industrial and warehouse railways in Springdale, South Holyoke, and The Flats by the Pioneer Valley Railroad, with connections to Pan Am Southern to Springfield and Greenfield, and a line to Westfield with connections to Southampton and the CSX system.^[260] The PVRR also provides annual fall foliage passenger rides from the Holyoke Heritage State Park to Westfield, and an annual Santa Train at the park.^[261]^[262]

Cycling and walking

Taken in its entirety, Holyoke has a moderate Walk Score of 55,^[263] however walkability is highly variable between neighborhoods. For example, whereas the rural neighborhood of Rock Valley is entirely car-dependent with a score of 3,^[264] the downtown area, with its grid central to stores, residences, and businesses, yields a Walk Score of 84.^[265]

In an effort to make the mixed industrial and residential area around the canals more accessible, the city has in recent years constructed the eponymous Canalwalk, a series of walkways linking the downtown to The Flats and South Holyoke.^[266]

Environment

Despite its industrial history, Holyoke contains no Superfund sites.^[267] One of the greatest producers of pollution in the area was the former Mount Tom Station, a coal plant in Smith's Ferry. Citizens cited higher rates of asthma, attributing them to the plant and after many years of discussion it was finally shuttered in December 2014.^[268]^[269] In October 2016 ground was broken at the site for the construction of a new solar farm.^[270]

Flora and fauna

Due to a combination of MassWildlife's Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program, as well as public health protections for the watershed of the Holyoke Water Works, much of the city's area west of Interstate 91 is designated for limited development and often requires additional permitting.^[271] Of the city's 14,605 acres, approximate 8,105 along the Metacomet Ridge and Mount Tom Range have been identified as core habitat for the more than 242 species of vertebrates extant in the city's boundaries, and of this area about 52% of its acreage is managed by municipal, state, and federal agencies, with sustainable development plans in place to encourage development within the city's dense grid to the east. Of the wildlife identified in Holyoke, there are 29 species of fish, 21 of amphibians, 18 of reptiles, at least 160 species of birds including ruby-throated hummingbirds and bald eagles, as well as 42 species of mammals such as black bears and moose.^[272] In recent years the area has seen a growing black bear population, with the occasional individual wandering into the downtown center.^[273]

Global outreach

Holyoke has in the past established sister city relationships with cities abroad, including-

Less formal relationships, representing symbolic and technical exchanges have also been established with the following cities-

Notable people

See also

Notes

References

1. ^¹{{cite book |last=Nutting |first=George M. |date=1937 |title=Massachusetts; a guide to its places and people |url=https://archive.org/stream/massachusettsgui00federich#page/248/mode/2up |location=Cambridge |publisher=The Riverside Press |page=248 |isbn= |author-link= |quote=...paper mills, attracted by cheap water-power from Hadley Falls Dam, have given the town the name of 'The Paper City'.}}
2. ^¹{{cite book |last=Basbanes |first=Nicholas A. |date= |title=On Paper: The Everything of Its Two-thousand-year History |url= |location=New York |publisher=Random House |page=100 |isbn= 9780307279644 |author-link= |quote=To exploit the full potential of a natural waterfall that drops fifty-eight feet within a fifth of a mile on the Connecticut River, nineteenth-century engineers built the industrial city of Holyoke around three circular canals that generated sufficient power to operate...twenty-eight mills, which at their peak accounted for nearly 90 percent of the paper produced in the United States. Though every one of these mills would close in the years following World War II, the economically stressed community still calls itself 'Paper City'.}}
3. ^¹{{cite book |editor1-last=Sullivan |editor1-first=Mark |editor2-last=Travis|editor2-first=William |date=2005 |title=Fodor's Berkshires and Pioneer Valley |location=New York |publisher=Random House |page=124 |isbn= 9781400014675 |author-link= |quote=Today, Holyoke—known as the 'birthplace of volleyball'—pays homage to Morgan with its Volleyball Hall of Fame.}}
4. ^¹{{cite journal |date=1991 |title=Burt DeGroot |url= |journal=Stanford |volume=19 |page=61 |doi= |quote=DeGroots and their sons, Ned and Don, commuted last October from San Clemente, Calif. to Holyoke, Mass., the birthplace of volleyball, for Burt's induction into the National Volleyball Hall of Fame.}}
5. ^For use in a publication from a different state, see {{cite news|title=Holyoke, Massachusetts|department=Americana–Cities to See|page=6|work=The Indian Journal|location=Eufaula, Oklahoma|date=November 3, 1960|quote=Holyoke, Massachusetts, 'The Venice of America,' is a friendly, industrial city of 53,000 population in the Pioneer Valley, along the Connecticut River in Western Massachusetts.|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/5838884/}}* For use in a trade publication, see {{cite journal|title=[Paper] Converters Abound in Holyoke- Why converters move to 'Venice of America'—case histories in the city which 'specializes in specialties'|page=182|volume=30|work=Pulp & Paper|publisher=Miller Freeman Publications|date=1956|quote=The 'Venice of America'— Holyoke, Mass.—has a number of what it calls 'incubator' buildings, ready for occupancy by paper converting plants...|url=}}* For use in an anthropological/historical context, see {{cite news|title=Archaeological signs give insight to Holyoke|date=February 10, 1982|department=At the Quadrangle|page=32|work=The Springfield Union|location=Springfield, Mass.|quote=Using artifacts and slides, the two will trace what they call 'The Venice of America,' one of the earliest planned industrial communities.}}* For use by a sitting mayor, see {{cite news|last=Moriarty|first=Jo-Ann|work=The Republican|location=Springfield, Mass.|date=January 29, 1984|page=F-55|title=Things Looking Up for an 'Exciting Lady'|quote=Mayor Ernest E. Proulx says cities are like women. 'And Holyoke is an exciting lady,' he often tells people when he is selling his city. 'There is a charm here... What other cities have what we have? The rolling topography, the mountains and reservoirs, the river, the canals— Holyoke is the Venice of North America.}}
6. ^{{cite book |title=The Revised Ordinances of the City of Holyoke |year=1914 |place=Holyoke, Massachusetts |publisher=M. J. Doyle Printing Co |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C58pAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA159 |page= 159}}
7. ^¹²³{{cite book |last=Holland |first=Josiah Gilbert |date=1855 |title=History of Western Massachusetts; the counties of Hampden, Hampshire, Franklin, and Berkshire |url=https://archive.org/stream/historyofwestern02holluoft#page/70/mode/2up |location=Springfield, Mass. |publisher=Samuel Bowles |pages=70 |isbn= |author-link= |quote=On the 7th of July, 1786, the part of West Springfield now embraced in Holyoke was incorporated as the Third Parish of West Springfield, and was called 'Ireland,' and 'Ireland Parish,' from the fact that several Irish families were the first settlers of the territory, though there is no record of the date of their settlement}}
8. ^¹[https://books.google.com/books?id=n3IDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA146&lpg=PA146&dq=%22An+act+to+incorporate+the+town+of+Holyoke%22#v=onepage&q=%22An%20act%20to%20incorporate%20the%20town%20of%20Holyoke%22&f=false An act to incorporate the town of Holyoke], Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 1850
9. ^¹[https://web.archive.org/web/20170924045702/http://masslib-dspace.longsight.com/handle/2452/102746 An act to establish the city of Holyoke], Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 1873
10. ^For contemporary use see {{cite news|title=Holyokers asked to complete survey on Community Preservation Act|work=The Republican|location=Springfield, Mass.|last=Plaisance|first=Michael|date=April 3, 2018|url=https://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2018/04/holyokers_asked_to_complete_su.html|archive-date=July 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718164235/https://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2018/04/holyokers_asked_to_complete_su.html}}* For historical use see {{cite news|title=Holyokers in the New South|work=Springfield Republican|location=Springfield, Mass.|date=February 9, 1890|page=5}}
11. ^For use in different publications historical and contemporary, see {{cite news|title=Holyoke Growing Pompous; Over its Booming Population|quote=The average Holyokian takes much pride in the rapid growth and development of the city|work=Springfield Republican|page=6|date=July 8, 1888|location=Springfield, Mass.}}* {{cite news|title=Our Hill Town Neighbors|last=Malcolm|first=David J.|date=December 22, 1940|page=19|work=Springfield Republican|location=Springfield, Mass.|quote=...it was clear to us that among real Holyokians the word Transcript and the word newspaper are used synonymously}}* {{cite magazine|magazine=Princeton Alumni Weekly|quote=Charlie reuned that evening with Holyokian Bud Bagg (new vice-president of the Alumni Association of Conn. Valley)|date=November 22, 1946|page=21|title=Class Notes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zw9bAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA49}}* {{cite news|title=Some big fish!|last=Sousa|first=Frank|work=Springfield Union|location=Springfield, Mass.|quote=Which must be some sort of record when you figure that two Holyokians, Holyokers, whatever, have taken the tourney two out of nine years...|date=July 27, 1977|page=35}}* {{cite web|language=French|quote= L’idée plus populaire chez les Holyokians est une centrale solaire avec loisirs accès à la rivière|title=Pas dans notre Cour !|trans-title=Not In Our Backyard|publisher=The WEDA Coalition|date=December 12, 2015|archive-date=January 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109005028/https://wedacoalition.org/2015/12/12/not-in-our-backyard/|url=https://wedacoalition.org/2015/12/12/not-in-our-backyard/}}
12. ^¹{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2017.html|title=Population and Housing Unit Estimates|accessdate=June 9, 2017}}
13. ^{{cite web |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US2530840 |title=Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Holyoke city, Massachusetts |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |work=American Factfinder |access-date=August 2, 2017}}
14. ^{{cite book|title=Creative Economies in Post-Industrial Cities; Manufacturing a (Different) Scene|last=Breitbart|first=Myrna Margulies|publisher=Routledge|location=London and New York|year=2016|chapter='Lofty artists' vs. 'El Oro del Barrio': Crafting Community and a Sustainable Economic Future in the Paper City|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bxspDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA59}}
15. ^{{cite journal|journal=Journal of the Boston Society of Civil Engineers|title=Emory Alexander Ellsworth|page=480|volume=III|issue=8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KhdbAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA480&lpg=PA480|date=October 1916|quote=In 1879 Mr. Ellsworth left the firm of Davis & Ellsworth to become principal assistant and head draftsman for D. H. & A. B. Tower, of Holyoke, who were the largest firm of paper mill architects in the country at that time, and who designed no less than twenty paper mills in the city of Holyoke alone}}
16. ^{{cite journal |last1=Root |first1=Joshua L. |last2= |first2= |date=Fall 2009 |title=Something Will Drop: Socialists, Unions and Trusts in Nineteenth-Century Holyoke |url=http://www.wsc.mass.edu/mhj/pdfs/Something%20Will%20Drop%20Holyoke%20Socialists.pdf |journal=Historic Journal of Massachusetts |volume=37 |issue=2 |page=38 |doi= |access-date= }}
17. ^{{cite magazine|magazine=Silk|volume=XV|title=Who's Who in the Silk Industry–William Skinner|page=44|number=3|publisher=Silk Publishing Company|date=March 1922|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HX09AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA44|quote=One building alone is 1000 feet long—the largest silk mill, under one roof, in the world}}
18. ^{{cite news |last=Kinney |first=Jim |date=June 11, 2015 |title='Paper Cluster' meeting hopes to invigorate old industry with new moves |url=http://www.masslive.com/business-news/index.ssf/2015/06/paper_cluster_meeting_hopes_to_invigorat.html#incart_river |work=MassLive |location=Springfield, Mass. |access-date=December 23, 2017 }}
19. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.yellowpages.com/holyoke-ma/paper-manufacturers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223201254/https://www.yellowpages.com/holyoke-ma/paper-manufacturers |archive-date=December 23, 2017 |title=Holyoke, MA Paper Manufacturers |website=Yellow Pages |publisher=DexYP |access-date=December 23, 2017}}
20. ^¹For industrial vacuums see {{cite web|url=http://www.ruwac.com/|title=RuWac USA|access-date=January 31, 2018}}* For medical devices see {{cite web|url=http://www.marox.com|title=Marox Corporation|access-date=July 21, 2018}}* For solid waste containers see {{cite web|url=http://www.internationalcontainerco.com|title=International Container Company|access-date=January 31, 2018}}* For plastics and rubber manufacturing see {{cite web|url=http://www.flnmar.com/|title=FLN-MAR|access-date=January 31, 2018}} and {{cite web|url=http://www.universalplastics.com|title=Universal Plastics|access-date=January 31, 2018}}* For bookbinding agents and archival supplies see {{cite web|url=http://www.lineco.com|title=Lineco|access-date=January 31, 2018}} and its parent company {{cite web|url=http://www.universityproducts.com|title=University Products|access-date=January 31, 2018}}
21. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.mghpcc.org/about/|title = ABOUT {{!}} MGHPCC|website = www.mghpcc.org|access-date = 2016-12-31}}
22. ^{{cite journal|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/136254a0|page=254|volume=136|issue=3433|date=August 17, 1935|journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/136254a0|title=Invention of the Venturi Meter|duplicate_quote=|access-date=May 15, 2018|quote=[The article] reproduces a letter from Herschel to the late Dr. Unwin describing his invention of the Venturi Meter. The letter is dated June 5, 1888, and addressed from the hydraulic engineer's office of the Holyoke Water Power Co., Mass. In his letter, Herschel says he tested a one-inch Venturi Meter, under 210 ft. head: 'I am now satisfied that here is a new and pregnant principle to be applied to the art of gauging fluids, inclusive of fluids such as compressed air, illuminating or fuel gases, steam, etc. Further, that the shape of the meter should be trumpet-shaped in both directions; such a meter will measure volumes flowing in either direction, which in certain localities becomes a useful attribute...'|bibcode=1935Natur.136Q.254.}}
23. ^{{cite book|title=Instrument Flying Handbook (FAA-H-8083-15A)|pages=5–17|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing; Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. Dept. of Transportation|series=Flight Standards Service|year=2013|url=https://books.google.com/?id=EONDCgAAQBAJ&pg=SA5-PA17&dq=#v=onepage&q=&f=false|isbn=9781616083021}}
24. ^{{cite report|title=Residential Rate Comparison - 750kWh, June 2017|publisher=Hudson Light; Massachusetts Municipal Wholesale Electric Company|date=June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710143555/http://www.hudsonlight.com/Library/News/graphs_Jun17_7-01-17.pdf|archive-date=July 10, 2018|url=http://www.hudsonlight.com/Library/News/graphs_Jun17_7-01-17.pdf}}
25. ^{{cite news |last=Serreze |first=Mary C.|date=July 20, 2016 |title=Palmer and Holyoke honored for 100% renewable energy commitment |url=http://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2016/07/palmer_and_holyoke_honored_for.html |work=MassLive |location=Springfield, Mass. |access-date=December 23, 2017 }}
26. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.mass.gov/index.php/news/baker-polito-administration-awards-1-million-renewable-energy-grant-to-holyoke |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223202839/https://www.mass.gov/index.php/news/baker-polito-administration-awards-1-million-renewable-energy-grant-to-holyoke |date=March 11, 2017 |archive-date=December 23, 2017 |title=Baker-Polito Administration Awards $1 Million Renewable Energy Grant to Holyoke |website=MA Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs |publisher=Commononwealth of Massachusetts |access-date=December 23, 2017}}
27. ^Merolla, Lawrence M. and Crowther, Frank M. (1981) The Post Offices of Massachusetts, p. 43, North Abington, Massachusetts: Massachusetts Postal Research Society, {{LCCN|8184332}}
28. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=2984 |title= Profile for Holyoke, Massachusetts, MA |publisher= ePodunk |access-date=August 24, 2012}}
29. ^{{cite web | last = Strycharz | first = Robb | title = US-5: A Highway to History | date = 1996–2006 | url = http://www.chronos-historical.org/highway/07.html | accessdate = April 11, 2009}}
30. ^holyoke.org: "Holyoke History Room Guest Lecture: John B. McCormick and the Hercules Turbine Water Wheel", March 5, 2014
31. ^Progress Publishing Company: Engineering Mechanics: Electrical, Civil, Mechanical, and Mining Engineering, Volume 3: January–June 1883, p. 231
32. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.frenchriverland.com/holyokehercules.htm|title=HolyokeHercules |website=www.frenchriverland.com|access-date=March 26, 2018}}
33. ^{{cite journal|journal=Street Railway Journal|date=February 18, 1905|volume=XXV|number=7|publisher=McGraw Publishing Company|location=New York|title=Thermit Rail Welding in Holyoke|url=https://archive.org/details/streetrailwayjo251905newy/page/316|pages=317-318|quote=G. E. Pellissier, civil engineer of the Holyoke Street Railway Company, presented on Jan. 27 a paper before the Civil Engineers' Society of Worcester Polytechnic Institute on thermit [sic] welding...When the thermit process was introduced in the United States the Holyoke Street Railway Company decided to try it on a mile of track which was about to be reconstructed, and accordingly an order for 160 joints was placed with the Goldschmidt Thermit Company...The welding was commenced on Aug. 8, 1904...The work...was the first piece of track in the United States laid with thermit joints}}
34. ^Furcolo, Foster. Holyoke Transcript-Telegram. Congressional Record. October 13, 1949. Extensions of Remarks. Page A6279. [https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/GPO-CRECB-1949-pt16/summary 95 Cong. Rec. (Bound) - Volume 95, Part 1]
35. ^{{cite book |title=Theory of valuation |publisher=International Textbook Co. |year=1969 |last1=Hubbard |last2=Hawkins |first1=Charles L. |first2=Clark A. |page=241 |location=Scranton}}
36. ^[Query- "Holyoke Shares, Inc."], Massachusetts Corp. Card Search, Corporation Cards of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Secretary of the Commonwealth
37. ^¹{{cite book |page=368| last1=Green | first=Constance McLaughlin |author-link=Constance McLaughlin Green |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.59808/2015.59808.Holyoke-Massachusetts-A-Case-History-Of-The-Inkistrial-Revolution-In-America#page/n389/mode/2up|title=Holyoke, Massachusetts: a case history of the industrial revolution in America | year=1939 | publisher=Yale University Press |location = New Haven |series=Yale Historical Publications |number=XXXIV}}
38. ^{{cite news |title=Service Off in Area for Up to 4 Hours–Only Holyoke, South Hadley Unaffected; Region Generally Calm During Cutoff |date=November 10, 1965 |work=Springfield Union |page=1}}
39. ^{{cite news |title=Jet Engine Saves Town from Dark|quote=A business-as-usual atmosphere existed in Holyoke, Mass during the blackout Tuesday night because of a jet engine. Francis H. King, manager of Holyoke's Gas and Electric Department, said a jet peaking and emergency power unit saved the city from the darkness of its neighbors. The peaking unit, developed by Worthington Corp., is powered by a jet aircraft engine and is capable of generating 12,000 kilowatts in approximately two minutes after start-up, King added. |page=15|work=The Jersey Journal |location=Jersey City, New Jersey |date=November 11, 1965}}
40. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=April 23, 2011|date=February 12, 2011|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}}
41. ^{{cite report|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201122559/https://www.holyoke.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/reducedfinal2.pdf|archive-date=February 1, 2017|url=https://www.holyoke.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/reducedfinal2.pdf|page=38|title=Open Space and Recreation Plan 2013-2018|author=City of Holyoke}}
42. ^Talbot, M., 1911, Podokesaurus holyokensis, a new dinosaur of the Connecticut Valley: American Journal of Science, v. 31, p. 469-479
43. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2016/05/dinosaur_footprints_in_holyoke.html|title=Law passed to protect Dinosaur Footprints in Holyoke|last=Plaisance|first=Mike|date=May 17, 2015|work=Springfield Republican|location=Springfield, Mass.}}
44. ^{{cite news|title=Elmwood Heights Group Forms Improvement Body|work=Springfield Union|date=January 30, 1957|page=35|quote=Residents of the Elmwood Heights area at an organization meeting tonight formed the Elmwood Heights Improvement Association and elected officers}}
45. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.holyoke.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/neighborhoods.pdf |title=Holyoke 'Neighborhoods' |year=2013 |department=Holyoke Planning Department |website= |series= |publisher=City of Holyoke |location= |page= |pages= |at= |language= |script-title= |trans-title= |type= |format= |arxiv= |asin= |bibcode= |doi= |doi-broken-date= |isbn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019052546/http://www.holyoke.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/neighborhoods.pdf |archive-date=October 19, 2015 |dead-url= |access-date=June 14, 2016 |quote= |ref= |postscript= |subscription= |registration=}}
46. ^{{cite web|url=http://mhc-macris.net/Details.aspx?MhcId=HLY.D|title=MACRIS inventory record for Elmwood, Holyoke|publisher=Commonwealth of Massachusetts|accessdate=June 18, 2014}}
47. ^{{cite web|title=Holyoke Innovation District|publisher=Massachusetts Technology Collaborative|url=https://www.innovateholyoke.com/|access-date=March 13, 2018}}
48. ^{{cite news|title=Holyoke Community College history is rooted in collaboration|work=The Republican|location=Springfield, Mass.|last=Royal|first=Christina|url=http://www.masslive.com/opinion/index.ssf/2018/02/holyoke_community_college_hist.html|date=February 13, 2018}}
49. ^{{cite act| title = An act to establish the boundary line between the cities of Northampton and Holyoke| type = Massachusetts General Law| number = Ch. 480| language = | date = June 9, 1909| article = | articletype = | page = 498-502| url = http://archives.lib.state.ma.us/actsResolves/1909/1909acts0480.pdf| archive-date = June 30, 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160630205430/http://archives.lib.state.ma.us/actsResolves/1909/1909acts0480.pdf| accessdate = 30 June 2016| dead-url = no| ref = }}
50. ^{{cite court |litigants=Holyoke Water Power Company v. City of Holyoke |vol=VIII |court=MA Supreme Court |date=1900 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G0YOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA173|page=173 }}
51. ^{{cite magazine|title=Building News- Massachusetts|work=The American Architect|volume=97|date=May 11, 1910|quote=Holyoke-...Architect Oscar Beauchemin has completed plans for block to be erected at Dwight St. and Clinton Ave. for Doryle Gauthier|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e_RZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP248}}
52. ^¹²{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|accessdate=June 4, 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX?url=http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|archivedate=May 12, 2015|df=}}
53. ^{{cite news|work=The Holyoke News|page=2|date=August 10, 1878|title=The Water Power Company Cottages|quote=The attention of persons desiring homes in this city is called to the advertisement of Wm. A. Chase, the energetic Agent of the Holyoke Water Power Company, who has commenced the experiment of constructing residences for citizens at cost figures on the most desirable and pleasant building lots owned by the company.}}
54. ^HLY.A, MACRIS, Massachusetts Historical Commission.
55. ^{{NRISref|2008a}}
56. ^{{cite book |last=Ochsner |first1=Jeffrey Karl |title=H. H. Richardson, Complete Architectural Works |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=MIT Press |year=1982 |pages=323–324 |isbn=978-0262650151 }}
57. ^HLY.C, MACRIS, Massachusetts Historical Commission.
58. ^{{cite book|last1=Heinrich|first1=Thomas|last2=Batchelor|first2=Bob|title=Kotex, Kleenex, Huggies: Kimberly-Clark and the Consumer Revolution in American Business|pages=21–22|chapter=Origins and Growth, 1872–1916|publisher=The Ohio State University Press|location=Columbus|year=2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlPNB5HpRDIC&pg=PA21|isbn=9780814209769}}
59. ^{{cite book |last1=Holland |first1=Josiah Gilbert |year=1855 |chapter=Tower, David Horatio |script-chapter= |trans-chapter= |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/westernmassachus04lock#page/848/mode/2up |chapter-format= |title=History of western Massachusetts : the counties of Hampden, Hampshire, Franklin, and Berkshire |volume=IV |pages=848 |location=Springfield, Mass. |publisher=Samuel Bowles and Company |url=https://archive.org/stream/historyofwestern02holluoft#page/n0/mode/2up |oclc= 865814412 }}
60. ^{{cite court |litigants=Holyoke Water Power Company v. City of Holyoke |vol=VI |court=MA Supreme Court |date=1900 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tUUOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA73&lpg=PA73|page=74-92 }}
61. ^{{cite book |last=Richards |first=Harold H |year=1911 |title=Richards Standard Atlas of the City of Holyoke, Massachusetts |location= Springfield, Mass. |publisher=Richards Map Company }}
62. ^{{cite news |year=1849 |title=Plan of the New City at Hadley Falls |url= |work=New City Weekly Times |location=Holyoke |publisher=J.F. Downing |access-date= }}
63. ^{{cite book |last=|first= |year=1853 |title=Report of the History and Present Condition of the Hadley Falls Company at Holyoke, Massachusetts |location= Boston |publisher=The Hadley Falls Company }}
64. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.valleyadvocate.com/blogs/home.cfm?aid=9811 |title=The Public Humanist |publisher=The Valley Advocate |date=June 1, 2009 |accessdate=October 31, 2012}}
65. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|accessdate=June 4, 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX?url=http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|archivedate=May 12, 2015|df=}}
66. ^¹²{{cite web |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/SF1DP1/1600000US2530840 |title=Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (DP-1): Holyoke city, Massachusetts |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |work=American Factfinder |access-date=August 2, 2017}}
67. ^{{cite web |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/DP03/1600000US2530840 |title=Selected Economic Characteristics: 2011–2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates (DP03): Holyoke city, Massachusetts |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |work=American Factfinder |access-date=August 2, 2017}}
68. ^{{cite book|chapter=Part V. Statistical Report of Superintendent|title=Municipal Register for the City of Holyoke for 1913|page=185|publisher=M.J. Doyle Printing Co.|location=Holyoke, Mass.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=53FDAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA185&dq=holyoke+population+62,300&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiixOef_aHZAhWFrVkKHVnOBh8Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=holyoke%20population%2062%2C300&f=false|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=53FDAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=1914}}
69. ^{{cite web|title=City and Town Intercensal Datasets: 2000–2010|url=https://www.census.gov/data/datasets/time-series/demo/popest/intercensal-2000-2010-cities-and-towns.html|access-date= February 12, 2018|date=December 2, 2016}}
70. ^{{cite book|quote=[T]he dwellers on the west side are spoken of in old records as 'our neighbors'...John Riley went as far away as the southern part of the present Holyoke and may be considered as the first settler of that city.|last=Barrows|first=Charles Henry|title=The History of Springfield in Massachusetts for the Young|publisher=The Connecticut Valley Historical Society|year=1911|location=Springfield, Mass.|page=88|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iYegQ-5GqYgC&pg=PA88}}
71. ^¹²{{cite book | last1=Harper | first=Wyatt E. | title=The Story of Holyoke | year=1973 | publisher=Centennial Committee of the City of Holyoke | oclc=8060402 |url = https://archive.org/stream/storyofholyoke00harp#page/172/mode/2up}}
72. ^¹{{cite book|title=Stories Carved in Stone: Holyoke, Massachusetts|last=Clark|first=Rusty|year=2006|publisher=Dog Pond Press|location=West Springfield, Mass.}}
73. ^{{cite book|title=Commonwealth of Toil|last1=Juravich|last2=Hartford|last3=Green|first1=Tom|first2=William F.|first3=James R.|page=63|publisher=University of Massachusetts Press|year=1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=izf0clTZf7cC&pg=PA63}}
74. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0UcgBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA56|title=The Dyeing Room|last=McMaster|first=Robert T.|page=56|quote=[T]he workers of Holyoke who were most vocal about the unions were the Irish, English, and Italians, groups with which most French Canadians had little sympathy. Many of the French operatives had come to Holyoke directly from their family farms in Québec, ready to work, grateful for their jobs, and not inclined to make demands of the hand that fed them. Back home in Canada, parish priests and bishops preached frequently of the evils of unions...[and] a society slipping into godless socialism.|publisher=Unquomonk Press|location=Williamsburg, Mass.|year=2014}}
75. ^{{cite news|title=John J. Prew is Dead in Holyoke; Was Prominent Builder, First French Aldermanic Member|work=Springfield Daily News|location=Springfield, Mass.|page=17|date=February 18, 1916}}
76. ^¹{{cite book |year=1902 |chapter=The French People of Holyoke, The City of Holyoke and the Factors in its History |script-chapter= |trans-chapter= |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/ourcountyitspeop03cope#page/109/mode/2up |chapter-format= |editor1-last=Copeland |editor1-first=Alfred Minot |title="Our county and its people" : A history of Hampden County, Massachusetts |volume=III |pages=109–122 |publisher= The Century Memorial Publishing Company |url=https://archive.org/stream/ourcountyitspeop03cope#page/n23/mode/2up |oclc= 5692695963 }}
77. ^{{cite magazine|magazine=American Leader|volume=IV|page=673|title=French Towns in the United States|issue=11|date=December 11, 1913|publisher=American Association of Foreign-Language Newspapers, Inc.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j8HMDSORztsC&pg=PA673}}
78. ^{{cite report|chapter=Table P-8 Ancestry of Persons: 1980, Holyoke city, Hampden County, Mass.|page=P—30|title=1980 Census of Population and Housing: Census tracts. Springfield-Chicopee-Holyoke, Mass.-Conn.|publisher=US Census Bureau|date=July 1983|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=suniDA6Qe_EC&pg=SL16-PA30}}
79. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1 |title=2010 Census American FactFinder |publisher=|date= |accessdate=August 30, 2013}}
80. ^{{cite book|title=Puerto Rico: What Everyone Needs to Know|last=Duany|first=Jorge|pages=139–140|year=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press}}
81. ^{{cite news|title=Migrant Tobacco Workers Charge Breach of Contract|last=Koch|first=Thomas|work=Springfield Union|location=Springfield, Mass.|date=August 17, 1973|page=12|quote=Puerto Rican migrant laborers working in Western Massachusetts and Connecticut tobacco fields have sent a letter containing over 1000 signatures to the Puerto Rican governor and Department of Labor alleging breaches of contract and demanding better working conditions...Contracts are negotiated for Puerto Rican workers between the Puerto Rican government and the Shade Tobacco Growers Agricultural Association...before World War II Greater Springfield teenagers did much of the work on Western Massachusetts tobacco...the importation of seasonal workers...is a relatively recent procedure}}
82. ^{{cite book |year=2014 |orig-year=2002 |chapter=Holyoke |script-chapter= |trans-chapter= |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vlxQQPDaKz4C&pg=PA99 |chapter-format= |editor1-last=Gerson |editor1-first=Jeffrey |editor2-last=Hardy-Fanta |editor2-first=Carol |title=Latino Politics in Massachusetts: Struggles, Strategies and Prospects |volume= |page=99 |publisher= Routledge |isbn= 9781135672140 }}
83. ^¹{{cite news|work=The Republican|location=Springfield, Mass.|date=July 24, 1983|page=B-1|title=Holyoke's Hispanics span economic spectrum|last=Moriarty|first=Jo-Ann}}
84. ^{{cite news|title=Proulx appoints six Hispanic advisers|date=February 28, 1984|volume=CXXI|issue=48|page=1|last=Moriarty|first=Jo-Ann|work=Springfield Union|location=Springfield, Mass.}}
85. ^{{cite book|chapter=Holyoke|page=39|title=Team Policing, Seven Case Studies|publisher=Police Foundation|location=Washington, D.C.|date=August 1973|url=https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/11430.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719140622/https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/11430.pdf|archive-date=July 19, 2018}}
86. ^{{cite web|title=Carlos Vega Collection, 1948–1980|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701124930/http://scua.library.umass.edu/ead/mums800|archive-date=July 1, 2017|url=http://scua.library.umass.edu/ead/mums800|publisher=University of Massachusetts Amherst|website=Special Collections and University Archives}}
87. ^{{cite report|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026061430/http://www.davidsonmediagroup.com/Stations/MAPS/DMG%20Springfield%204-07.pdf|archive-date=October 26, 2012|url=http://www.davidsonmediagroup.com/Stations/MAPS/DMG%20Springfield%204-07.pdf|title=Market Facts- Springfield MSA|publisher=Davidson Media Group}}
88. ^[https://www.bestplaces.net/religion/zip-code/massachusetts/holyoke/01040 Holyoke, Massachusetts Religious Statistics], Sperling's BestPlaces.
89. ^{{cite web|url=http://ourladyofthecross.com/about-us|title=About Us|publisher=Diocese of Springfield, Massachusetts}}
90. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20180304134531/http://www.parishesonline.com/find/st-jerome-parish-1040 St. Jerome Parish, Holyoke], ParishesOnline
91. ^Immaculate Conception Parish, Holyoke
92. ^United Church of Christ of Holyoke, Holyoke, Massachusetts
93. ^[https://www.lutheranholyoke.org/ First Lutheran Church of Holyoke]
94. ^[thesteepleinthefalls.org The Steeple in the Falls], United Methodist Church of Holyoke, South Hadley, and Granby
95. ^Holy Trinity Greek Orthodox Church, Metropolis of Boston
96. ^{{cite news|title=Sons of Zion Celebrates 110 Years|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170604213443/http://www.wmassjewishledger.com/2014/03/sons-of-zion-celebrates-11o-years/|archive-date=June 4, 2017|date=March 2014|url=http://www.wmassjewishledger.com/2014/03/sons-of-zion-celebrates-11o-years/|work=The Western Mass. Jewish Ledger|location=Springfield, Mass.}}
97. ^{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218150908/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/massachusetts-jewish-history|archive-date=February 18, 2017|publisher=American Israeli Cooperative Enterprise|website=The Jewish Virtual Library|title=Massachusetts, United States|url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/massachusetts-jewish-history}}
98. ^{{cite magazine|last=Warren |first=Ernest E. |title=From Holyoke, Mass. |magazine=The Typographic Journal |year=1913 |place=Indianapolis |publisher=International Typographic Union of North America |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dh8YAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA469 |page= 469 |volume=III |number=7 |quote="As it is the largest paper manufacturing city in the world, it is worth more than a passing notice from printers."}}
99. ^{{cite magazine|last=Taber |first=Elwyn L. |title=Holyoke, Mass. |magazine=Western New England |year=1913 |place=Springfield, MA |publisher=Springfield Board of Trade |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DpYcAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA303 |page= 303 |volume=III |number=7 |quote="[Holyoke] is the largest producer of fine writing paper in the world, manufacturing enough fine paper every day to carpet two square miles."}}
100. ^{{cite book|title=Company Museums, Industry Museums, and Industrial Tours|chapter=Yankee Candle Company|year=1994|last=Gelbert|first=Doug|publisher=McFarland & Company|page=112}}
101. ^{{cite thesis |last=Borges-Méndez |first=Ramón |date=1994 |title=Urban and Regional Restructuring and Barrio Formation in Massachusetts: The Cases of Lowell, Lawrence and Holyoke |type=Master of City Planning |chapter= |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |docket= |oclc= |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/4390182.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729194656/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/4390182.pdf|archive-date=July 29, 2018 |access-date=July 29, 2018|page=150}}
102. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.masslive.com/business-news/index.ssf/2017/07/holyoke_machine_co_once_oldest_manufactu.html|title=Holyoke Machine Co., oldest manufacturer in Paper City, shuts down and plans to auction off equipment|last=Kinney|first=Jim|date=July 24, 2017|access-date=January 31, 2018}}
103. ^{{cite news|title='Not in production at moment' owner says of Paper City Brewery in Holyoke|date=April 28, 2017|work=The Republican|location=Springfield, Mass.|url=https://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2017/04/paper_city_brewery_closes_as_o.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921145557/https://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2017/04/paper_city_brewery_closes_as_o.html|archive-date=2017-09-21|last=Plaisance|first=Mike}}
104. ^{{cite news|work=The Republican|location=Springfield, Mass.|title=Dan's Power Plant in Holyoke spreads health without sacrificing yumminess|last=Plaisance|first=Mike|date=May 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508140109/https://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2018/05/dans_power_plant_in_holyoke_sp.html|url=https://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2018/05/dans_power_plant_in_holyoke_sp.html|archive-date=2018-05-08}}
105. ^{{cite news|title=Fauxmaggio:Fake cheese till you make cheese|last=Stern|first=Lisa|work=Boston Globe|location=Boston|date=May 17, 2016|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/food-dining/2016/05/16/fauxmaggio-fake-cheese-til-you-make-cheese/RkDSehqeGmlfjBLuTC1t8H/story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605032230/http://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/food-dining/2016/05/16/fauxmaggio-fake-cheese-til-you-make-cheese/RkDSehqeGmlfjBLuTC1t8H/story.html|archive-date=June 5, 2016|access-date=July 19, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}
106. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.xconomy.com/boston/2009/06/23/why-emc-wants-to-build-a-high-performance-data-center-in-holyoke/ |title=Why EMC Wants to Build a High Performance Data Center in Holyoke |publisher=Xconomy |date=June 23, 2009 |accessdate=October 31, 2012}}
107. ^{{cite magazine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110153629/http://www.popularmechanics.com/culture/news/g1859/the-14-best-startup-cities-in-america/|magazine=Popular Mechanics|date=February 4, 2015|url=http://www.popularmechanics.com:80/culture/news/g1859/the-14-best-startup-cities-in-america/|archive-date=January 10, 2018|title=The 14 Best Startup Cities in America|editor1=Ryan D’Agostino|access-date=December 30, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}
108. ^{{cite web|archive-date=May 4, 2018|access-date=May 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504052430/https://www.iso-ne.com/about/careers/living-in-western-new-england/|url=https://www.iso-ne.com/about/careers/living-in-western-new-england/|title=Living in Western New England|website=Careers at ISO New England|publisher=ISO New England}}
109. ^{{cite web | title = Holyoke French Company Announces Plans to buy Holyoke Power Plant | work = The Springfield Republican | publisher = The Republican Company | date = February 9, 2008 | url = http://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2008/09/french_company_announces_plans.html?category=Business+category=Holyoke | accessdate = November 4, 2009}}
110. ^{{cite news|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426234826/https://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2018/04/collaborative_effort_to_grow_l.html|archive-date=April 26, 2018|date=April 26, 2018|last=Graham|first=George|title=Collaborative effort to grow leafy greens in hydroponic units on vacant lot in Holyoke|work=The Republican|url=https://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2018/04/collaborative_effort_to_grow_l.html}}
111. ^{{cite news|title=Holyoke Sets Precedent, Public Market Opens To-Day|quote=When the public market opens this morning it will mean that Holyoke is the first city in Western Massachusetts to adopt this plan of bringing producer and consumer together.|date=July 24, 1917|location=Springfield, Mass.|work=Springfield Republican|page=10}}
112. ^{{cite web|title=Holyoke Farmers Market|website=Farm Fresh Rhode Island|archive-date=2018-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721050939/https://guide.farmfreshri.org/food/farmersmarkets_details.php?market=598|url=https://guide.farmfreshri.org/food/farmersmarkets_details.php?market=598}}
113. ^{{cite news|work=Springfield Union|title=Aldermen Want City Farm Probe|date=May 10, 1956|page=52|location=Springfield, Mass.}}
114. ^{{cite news|title=Holyoke's Cattle. A Growing Fondness for Blooded Jerseys|work=Springfield Republican|date=July 22, 1882|page=5|location=Springfield, Mass.}}
115. ^{{cite news|title=Whiting Cattle Victims of Fire|page=4|work=Springfield Republican|location=Springfield, Mass.|date=October 4, 1919}}
116. ^{{cite news|title=Farmer looks at city 'progress'|last=Gram|first=A. David|work=Springfield Union|date=February 22, 1982|page=4|location=Springfield, Mass.}}
117. ^{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721052115/http://livable.org/livability-resources/103-nuestras-raices-|archive-date=July 21, 2018|title=Nuestras Raices|website=Livability Resources|publisher=Partners for Livable Communities|url=http://livable.org/livability-resources/103-nuestras-raices-}}
118. ^{{cite thesis |last=Doherty |first=Kathleen |date=2015 |title=Urban Agriculture and Ecosystem Services: A Typology and Toolkit for Planners |type=Master of Regional Planning |chapter= |publisher=University of Massachusetts Amherst |docket= |oclc= |url=https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1259&context=masters_theses_2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303062738/https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1259&context=masters_theses_2|archive-date=March 3, 2016 |access-date=July 21, 2018|pages=70-71}}
119. ^{{cite AV media | date = 14 May 2015 | title = Jonathan Bates - From Bare Ground to Urban Paradise on One-Tenth of an Acre | via = Youtube | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ol0G839fdGY | publisher = Biodiversity for a Livable Climate }}
120. ^For Yale lectures see- {{cite web|title=Multifunctional Carbon-Sequestering Agroforestry|website=Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies|publisher=Yale University|year=2016|url=https://environment.yale.edu/courses/2016-2017/detail/682/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914055844/http://environment.yale.edu/courses/2016-2017/detail/682/|archive-date=September 14, 2017|access-date=July 21, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}* For information on content and teacher see {{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122170034/http://carbonfarmingsolution.com/bio|archive-date=November 22, 2017|url=http://carbonfarmingsolution.com/bio|title=About the Author- Eric Toensmeier|publisher=The Carbon Farming Solution|access-date=July 21, 2018}}
121. ^{{cite news|work=The New York Times|location=New York, NY|title=Their Trip to Bountiful|last=Raver|first=Anne|date=February 13, 2013|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/14/garden/a-permaculture-love-story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701141920/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/14/garden/a-permaculture-love-story.html|archive-date=July 1, 2018}}
122. ^{{cite|title=Massachusetts grants 20 medical marijuana licenses, but only 2 in Western Massachusetts|last=Schoenberg|first=Shira|date=January 31, 2014|work=The Republican|location=Springfield, Mass.|url=https://www.masslive.com/politics/index.ssf/2014/01/massachusetts_grants_20_medica.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111110442/https://www.masslive.com/politics/index.ssf/2014/01/massachusetts_grants_20_medica.html|archive-date=January 11, 2018}}
123. ^{{cite news|title=East Coast Pharms, Canna Provisions, Holyoke Gardens set for Holyoke reviews|url=https://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2018/07/east_coast_pharms_canna_provis.html|date=July 16, 2018|last=Plaisance|first=Mike|work=The Republican|location=Springfield, Mass.}}
124. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/holyoke-massachusetts-is-ready-to-welcome-the-marijuana-industry-with-open-arms/|title=Holyoke, Massachusetts, is ready to welcome the marijuana industry with open arms|date=June 30, 2018|publisher=CBS News|work=CBS This Morning|last=Dokoupil|first=Tony|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701075318/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/holyoke-massachusetts-is-ready-to-welcome-the-marijuana-industry-with-open-arms/|archive-date=July 1, 2018}}
125. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hps.holyoke.ma.us/ |title=Holyoke Public Schools, Holyoke, Massachusetts |publisher=Hps.holyoke.ma.us |date= |accessdate=October 31, 2012}}
126. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.hcc.edu/admission/high-school/dual-enrollment|title=High School/Dual Enrollment|publisher=Holyoke Community College|access-date=2017-04-29}}
127. ^{{cite report |last1=Wyner|last2=Deane|first1=Joshua|first2=KC|last3=Jenkins|last4=Fink|first3=Davis|first4=John |year=2016 |title=The Transfer Playbook: Essential Practices for Two- and Four-Year Colleges |url=https://ccrc.tc.columbia.edu/media/k2/attachments/transfer-playbook-essential-practices.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611110551/https://ccrc.tc.columbia.edu/media/k2/attachments/transfer-playbook-essential-practices.pdf|dead-url=yes|archive-date=June 11, 2017|publisher=Community College Research Center (CCRC), Teachers College, Columbia University |page= |docket= |access-date=May 1, 2018 |quote= }}
128. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20180501155942/http://www.holyoke.org/news/grand-opening-of-culinary-arts-institute/ Grand Opening of Culinary Arts Institute], City of Holyoke. 2018.
129. ^{{cite news |last=Kinney |first=Jim |date=July 11, 2016 |title=Holyoke Community College culinary center seen as transformative |url=http://www.masslive.com/business-news/index.ssf/2016/07/holyoke_community_college_culinary_cente.html |work=MassLive |location=Springfield, Mass. |access-date= December 24, 2017 }}
130. ^{{cite web|publisher=Preservation Magazine|website=CEI Materials|title=Case Studies- Architects Complete LEED Silver Renovation Of Historic Library In Massachusetts|url=http://www.ceicomposites.com/news/Architects-Complete-LEED-Silver-Renovation-Of-Historic-Library-In-Massachusetts-_AE20.html|date=November 15, 2017|last=Sutherland|first=Amy}}
131. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://holyokehistory.blogspot.com |title=Holyoke Public Library History Room & Archives |publisher=Holyokehistory.blogspot.com |date=February 26, 2004 |accessdate=October 31, 2012}}
132. ^{{cite web|url=http://papercityscribblings.blogspot.com/2006_08_01_papercityscribblings_archive.html |title=Paper City Scribblings: August 2006 |publisher=Papercityscribblings.blogspot.com |date= |accessdate=October 31, 2012}}
133. ^{{cite web|title=Holyoke Public Library|website=Finegold Alexander Architects|url=http://faainc.com/projects/holyoke-public-library/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808135310/http://faainc.com/projects/holyoke-public-library/|archive-date=August 8, 2017}}
134. ^For motion pictures and the Royal Hungarian Court Orchestra- {{cite news|title=At the Holyoke Theaters|quote=Holyoke Opera House. Monday evening—P. K. Matus's Royal Hungarian court orchestra...Saturday matinee and evening—Lyman K. Howes's moving pictures...One of the interesting announcements of the week is the return this season of Lyman K. Howes [sic] moving pictures. These have been seen at the Holyoke opera house for two seasons, and have pleased large audiences both times|date=February 8, 1903|page=20|work=Springfield Republican|location=Springfield, Mass.}}* For other vaudeville stage acts- {{cite news|title=Holyoke Plays of the Week; The Three Offerings at the Holyoke Opera House|quote=Monday evening–David Warfield is 'The Auctioneer.' Tuesday evening–Ezra Kendall in 'The Vinegar Buyer'|work=Springfield Republican|location=Springfield, Mass.|date=April 26, 1903|page=20}}
135. ^{{cite news|title=Flames Sweep Former Holyoke Opera House|page=1|work=Springfield Union|location=Springfield, Mass.|date=October 30, 1967}}
136. ^{{cite web | author=Save Outdoor Sculpture! | year=1993 | title=Nuns of the Battlefield, (sculpture) | work=SOS! | publisher=Smithsonian | url=http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?&profile=all&source=~!siartinventories&uri=full=3100001~!16187~!0#focus | accessdate= 18 December 2010}}
137. ^Jacob, Kathryn Allmong. Testament to Union: Civil War monuments in Washington, Part 3. JHU Press, 1998, p. 125-126.
138. ^{{cite book|title=Legendary Locals of Holyoke|last=Sears|first=Jacqueline|url=https://books.google.com/?id=UfHBCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA80&lpg=PA80&dq=Jerome+Connor+holyoke#v=onepage&q=Jerome%20Connor%20holyoke&f=false|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|year=2015|isbn=9781439650783}}
139. ^{{cite magazine|magazine=The Inland Printer|date=March 1899|location=Chicago|title=Obituary - Clark W. Bryan|volume=XXII|issue=6|page=746|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_ooAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA746}}
140. ^{{cite news|archive-date=June 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615041646/https://www.wgbh.org/news/2016/05/06/local-news/when-good-housekeeping-was-almost-well-social-movement|url=https://www.wgbh.org/news/2016/05/06/local-news/when-good-housekeeping-was-almost-well-social-movement|title=When 'Good Housekeeping' Was Almost A, Well, Social Movement|date=May 6, 2016|publisher=WGBH-FM|location=Boston}}
141. ^{{cite book|title=The Beat Generation and the Popular Novel in the United States, 1945–1970|last=Newhouse|first=Thomas|page=52|publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc.|year=2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PUX_aV94F5YC&pg=PA52}}
142. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/23/books/23kennedy.html|title=Raymond Kennedy, Novelist, Dies at 73|date=February 23, 2008|work=The New York Times}}
143. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2008/02/novelist_raymond_kennedy_dies.html|title=Novelist Raymond Kennedy dies in N.Y.|date=February 29, 2008|work=The Republican|location=Springfield, Mass.}}
144. ^{{cite journal|title=News and Notes- The Kraszna-Krauz Photographic Book Awards|journal=History of Photography|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2005|volume=29|number=4|page=390}}
145. ^Erdman, Andrew. [https://books.google.com/books?id=4mV1Ceao-yUC&printsec=frontcover Queen of Vaudeville: The Story of Eva Tanguay], Cornell University Press, 2012 pp. 30-32, 36-38, 47, 93-94, 100-03, 114-15, 139-43, 212-14, 222-23.
146. ^¹{{cite news|work=Slate|title=Vanishing Act; In search of Eva Tanguay, the first rock star|last=Rosen|first=Jody|date=December 1, 2009|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/music_box/2009/12/vanishing_act.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313131847/http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/music_box/2009/12/vanishing_act.html|archive-date=March 13, 2017}}
147. ^¹{{cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of Vaudeville|last=Slide|first=Anthony|year=2012|publisher=University Press of Mississippi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hu3nNSmRjZ0C&pg=PA509&dq=holyoke}}
148. ^¹{{cite news|work=MassLive|date=October 31, 2017|location=Springfield, Mass.|last=Plaisance|first=Mike|url=https://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2017/10/43_million_latest_estimate_to.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171123085056/https://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2017/10/43_million_latest_estimate_to.html|archive-date=November 23, 2017|title=$43 million latest estimate to renovate Victory Theatre in Holyoke}}
149. ^{{cite magazine|magazine=The Street Railway Bulletin|page=259|volume=XXI|date=January 1921|title=Annual Outing of the New England Street Railway Club|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D-lMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA259}}
150. ^{{cite news|title=Valley Arena lives in Holyoke's heart 50 years after fire|last=Burke|first=Mike|work=Springfield Republican|location=Springfield, Mass.|date=May 22, 2013|url=http://www.masslive.com/living/index.ssf/2013/05/mike_burke_valley_arena_lives_in_holyokes_heart_50_years_after_fire.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150422002752/http://www.masslive.com/living/index.ssf/2013/05/mike_burke_valley_arena_lives_in_holyokes_heart_50_years_after_fire.html|archive-date=April 22, 2015}}
151. ^{{cite news|title=Duke Ellington and Sarah Vaughn; Arena|page=24|work=Springfield Union|location=Springfield, Mass.|date=October 21, 1950|quote=Two star attractions will be offered at the Valley Arena Gardens tomorrow in Duke Ellington, occupying the bandsland with his world famous orchestra, and Sarah Vaughan, recording artist and star of radio and television...}}
152. ^{{cite news|quote=The increased sale of tickets the past few days for the concert to be given by the Boston Symphony orchestra at the city hall tomorrow night assures that there will be but few empty seats. As it is probably the only time the orchestra will come to Holyoke it affords a chance for music lovers that should not be missed|title=Holyoke|work=Springfield Republican|location=Springfield, Mass.|page=9|date=March 9, 1926}}
153. ^{{cite web|title=Results for "City Hall" "Holyoke"|website=Leon Levy Digital Archives, New York Philharmonic|year=2018|archive-date=September 17, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917165226/https://archives.nyphil.org/index.php/search?search-type=singleFilter&search-text=%22City+Hall%22+%22Holyoke%22&doctype=&sort-order=asc&sort-column=npp:SortDate&page=1|url=https://archives.nyphil.org/index.php/search?search-type=singleFilter&search-text=%22City+Hall%22+%22Holyoke%22&doctype=&sort-order=asc&sort-column=npp:SortDate&page=1}}
154. ^{{cite news|title=Notable Concert at Mount Holyoke; New York Philharmonic Orchestra to Appear at College Tonight|quote=This is the first appearance of a great orchestra at the college, and marks the beginning of the new system which replaces the plan by which the students attended concerts in the Holyoke city hall|date=October 26, 1926|page=5|work=Springfield Republican|location=Springfield, Mass.}}
155. ^{{cite news|title=Holyoke's Music Season; To Open, As Uusual, [sic] With Philharmonic Concert|page=12|date=October 15, 1916|work=Springfield Republican|location=Springfield, Mass.}}
156. ^{{cite magazine|title=Holyoke Concert Season|url=https://archives.nyphil.org/index.php/artifact/802d1bda-9570-4131-b1c4-e51dc326bc4f-0.1/fullview#page/1/mode/2up|publisher=Holyoke Chamber of Commerce; Holyoke Music Club|archive-date=September 17, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917173907/https://archives.nyphil.org/index.php/artifact/802d1bda-9570-4131-b1c4-e51dc326bc4f-0.1/fullview#page/2/mode/2up|year=1915}}
157. ^{{cite news|title=Gateway City Arts Is a Place to Meet — in More Ways Than One|last=Bednar|first=Joseph|work=BusinessWest|date=January 23, 2018|url=https://www.businesswest.com/blog/gateway-city-arts-is-a-place-to-meet-in-more-ways-than-one/}}
158. ^{{cite AV media | date = 7 June 2018 | title = El Puerto Rico, the Rich Port at Holyoke's Victory Theater | via = Youtube | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T6rZIuFy814 | publisher = Connecting Point, WGBY (PBS) }}
159. ^{{cite news|title=Mountain Park, other venues, ready for summer concerts|url=https://www.masslive.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2016/03/mountain_park_included_in_outd.html|date=March 8, 2016|last=Moorhouse|first=Donnie|work=MassLive|location=Springfield, Mass.}}
160. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.masslive.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2017/10/holyoke_civic_symphony_enters.html|title=Holyoke Civic Symphony enters second half-century|last=Noble|first=Clifton (Jr.)|work=The Republican|location=Springfield, Mass.|date=October 11, 2017}}
161. ^{{cite news|title=William Skinner & Holyoke's Water Power|url=https://www.valleyadvocate.com/2009/06/08/william-skinner-s-water-power/|date=June 8, 2009|last=Thibodeau|first=Kate Navarra|work=The Valley Advocate}}
162. ^{{cite news|last=Matsuo|first=Reiko|title=Holyoke museum exhibits emphasize animals for kids|date=November 9, 1984|page=50|work=Springfield Union|location=Springfield, Mass.}}
163. ^[Query- "Children's Museum at Holyoke, Inc."], Massachusetts Corp. Card Search, Corporation Cards of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Secretary of the Commonwealth
164. ^{{cite news|work=The Valley Advocate|url=http://valleyadvocate.com/2018/06/06/holyoke-childrens-museum-adds-2000-piece-pez-display-to-collection/|title=Holyoke Children’s Museum adds 2,000-piece Pez display to collection|last=Darmon-Weiss|first=Isabel|date=June 6, 2018}}
165. ^{{cite news|title=Family Matters|date=June 7, 2018|last=Mastriano|first=Pam|work=MassLive|location=Springfield, Mass.|url=https://www.masslive.com/living/index.ssf/2018/06/family_matters_june_7_2018.html}}
166. ^ {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419222705/http://newsite.holyokestpatricksparade.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=16&Itemid=27|date=April 19, 2009}}
167. ^{{cite web|author=Massachusetts |url=http://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2011/03/holyoke_st_patricks_parade_201_1.html |title=Holyoke St. Patrick's Parade 2011: 60th annual parade draws 400,000, attracts first-timers |publisher=masslive.com |date= |accessdate=October 31, 2012}}
168. ^{{cite news|title=Reporters Notebook|author=F. B. M.|page=10C|date=March 23, 1952|work=Springfield Union|quote=...all the parishes of the city were represented in the 35-minute parade which even the bitter bite of March air couldn't chill. How could it, when the skirling of the pipes of the Caledonian Kiltie Band, resplendent in their color kilts, came along?}}
169. ^{{cite book|title=The Scottish Highland Games in America|last=Donaldson|first=Emily|page=110|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oorzjF7ZTzIC&pg=PA110|year=1998|publisher=Pelican Publishing Company}}
170. ^{{cite books|title=Warrior Dreams: Playing Scotsmen in Mainland Europe|page=87|publisher=Manchester University Press|last=Hesse|first=David|year=2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G4s8CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA87}}
171. ^{{cite news|title=Shad Derby|page=26|work=Springfield Union|date=May 14, 1963|location=Springfield, Mass.|quote=The Holyoke Water Power Co. announced this week that plans for the second annual shad derby are nearly completed}}
172. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.wwlp.com/weather/weather-news/final-day-of-the-53rd-annual-holyoke-gas-electric-shad-derby/1189562975|date=May 20, 2018|archive-date=May 31, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180531155434/http://www.wwlp.com/weather/weather-news/final-day-of-the-53rd-annual-holyoke-gas-electric-shad-derby/1189562975|work=WWLP|location=Chicopee, Mass.|title=Final day of the 53rd annual Holyoke Gas & Electric Shad Derby|last=Pagliei|first=Jennifer}}
173. ^{{cite news|title=Old New England-- land of world records|last=Sousa|first=Frank|date=June 4, 1986|work=Springfield Union|location=Springfield, Mass.|page=8|quote=Now along comes Bob Thibodo of Northampton who an landed [sic] 11 pound, four ounce fish taken below the Holyoke Dam, breaking the world record by three ounces. Thibodo weighed the fish at LeWay Bait and Tackle in Belchertown, an official weighing station...The fish did not win the Holyoke Water Power Co. Shad Derby as Bob did not weigh the fish in time.}}
174. ^{{cite web|website=IGFA World Records Database|publisher=The International Game Fish Association|title=shad, american|year=2015|url=http://wrec.igfa.org/WRecordsList.aspx?lc=AllTackle&cn=Shad,%20American|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180531155920/http://wrec.igfa.org/WRecordsList.aspx?lc=AllTackle&cn=Shad,%20American||archive-date=May 31, 2018}}
175. ^{{cite report|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180531154030/http://www.asmfc.org/files/Shad%20SFMPs/CT_ShadSFMPUpdate_Oct2017.pdf|archive-date=May 31, 2018|url=http://www.asmfc.org/files/Shad%20SFMPs/CT_ShadSFMPUpdate_Oct2017.pdf||title=Connecticut River American Shad Sustainable Fishing Plan Update|publisher=Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission; Fisheries Division, Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection|date=August 2017}}
176. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.holyokesunonline.com/pdfs/hs06.22.12.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426144345/http://www.holyokesunonline.com/pdfs/hs06.22.12.pdf |dead-url=yes |archive-date=April 26, 2018 |title=City Shows Its 'Pride' During Rainbow Flag Raising |publisher=The Sun |accessdate=October 31, 2012 }}
177. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2018/06/mayor_alex_morse_will_raise_ra.html|date=June 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180607164046/https://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2018/06/mayor_alex_morse_will_raise_ra.html|archive-date=June 7, 2018|title=Mayor Alex Morse to raise rainbow Pride flag at Holyoke City Hall June 13|last=Plaisance|first=Mike|work=The Republican|location=Springfield, Mass.}}
178. ^{{cite news|title=Laser Beams [AP Photo]|quote=Laser beams cut through the darkness in downtown Holyoke, Mass., during the Celebrate Holyoke festival last weekend|work=The Daily Advocate|page=A10|date=August 26, 1985|location=Stamford, Conn.}}
179. ^{{cite news|title=Two volleyball records created during Celebrate Holyoke festival|date=August 27, 1988|location=Springfield, Mass.|page=4|work=Springfield Union}}
180. ^{{cite news|work=MassLive|location=Springfield, Mass.|url=https://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2017/06/celebrate_holyoke_festival_set.html|last=Plaisance|first=Mike|title=Celebrate Holyoke festival of music, food, arts set for Aug. 25-27, volunteers sought|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614132942/https://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2017/06/celebrate_holyoke_festival_set.html|archive-date=June 14, 2017}}
181. ^{{cite news|work=WWLP|location=Chicopee, Mass.|title=2nd annual 'Taste of South Holyoke' brings residents together for special cause|date=September 23, 2017|url=https://www.wwlp.com/news/local-news/hampden-county/2nd-annual-taste-of-south-holyoke-brings-residents-together-for-special-cause_20180314102922573/1043340228|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180607152759/http://www.wwlp.com/news/local-news/hampden-county/2nd-annual-taste-of-south-holyoke-brings-residents-together-for-special-cause_20180314102922573/1043340228|archive-date=June 7, 2018|last=Molina|first=Hector}}
182. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2017/11/2017_international_volleyball.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119044756/https://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2017/11/2017_international_volleyball.html|archive-date=November 19, 2017|title=2017 Volleyball Hall of Fame ceremonies draw international crowd to Holyoke|last=Murray|first=Mark M.|work=The Republican|location=Springfield, Mass.|publisher=MassLive|access-date=June 10, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}
183. ^{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610000044/http://www.volleyhall.org/hall-of-fame-awards.html|archive-date=June 10, 2018|url=http://www.volleyhall.org/hall-of-fame-awards.html|title=Special Hall of Fame Awards|publisher=International Volleyball Hall of Fame}}
184. ^Holyoke City Hall 5. AlexiusHoratius, [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Holyoke_City_Hall_5.JPG Wikimedia Commons]
185. ^{{Cite web|url = http://newdealartregistry.org/map/CaptainAlezurHolyokeSExploringPartyOnTheConnecticutRiver/HolyokePostOffice/Holyoke/MA/|title = Holyoke Post Office|date = |accessdate = January 28, 2015|website = The New Deal Art Registry|publisher = |last = |first = }}
186. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wistariahurst.org/ |title=An Historic House Museum in Holyoke, Massachusetts |publisher=Wistariahurst |date=October 27, 2012 |accessdate=October 31, 2012}}
187. ^{{cite book|last=Della Penna|first=Craig|title=Holyoke|page=49|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|year=1997}}
188. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.bvcholyoke.nl/vereniging/over-bvc-holyoke/historie |title=Historie |year=2017 |access-date=April 1, 2018 |language=Dutch |trans-title=History|publisher=Belfeldse Volleybalclub (BVC) Holyoke|quote=De Belfeldse Volleybalclub (BVC) Holyoke werd opgericht in 1975. Holyoke is genoemd naar een gelijknamig stadje in Massachusetts (USA) waar volleybal in 1895 "geboren" is.}}
189. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.vvholyoke.nl/index.php/algemeen/historie-algemeen |title=Algemene Informatie |date=October 19, 2015 |access-date=April 1, 2018 |language=Dutch |trans-title=General Information|publisher=Volleybalvereniging Holyoke|quote=Volleybalvereniging Holyoke is opgericht op 12 december 1960. Holyoke is genoemd naar de gelijknamige plaats in de staat Massachusetts in de Verenigde Staten.}}
190. ^{{cite news|title=Valley Blue Sox claim first-ever NECBL championship in Holyoke|last=Maroon|first=Annie|date=August 9, 2017|website=MassLive|url=http://www.masslive.com/sports/2017/08/valley_blue_sox_necbl_champion.html}}
191. ^Historic Northampton {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810040910/http://www.historic-northampton.org/Articles/213/543/1/968946811/ |date=August 10, 2007 }}
192. ^¹{{cite news|title=Baseball proposal floated|last=Constantine|first=Sandra E.|work=Springfield Union-News|date=August 26, 1987|page=8|location=Springfield, Mass.}}
193. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/league.cgi?code=EL&class=AA|title=Eastern League (AA) Encyclopedia and History - Baseball-Reference.com|website=Baseball-Reference.com|access-date=January 24, 2018}}
194. ^{{cite news|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520024801/http://www.masslive.com/chicopeeholyoke/republican/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fnews-11%2F1195028456184080.xml&coll=1|archive-date=May 20, 2011|url=http://www.masslive.com/chicopeeholyoke/republican/index.ssf?/base/news-11/1195028456184080.xml|title=Holyoke Giants leaving|last=DeForge|first=Jeanette|work=Springfield Republican|location=Springfield, Mass.|publisher=MassLive|date=November 14, 2007|access-date=August 1, 2018|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}
195. ^{{cite book|title=Latino Athletes|page=62|last=Friedman|first=Ian C.|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=2007}}
196. ^{{cite news|title=Leitham Stopped by Escobar at Valley Arena|page=1|work=Springfield Republican|date=May 8, 1934|location=Springfield, Mass.}}
197. ^{{cite news|title=Valley Arena lives in Holyoke's heart 50 years after fire|last=Burke|first=Mike|work=The Republican|location=Springfield, Mass.|date=May 22, 2013|url=http://www.masslive.com/living/index.ssf/2013/05/mike_burke_valley_arena_lives_in_holyokes_heart_50_years_after_fire.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150422002752/http://www.masslive.com/living/index.ssf/2013/05/mike_burke_valley_arena_lives_in_holyokes_heart_50_years_after_fire.html|archive-date=April 22, 2015|access-date=February 14, 2018}}
198. ^{{cite book|title=Iron Ambition: My Life with Cus D'Amato|last1=Tyson|first1=Mike|last2=Sloman|first2=Larry|page=365|year=2017|publisher=Penguin}}
199. ^{{cite book|title=The Rise of Mike Tyson, Heavyweight|last=McNeil|first=William F.|publisher=William F. McNeil|pages=66–67|year=2014}}
200. ^{{cite web|title=Sports - Boxing|website=Creating Holyoke|publisher=PassportHolyoke|year=2009|access-date=February 16, 2018|url=http://www.creatingholyoke.org/exhibits/show/community-social-life/sports|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217030747/http://www.creatingholyoke.org/exhibits/show/community-social-life/sports|archive-date=February 17, 2018}}
201. ^{{cite news|title=Golden Gloves returning to Holyoke after 8-year absence|date=December 12, 2012|last=Sypek|first=Frank|work=The Republican|location=Springfield, Mass.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215002456/http://www.masslive.com/sports/2012/12/golden_gloves_returning_to_hol.html|archive-date=February 15, 2018|url=http://www.masslive.com/sports/2012/12/golden_gloves_returning_to_hol.html|access-date=February 14, 2018}}
202. ^{{cite web|title=Western New England Golden Gloves Championship Boxing|publisher=MassMutual Center|year=2018|url=https://www.massmutualcenter.com/events/detail/western-new-england-golden-gloves-championship-boxing|access-date=February 14, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215002707/https://www.massmutualcenter.com/events/detail/western-new-england-golden-gloves-championship-boxing|archive-date=February 15, 2018}}
203. ^{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718092937/http://www.cognizantgolf.com/wyckoff-country-club.html|archive-date=July 18, 2016|url=http://www.cognizantgolf.com/wyckoff-country-club.html|title=Wyckoff Country Club, Holyoke, MA|date=June 2013|website=CognizantGolf.com}}
204. ^{{cite news|date=August 13, 1967|work=Springfield Union|location=Springfield, Mass.|page=55|quote=The new course, under construction since last summer, was made necessary when the state took 22 acres for Route 91. Parts of seven holes, plus the clubhouse, were located on the property lost to the new highway. "I'm elated at the way the course is developing and just amazed at the layout," Marinello declared in praising the work of Al Zikorus, who designed and constructed the compact layout. Zikorus was also the architect for Twin Hills and Elmcrest...Marinello acquired ownership in 1955...|title=It's Almost Tee Time at New Wyckoff Park Course|last=Regan|first=Jeff}}
205. ^{{cite news|title=Golf in Great Favor– Prosperous Clubs in Springfield, Holyoke and Northampton|page=30|date=April 22, 1900|work=Boston Herald|quote=The Holyoke Golf Club is just entering upon its second season. It has one of the best courses in the state at the foot of Mt. Tom, from which has aptly taken its name. The links is pretty rocky in places, however, and it is proposed to do some blasting to get rid of this obnoxious feature}}
206. ^¹²{{cite news|title=Donald Ross the 'King Pin' of American Golf|date=December 26, 1919|page=12|last=Paton|first=Larry|work=Boston Herald}}
207. ^{{cite news|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917033833/https://www.nj.com/golf/index.ssf/2011/08/the_barclays_plainfield_archit.html|archive-date=September 17, 2016|url=https://www.nj.com/golf/index.ssf/2011/08/the_barclays_plainfield_archit.html|title=The Barclays: Plainfield architect Donald Ross' journey had humble beginnings in Boston|work=The Star Ledger|location=Newark, N.J.|quote=after leaving Oakley, Ross arrived at Essex in 1911 to become the new head professional and redesign the existing course|last=Prunty|first=Brendan}}
208. ^{{cite magazine|work=The American Golfer|title=Mt. Tom Golf Club|volume=XIII|page=136|quote=President Wyckoff remarked that the club and the city of Holyoke are to be congratulated in that Donald Ross, the links expert, has made his permanent home in Holyoke, the club, particularly, in having Mr. Ross as chairman of its green committee}}
209. ^{{cite news|title=Banks Is Serving 36th Year as Mount Tom Pro|date=September 7, 1953|page=15|work=Springfield Union|location=Springfield, Mass.}}
210. ^{{cite web|title=City of Holyoke, MA - Assessor's Map|publisher=MapGeo|access-date=July 12, 2018|url=https://holyokema.mapgeo.io}}
211. ^{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712171325/https://www.holyoke.org/departments/parks-and-recreation/#extra5-tab|archive-date=July 12, 2018|title=Parks and Recreation - Parks and Facilities|website=City of Holyoke|url=https://www.holyoke.org/departments/parks-and-recreation/#extra5-tab}}
212. ^{{cite report|title=Recreation Management Plan|publisher=Holyoke Water Works|date=November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215134240/https://www.holyoke.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Section-5.docx|archive-date=December 15, 2016|url=https://www.holyoke.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Section-5.docx}}
213. ^{{cite AV media | date = 9 February 2017 | title = Skiing an Abandoned Ski Resort | via = Youtube | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NTCMdSCJuc8 | publisher = Jacob Stephens}}
214. ^{{cite AV media | date = 2 February 2017 | title = Gone But Not Forgotten: Mt. Tom Ski Area | via = Youtube | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nzTvqCs2-1w | publisher = Connecting Point, WGBY}}
215. ^{{cite news|title=Vandalized Mt. Tom Ski Area sits as wasted opportunity for Holyoke Boys & Girls Club: Barbara Bernard|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905154917/https://www.masslive.com/living/index.ssf/2015/07/vandalized_mt_tom_ski_area_sits_as_wasted_opportunity_for_holyoke_boys_girls_club_regions_young_peop.html|archive-date=September 5, 2015|url=https://www.masslive.com/living/index.ssf/2015/07/vandalized_mt_tom_ski_area_sits_as_wasted_opportunity_for_holyoke_boys_girls_club_regions_young_peop.html|last=Bernard|first=Barbara|work=The Republican|location=Springfield, Mass.}}
216. ^{{cite report|title=City of Holyoke Financial Management Review|date=December 2007|url=https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2016/08/nu/holyoke_0.pdf|publisher=Massachusetts Department of Revenue|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721163332/https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2016/08/nu/holyoke_0.pdf|archive-date=July 21, 2018}}
217. ^[https://library.municode.com/ma/holyoke/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=PTIICOOR_CH50LAEN_ARTIIPODE_S50-34CHPOEADE Holyoke Code of Ordinances], §50-34, Chief of police—Head of department.
218. ^[https://library.municode.com/ma/holyoke/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=PTICHRELE_SPACH_TITIIILEDE_S19ESCOFIDEAPTEPOFICO Holyoke Code of Ordinances], Title III §19, Establishment and composition of fire department, appointment, terms and powers of fire commissioners.
219. ^[https://library.municode.com/ma/holyoke/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=PTICHRELE_SPACH_TITIIELME_S6ELOFFAELVADICLTR Holyoke Code of Ordinances], Title II §6, Election of city officials; failure to elect; vacancies; disability of clerk or treasurer.
220. ^¹{{cite news|title=Morse re-elected in Holyoke; four-year mayoral term approved |work=WWLP |last=Fay |first=Tony |date=November 3, 2015 |url=https://www.wwlp.com/news/local-news/hampden-county/morse-re-elected-in-holyoke-oconnell-conceding-defeat/1042705986 |dead-url=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721173811/https://www.wwlp.com/news/local-news/hampden-county/morse-re-elected-in-holyoke-oconnell-conceding-defeat/1042705986 |archive-date=July 21, 2018}}
221. ^{{cite news|title=Holyoke Mayor Alex Morse swears in for first 4 year term Mayor Morse was sworn in by the city clerk|last=Asiamah|first=Nancy|work=WWLP-22 News|date=January 2, 2018|url=https://www.wwlp.com/news/political-news/holyoke-mayor-alex-morse-swears-in-for-first-4-year-term/1082491659}}
222. ^{{cite news|title=Holyoke Council winners reflect on election, work ahead|last=Plaisance|first=Mike|work=The Republican|location=Springfield, Mass.|date=November 5, 2015|url=https://www.masslive.com/politics/index.ssf/2015/11/holyoke_councilors_winners_ref.html|archive-date=November 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106135307/https://www.masslive.com/politics/index.ssf/2015/11/holyoke_councilors_winners_ref.html}}
223. ^{{cite news|title=First City Election Was the Hottest Ever; W. B. C. Parsons Elected Mayor Over R. P. Crafts—New City Hall More Expensive Than Intended|date=September 2, 1923|work=Springfield Republican|page=6D|location=Springfield, Mass.}}
224. ^{{cite news|title=Board name change sought by aldermen|last=Gonter|first=Nancy H.|work=Springfield Union-News|date=December 31, 1987}}
225. ^[https://library.municode.com/ma/holyoke/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=PTICHRELE_SPACH_TITIIILEDE Holyoke Code of Ordinances], Title III, Legislative Department.
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227. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.boston.com/news/special/politics/2012/general/mass-us-president-election-results-2012.html|title=President - 2012 Massachusetts Election Results|website=Boston.com|language=en|access-date=March 26, 2018}}
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231. ^{{cite news|title=Holyoke belies name; violence shakes up once-tranquil area|date=September 1, 1980|page=15A|work=Dallas Morning News|publisher=UPI|location=Dallas}}
232. ^{{cite news|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004165527/https://www.masslive.com/politics/index.ssf/2017/01/springfield_holyoke_pittsfield_1.html|archive-date=October 4, 2018|url=https://www.masslive.com/politics/index.ssf/2017/01/springfield_holyoke_pittsfield_1.html|last=Schoenberg|first=Shira|publisher=The Republican|location=Springfield, Mass.|date=January 10, 2017|title=Springfield, Holyoke, Pittsfield among 15 Massachusetts communities getting anti-gang violence grants}}
233. ^{{cite web|title=Holyoke Safe Neighborhood Initiative|url=https://shsni.org/|archive-date=August 31, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831090642/https://shsni.org/}}
234. ^{{cite report|title=Holyoke-Chicopee, 2016 Charles E. Shannon Community Safety Initiative|url=https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2017/08/30/Holyoke%20Shannon%20CSI%20Brief.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715050800/https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2017/08/30/Holyoke%20Shannon%20CSI%20Brief.pdf|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2018-07-15|publisher=MA Executive Office of Public Safety and Security}}
235. ^{{cite web|title=Holyoke crime rates and statistics|date=April 8, 2011|website=NeighborhoodScout|url=https://www.neighborhoodscout.com/ma/holyoke/crime|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408014616/https://www.neighborhoodscout.com/ma/holyoke/crime|dead-url=yes|archive-date=April 8, 2011}}
236. ^{{cite web|title=Holyoke crime rates and statistics|access-date=January 30, 2019|website=NeighborhoodScout|url=https://www.neighborhoodscout.com/ma/holyoke/crime|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130051350/http://www.neighborhoodscout.com/ma/holyoke/crime/|dead-url=yes|archive-date=January 30, 2019}}
237. ^Ryan, Carolyn. "A Newspaper Grows in Holyoke". CommonWealth magazine, Fall 1996.
238. ^{{cite news|title=¡10 Años! Seguimos Siendo Un Periódico Diferente|trans-title=10 Years! We Continue to be A Different Kind of Newspaper|page=2|date=November 2014|work=El Sol Latino|location=Amherst, Mass.}}
239. ^{{cite book|chapter=The Rise of Spanish-Language Newspapers|page=53|quote=In addition there are presently thousands of weekly and monthly community oriented publications that serve local Latina/o readers in the United States, for example El Sol Latino, dialogo Bilingüe, and Elité all serve the rural Latino communities across Western Massachusetts|last=Valdivia|first=Angharad|year=2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a_-tyPXN4nwC&pg=PA53|title=Latina/o Communication Studies Today}}
240. ^{{cite thesis |last=Haebler |first=Peter |date=1976 |title=Habitants in Holyoke: The Development of the French-Canadian Community in a Massachusetts City, 1865 - 1910 |type=PhD |chapter= |publisher=University of New Hampshire |docket= |oclc=163261568 |url= |access-date=|page=255}}
241. ^{{cite web|url=https://lccn.loc.gov/sn86071595|title=Gwiazda = Polish weekly-star|website=Library of Congress Online Catalog|publisher=Library of Congress}}
242. ^{{cite book|last=Wepsiec|first=Jan|title=Polish American serial publications, 1842–1966: an annotated bibliography|year=1968|oclc=433340}}
243. ^{{cite news|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227025354/http://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2014/05/holyoke_searches_for_downtown.html|archive-date=February 27, 2015|title=Holyoke searches for downtown space for new public access cable TV station|url=http://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2014/05/holyoke_searches_for_downtown.html|work=MassLive|date=May 22, 2014}}
244. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/search/title?locations=Holyoke,%20Massachusetts,%20USA&ref_=ttloc_loc_2|title=Holyoke, Massachusetts|website=IMDb|access-date=July 9, 2018}}
245. ^{{cite new|last=Flynn|first=Anne-Gerard|title=Holyoke Medical Center stroke program earns five awards|work=The Republican|location=Springfield, Mass.|date= June 27, 2018|url=https://www.masslive.com/living/index.ssf/2018/06/holyoke_medical_center_stroke_program_earns_five_awards.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627231941/https://www.masslive.com/living/index.ssf/2018/06/holyoke_medical_center_stroke_program_earns_five_awards.html|archive-date=June 27, 2018}}
246. ^{{cite web|title=Accreditations & Awards|publisher=Holyoke Medical Center|url=https://www.holyokehealth.com/About-Us/Accreditations-Awards|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712025003/https://www.holyokehealth.com/About-Us/Accreditations-Awards|archive-date=July 12, 2018|access-date=July 12, 2018}}
247. ^{{cite news|title=Providence Behavioral Health adds in-patient 'step-down' unit to addiction services|first=Anne-Gerard|last=Flynn|work=The Republican|location=Springfield, Mass.|date=January 27, 2017|url=https://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2017/01/providence_behavioral_health_adds_in-patient_step-down_unit_to_addiction_services.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712025222/https://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2017/01/providence_behavioral_health_adds_in-patient_step-down_unit_to_addiction_services.html|archive-date=July 12, 2018}}
248. ^{{cite book|title=Seeds of Hope: The History of the Sisters of Providence, Holyoke, Massachusetts|year=1999|publisher=The Sisters of Providence of Holyoke|last1=Liptak|last2=Bennett|first1=Dolores Ann|first2=Grace|oclc=43637892}}
249. ^{{cite news|title=Holyoke Soldiers’ Home Receives High Marks from Department of Veterans Affairs|website=Mass.gov|last=Baker|first=Charlie|date=May 10, 2018|url=https://www.mass.gov/news/holyoke-soldiers-home-receives-high-marks-from-department-of-veterans-affairs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522120939/https://www.mass.gov/news/holyoke-soldiers-home-receives-high-marks-from-department-of-veterans-affairs|archive-date=May 22, 2018}}
250. ^{{cite web|title=Holyoke Gas & Electric Department- Telecommunications Division|dead-url=yes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990127150630/http://www.hged.com/telecom.html|archive-date=January 27, 1999|url=http://www.hged.com:80/telecom.html|publisher=City of Holyoke|access-date=November 28, 2018|df=mdy-all}}
251. ^{{cite web|title=Utility Infrastructure and Environmental Remediation- Telecommunication Infrastructure|publisher=MGHPCC|archive-date=February 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216075802/https://www.mghpcc.org/community/utility-infrastructure-and-environmental-remediation/|url=https://www.mghpcc.org/community/utility-infrastructure-and-environmental-remediation/}}
252. ^{{cite web|title=Why Holyoke?|publisher=MGHPCC|archive-date=February 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216075732/https://www.mghpcc.org/about/faqs/why-holyoke/|url=https://www.mghpcc.org/about/faqs/why-holyoke/}}
253. ^{{cite news|work=BusinessWest.com|title=Speed of Light; Chicopee Electric Light Partners with HG&E to Offer Fiber Optic Internet Service|date=March 19, 2007|url=https://businesswest.com/blog/speed-of-light/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027042553/https://businesswest.com/blog/speed-of-light/|archive-date=October 27, 2018}}
254. ^{{cite letter|recipient=Anne Marie Enoch|last=Angelica|first=John|subject=Construction and Maintenance of New Marlborough FTTH|url=http://www.newmarlboroughma.gov/Pages/NewMarlboroughMA_WebDocs/Broadband%20Information/Cover%20Letter%202%20Collins.pdf|date=January 4, 2016|publisher=Town of New Marlborough|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131015542/http://www.newmarlboroughma.gov/Pages/NewMarlboroughMA_WebDocs/Broadband%20Information/Cover%20Letter%202%20Collins.pdf|archive-date=January 31, 2017}}
255. ^{{cite news|archive-date=October 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027051208/https://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2018/02/free_citywide_wifi_sought_by_h.html|url=https://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2018/02/free_citywide_wifi_sought_by_h.html|title=Free citywide Wi-Fi discussion sought by Holyoke Council|last=Plaisance|first=Mike|publisher=The Republican|location=Springfield, Mass.|date=February 6, 2018}}
256. ^{{cite news|work=Community Networks|date=January 21, 2016|title=Grassroots Springing Up In Holyoke, Massachusetts|url=https://muninetworks.org/content/grassroots-springing-holyoke-massachusetts|archive-date=October 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027051512/https://muninetworks.org/content/grassroots-springing-holyoke-massachusetts}}
257. ^{{cite news|last1=Brown|first1=Karen|title=Holyoke Gets Train Stop After 50-Year Absence|url=http://nepr.net/news/2015/08/28/holyoke-gets-train-stop-after-50-year-absence/|accessdate=September 13, 2015|work=New England Public Radio|date=August 28, 2015}}
258. ^{{cite web|url=https://trainsinthevalley.org/2018/06/12/rail-news-roundup-14/|title=Rail News Roundup 14|website=Trains in the Valley|date=June 12, 2018|archive-date=June 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624010250/https://trainsinthevalley.org/2018/06/12/rail-news-roundup-14/}}
259. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.courant.com/breaking-news/hc-massachusetts-plans-to-expand-commuter-rail-north-of-springfield-0613-story.html|title=Massachusetts Plans To Expand Commuter Trains North Of Springfield In 2019|newspaper=Hartford Courant|location=Hartford, CT|last=Owens|first=David|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614195423/http://www.courant.com/breaking-news/hc-massachusetts-plans-to-expand-commuter-rail-north-of-springfield-0613-story.html|archive-date=June 14, 2018}}
260. ^{{cite map|title=Pioneer Valley Railroad|publisher=Pinsly Railroad Company|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030032441/http://www.pinsly.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/PVRR_map.pdf|archive-date=October 30, 2018|url=http://www.pinsly.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/PVRR_map.pdf}}
261. ^{{cite news|title=Fall foliage train ride from Holyoke to Westfield ready to board|last=Urban|first=Cori|date=October 2, 2018|work=The Republican|location=Springfield, Mass.|url=https://www.masslive.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2018/10/fall_foliage_train_ride_from_h.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002190623/https://www.masslive.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2018/10/fall_foliage_train_ride_from_h.html|archive-date=October 2, 2018}}
262. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2017/12/santa_claus_coming_to_holyoke.html|title=Santa Claus coming to Holyoke Saturday with parade, lighting of City Hall Christmas tree|date=December 1, 2017|work=The Republican|location=Springfield, Mass.|last=Plaisance|first=Mike|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202022445/http://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2017/12/santa_claus_coming_to_holyoke.html|archive-date=December 2, 2017}}
263. ^{{cite web|title=Holyoke|url=http://www.walkscore.com/MA/Holyoke|work=Walk Score|publisher=Walk Score|accessdate=July 18, 2015}}
264. ^{{cite web|title=Rock Valley, Holyoke|url=https://www.walkscore.com/score/rock-valley-holyoke-ma|work=Walk Score|publisher=Walk Score|accessdate=July 18, 2015}}
265. ^{{cite web|title=Downtown Holyoke|url=https://www.walkscore.com/score/downtown-holyoke|work=Walk Score|publisher=Walk Score|accessdate=July 18, 2015}}
266. ^{{cite new|title=Holyoke opens Canal Walk Phase II, including bridge over Second Level Canal|last=Kinney|first=Jim|date=October 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315041711/https://www.masslive.com/business-news/index.ssf/2015/10/holyoke_cuts_ribbon_opens_phase_ii_of_it.html|archive-date=March 15, 2016|url=https://www.masslive.com/business-news/index.ssf/2015/10/holyoke_cuts_ribbon_opens_phase_ii_of_it.html}}
267. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/superfund/search-superfund-sites-where-you-live |title=Search for Superfund Sites Where You Live |date=August 12, 2016|publisher=U.S. EPA |accessdate=October 6, 2016}}
268. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.westernmassnews.com/story/15000818/holyoke-residents-rally-for-clean-air-protections?clienttype=printable |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006132320/http://www.westernmassnews.com/story/15000818/holyoke-residents-rally-for-clean-air-protections?clienttype=printable|archive-date=October 6, 2016|title=Holyoke residents rally for clean air protections |date=Jun 29, 2011|publisher=Western Mass News |access-date=October 6, 2016}}
269. ^{{cite news|last1=TUTHILL|first1=PAUL|title=Study Shows Health Benefits Of Power Plant Standards|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090819/http://wamc.org/post/study-shows-health-benefits-power-plant-standards|archive-date=March 4, 2016|url=http://wamc.org/post/study-shows-health-benefits-power-plant-standards|accessdate=May 9, 2015|publisher=WAMC Northeast Public Radio}}
270. ^{{cite news|last1=Plaisance|first1=Mike|title=Mount Tom Solar Farm groundbreaking at former Holyoke coal-burner set for Oct. 13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006133702/http://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2016/09/mount_tom_solar_farm_groundbre.html|archive-date=October 6, 2016|url=http://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2016/09/mount_tom_solar_farm_groundbre.html|accessdate=October 6, 2015|publisher=MassLive, Advance Digital}}
271. ^{{cite report|publisher=Conway School of Landscape Design|date=May 2, 2018|page=53|url=https://issuu.com/conwaydesign/docs/2018_holyoke_winterfinalset_issuu|title=Open Space and Recreation Plan for Holyoke, 2019-2025}}
272. ^{{cite web|title=Wildlife|publisher=Holyoke Gas & Electric|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728193144/http://www.hged.com/community-environment/environment/Wildlife/Default.aspx|archive-date=July 28, 2018|url=http://www.hged.com/community-environment/environment/Wildlife/Default.aspx}}
273. ^{{cite news|title=Bear wanders into downtown Holyoke, climbs a tree|url=https://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2018/04/bear_wanders_into_downtown_hol.html|date=April 24, 2018|last=Williams|first=Michelle|work=The Republican|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728193417/https://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2018/04/bear_wanders_into_downtown_hol.html|archive-date=July 28, 2018}}
274. ^{{cite web|author=Plaisance, Mike|url=http://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2014/04/holyoke_sister-city_relationsh.html|title=Former Holyoke mayor Daniel Szostkiewicz recalls Ukraine trip|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018050713/http://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2014/04/holyoke_sister-city_relationsh.html|archive-date=October 18, 2016|date=April 1, 2014|accessdate=October 18, 2016}}
275. ^{{cite web|author=Plaisance, Mike|url=http://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2017/04/exchange_program_linking_holyo.html|title=School exchange program linking Holyoke, Tralee, Ireland benefit of sister-city relationship: Mayor Alex Morse|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426142811/http://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2017/04/exchange_program_linking_holyo.html|archive-date=April 26, 2017|date=April 26, 2014|accessdate=August 18, 2016}}
276. ^{{cite news|title=Visiting Snow-Shoe Clubs, Welcomed at the Paper City—A Cordial Reception at the City Hall with Speeches and Responses|work=Springfield Republican|location=Springfield, Mass.|date=January 26, 1888|page=5}}
277. ^{{cite news|title=Snowshoe Clubs Honored; How the French Residents of Holyoke Received Their Canadian Friends|work=New York Herald|location=New York|date=January 26, 1888|page=9}}
278. ^{{cite news|title=Snow Shoe Clubs at Holyoke|work=Boston Herald|date=January 26, 1888|page=2}}
279. ^Boorman, Harvard L., editor, [https://books.google.com/books?redir_esc=y&id=KWHREtBHNqYC&q= Biographical Dictionary of the Republic of China], "Ch’en Chin-t’ao", Columbia University Press, New York, 1967. I:170:173.
280. ^{{cite news|title=Visiting Holyoke Mills; Chintao Chen, Representative of the Chinese Government, Making a Special Study of the Paper Industry of Holyoke|work=Springfield Republican|page=13|date=May 24, 1906|location=Springfield, Mass.}}
281. ^{{cite journal|journal=Journal of Race Development (The Journal of International Relations/Foreign Affairs)|volume=4|issue=1|page=103|title=The Relation of the Returned Students to the Chinese Revolution|last=Tsao|first=Y. S.|quote=Very few students from Europe and America were members of the 'Tung Men Hwei,' [sic] and judging from their actions only Mr. C. T. Wang, Drs. Chen Hui Wang and Chintao Chen from Yale were the only possible ones|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LN2Aa5DnYYYC&pg=PA103&lpg=PA103}}
282. ^{{cite magazine|title=Flood Prevention in China|quote=Dr. Chen Chin-Tao is now on his way to America to represent his country in negotiations [for $20,000,000 of bonds for engineering work to prevent floods in the Huai River Valley]|page=63|volume=2|issue=5|magazine=Santa Fe Trail Magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=apJFAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA3-PA63|date=May 1914}}
283. ^{{cite journal|journal=American Journal of International Law; Supplement- Official Documents|page=117|title=Exchange of Notes- Memorandum handed by the Japanese Minister to Dr. Chen Chintao, Acting Minister of Foreign Affairs|volume=11|year=1917|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E3YLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA117}}
284. ^{{cite news|title=Irish Envoys at Holyoke; an Enthusiastic Reception|date=November 10, 1906|page=7|work=Springfield Republican|location=Springfield, Mass.}}
285. ^{{cite magazine|magazine=The American Magazine of Art|volume=XII|number=1|date=January 1921|title=Rural Town Planning in France|last=Ford|first=George B.|publisher=American Federation of Arts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4D8EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA4|quote=Apremont in the Meuse which used to be such a thriving village, now only knee high, is receiving a community center building from the school children of Holyoke, Mass.}}
286. ^{{cite web|website=Den Grooten Oorlog Battlefield Tours|title=St. Mihiel in beeld|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519060652/http://www.dengrootenoorlog.nl/NL/stmbeeld5.htm|archive-date=May 19, 2018|url=http://www.dengrootenoorlog.nl/NL/stmbeeld5.htm|language=Dutch}}
287. ^{{cite magazine|magazine=The American Legion Weekly|volume=IV|title=Back in St. Mihiel|last=Woollcott|first=Alexander|date=September 8, 1922|page=8|quote=At Apremont, however, the chief gift from Holyoke is no monument, but what the French themselves would call something 'plus pratique.' It is the entire water system, modern and complete...It has even been adjusted so that water can be piped into each of the new houses as they go up|url=https://archive.org/stream/americanlegionwe436amer#page/6/mode/2up}}
288. ^{{cite news|work=Springfield Republican|location=Springfield, Mass.|date=June 6, 1930|title=Apremont Way Between Holyoke and Westfield Is Formally Dedicated|quote=[In a letter from the mayor of Apremont] 'I can never thank too much,' it read, 'in the name of the commune of Apremont La Forget [sic] the brave soldiers of the 26th American division and especially the 104th infantry, who really contributed to the deliverance of our village...we have never forgotten you here–everything is a reminder of your generous presence. The village square is named Place d'Holyoke, in memory of the city of that name...the main street is the Rue Belle Skinner, given this honor in memory of the great friend of the commune, a woman with a big heart}}
289. ^{{cite AV media | people = Alex B. Morse, Carmen Yulín Cruz | date = 28 April 2018 | title = Mayor Carmen Yulin Cruz Receives the Key to the City | via = Youtube | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XP6YdBR7C04&t=4m32s | publisher = Holyoke Media}}
290. ^{{cite news|last=Guerra|first=Cristela|title=San Juan, P.R., mayor lifts up young women in Holyoke|date=April 26, 2018|work=Boston Globe|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2018/04/25/san-juan-mayor-lifts-young-women-holyoke/JDNIbGuuqFRUlGPoc7gMCI/story.html}}