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词条 Colgan Air Flight 3407
释义

  1. Flight details

  2. Crash

  3. Victims

  4. Reactions

  5. Investigation

     Final report 

  6. Legacy

  7. In popular culture

  8. See also

  9. References

  10. External links

{{short description|2009 aviation accident in the US}}{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2019}}{{Infobox aircraft occurrence
| image = Continental Connection Bombardier Q400.jpg
| image_size = 300
| alt = A similar Q400 aircraft
| caption = A Dash-8 Q400 similar to the aircraft involved
| occurrence_type = Accident
| date = {{start date|2009|02|12}}
| summary = Stalled during landing approach; crashed into house[1]
| site = Clarence Center, New York, United States
| coordinates = {{Coord|43.0116|-78.6391|type:event_region:US-NY|display=inline,title}}
| total_fatalities = 50
| aircraft_type = Bombardier DHC8-402 Q400
| aircraft_name =
| operator = {{nowrap|Colgan Air
d/b/a Continental Connection}}
| tail_number = N200WQ
| origin = Newark Liberty International Airport, Newark, New Jersey
| stopover =
| stopover0 =
| last_stopover =
| destination = Buffalo Niagara International Airport, Buffalo, New York
| passengers = 45
| crew = 4
| fatalities = 49
| injuries =
| missing =
| survivors = 0
| ground_fatalities = 1
| ground_injuries = 4
| occupants = 49
}}Colgan Air Flight 3407, marketed as Continental Connection under a codeshare agreement with Continental Airlines, was a scheduled passenger flight from Newark, New Jersey, to Buffalo, New York, which crashed on February 12, 2009. The aircraft, a Bombardier Dash-8 Q400, entered an aerodynamic stall from which it did not recover and crashed into a house in Clarence Center, New York at 10:17 p.m. EST (03:17 UTC), killing all 49 passengers and crew on board, as well as one person inside the house.[2]

The National Transportation Safety Board conducted the accident investigation and published a final report on February 2, 2010, which found the probable cause to be the pilots' inappropriate response to the stall warnings.[3] As of 2019, Flight 3407 is the most recent aviation incident resulting in mass casualties involving a U.S.-based airline.[3][4]

Families of the accident victims lobbied the U.S. Congress to enact more stringent regulations for regional carriers, and to improve the scrutiny of safe operating procedures and the working conditions of pilots. Although it did nothing to address the specific causes of the crash{{snd}}improper stall recovery technique and pilot fatigue{{snd}}the Airline Safety and Federal Aviation Administrative Extension Act of 2010 (Public Law 111-216) required some of these regulation changes.[5]

Flight details

{{Location map many
| New York
| relief = 1
| width =
| caption = A map showing the locations of the Newark Liberty International Airport (EWR); Buffalo Niagara International Airport (BUF); and Clarence Center, the location of the crash site.
| alt = Location of departure and destination airports
|
| label1 = EWR
| label1_size =
| position1 =
| background1 =
| mark1 = Airplane silhouette.svg
| mark1size =
| link1 =
| lat1_deg = 40
| lat1_min = 41
| lat1_sec = 33
| lat1_dir = N
| lon1_deg = 74
| lon1_min = 10
| lon1_sec = 07
| lon1_dir = W
|
| label2 = Crash site
| label2_size =
| position2 =
| background2 =
| mark2 = City locator 9.svg
| mark2size =
| link2 =
| lat2_deg = 43
| lat2_min = 00
| lat2_sec = 41.77
| lat2_dir = N
| lon2_deg = 78
| lon2_min = 38
| lon2_sec = 20.54
| lon2_dir = W
|
| label3 = BUF
| label3_size =
| position3 = bottom
| background3 =
| mark3 = Airplane silhouette.svg
| mark3size =
| link3 =
| lat3_deg = 42
| lat3_min = 56
| lat3_sec = 26
| lat3_dir = N
| lon3_deg = 78
| lon3_min = 43
| lon3_sec = 56
| lon3_dir = W
}}

Colgan Air Flight 3407 (9L/CJC 3407) was marketed as Continental Connection Flight 3407. It was delayed two hours, departing at 9:18 p.m. Eastern Standard Time (EST; 02:18 UTC), en route from Newark Liberty International Airport to Buffalo Niagara International Airport.[6]

The twin-engine turboprop Bombardier Dash 8 Q400, FAA registry N200WQ, was manufactured in 2008 for Colgan.[7]

This was the first fatal accident for a Colgan Air passenger flight since the company was founded in 1991. One previous ferry flight (no passengers) crashed offshore of Massachusetts in August 2003, killing both of the crew on board. The only prior accident involving a Colgan Air passenger flight occurred at LaGuardia Airport, when another plane collided with the Colgan aircraft while taxiing, resulting in minor injuries to a flight attendant.[8]

Captain Marvin Renslow, 47, of Lutz, Florida, was the pilot in command, and Rebecca Lynne Shaw, 24, of Maple Valley, Washington, served as the first officer.[9][10][11] There were two flight attendants: Matilda Quintero and Donna Prisco. Captain Renslow was hired in September 2005 and had accumulated 3,379 total flight hours, with 111 hours as captain on the Q400. First Officer Shaw was hired in January 2008, and had 2,244 hours, 774 of them in turbine aircraft including the Q400.[12]

There were two Canadian passengers, one Chinese passenger, and one Israeli passenger on board. The remaining 41 passengers, as well as the crew members, were American.[14]

Nationality Passengers Crew Ground Total
Canada 2 0 0 2
China 1 0 0 1
Israel 1 0 0 1
U.S. 41 4 1 46
Total454150

Crash

Shortly after the flight was cleared for the runway 23 instrument landing system approach to Buffalo Niagara International Airport, it disappeared from radar. The weather consisted of light snow and fog with wind of {{convert|15|knots}}. The de-icing system had been turned on 11 minutes after takeoff. Shortly before the crash, the pilots discussed significant ice buildup on the aircraft's wings and windshield.[13][14][15] Two other aircraft reported icing conditions around the time of the crash.

The last radio transmission from the flight occurred when the first officer acknowledged a routine instruction to change to tower frequency. The plane was {{convert|3.0|mi|km|sigfig=2|sp=us}} northeast of the radio beacon KLUMP (see diagram) at that time. The crash occurred 41 seconds after that last transmission. Since ATC approach control was unable to get any further response from the flight, the assistance of Delta Air Lines Flight 1998 and US Airways Flight 1452 was requested. Neither was able to spot the missing plane.[16][17][18][19][20]

Following the clearance for final approach, landing gear and flaps (5 degrees) were extended. The flight data recorder (FDR) indicated the airspeed had slowed to {{convert|145|kn|km/h}}.[3] The captain then called for the flaps to be increased to 15 degrees. The airspeed continued to slow to {{convert|135|kn|km/h}}. Six seconds later, the aircraft's stick shaker activated, warning of an impending stall as the speed continued to slow to {{convert|131|kn|km/h}}. The captain responded by abruptly pulling back on the control column, followed by increasing thrust to 75% power, instead of lowering the nose and applying full power, which was the proper stall recovery technique. That improper action pitched the nose up even further, increasing both the g-load and the stall speed. The stick pusher activated ("The Q400 stick pusher applies an airplane-nose-down control column input to decrease the wing angle-of-attack [AOA] after an aerodynamic stall"),[3] but the captain overrode the stick pusher and continued pulling back on the control column. The first officer retracted the flaps without consulting the captain, making recovery even more difficult.[21]

In its final moments, the aircraft pitched up 31 degrees, then pitched down 25 degrees, then rolled left 46 degrees and snapped back to the right at 105 degrees. Occupants aboard experienced g-forces estimated at nearly 2 G's. The crew made no emergency declaration as they rapidly lost altitude and crashed into a private home at 6038 Long Street,[22] about {{convert|5|mi|km|sigfig=2|sp=us}} from the end of the runway, with the nose pointed away from the airport. The aircraft burst into flames as the fuel tanks ruptured on impact, destroying the house of Douglas and Karen Wielinski, and most of the plane. Douglas was killed; his wife Karen and their daughter Jill managed to escape with minor injuries. There was very little damage to surrounding homes, even though the lots in that area are only 60 feet (18.3 meters) wide.[23] The home was close to the Clarence Center Fire Company, so emergency personnel were able to respond quickly. Two of the firefighters were injured. Twelve nearby houses were evacuated.[14][20][24][25][26][27][28]

Victims

A total of 50 people died, including the 49 passengers and crew on board when the aircraft was destroyed, and one resident of the house that was struck. There were four injuries on the ground, including two other people inside the home at the time of the crash. Among the dead were:

  • Alison Des Forges, a human rights investigator and an expert on the Rwandan genocide.[29][30]
  • Beverly Eckert, who became co-chair of the 9/11 Family Steering Committee and a leader of Voices of September 11 after her husband Sean Rooney was killed in the September 11 attacks. She was en route to Buffalo to celebrate her husband's 58th birthday and award a scholarship in his memory at Canisius High School.[29][31][32]
  • Gerry Niewood and Coleman Mellett, jazz musicians who were en route to a concert with Chuck Mangione and the Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra.[29]
  • Susan Wehle, the first American female Jewish Renewal cantor.[33]

Reactions

  • Colgan Air set up a telephone number for families and friends of those affected to call on February 13, and a family assistance center was opened at the Cheektowaga Senior Center in Cheektowaga CDP, Town of Cheektowaga, New York.[34][35] The American Red Cross also opened reception centers in Buffalo and Newark where family members could receive support from mental health and spiritual care workers.[36]
  • During the afternoon, the U.S. House of Representatives held a moment of silence for the victims and their families.[37]
  • Buffalo's professional ice hockey team, the Buffalo Sabres, held a moment of silence prior to their scheduled game the next night against the San Jose Sharks.[38]
  • The University at Buffalo (UB), which lost 11 passengers who were former employees, faculty or alumni, and 12 who were family members of faculty, employees, students or alumni in the crash, also held a remembrance service on February 17, 2009.[39][40] A band with the flight number was worn on UB players' uniforms for the remainder of the basketball season.
  • Buffalo State College's 11th President Muriel Howard released a statement regarding the six alumni lost on Flight 3407. Beverly Eckert was a 1975 graduate from Buffalo State.[41]
  • On March 4, 2009, New York Governor David Paterson proposed the creation of a scholarship fund to benefit children and financial dependents of the 50 crash victims. The Flight 3407 Memorial Scholarship would cover costs for up to four years of undergraduate study at a SUNY or CUNY school, or a private college or university in New York State.[42]
  • The accident was the basis for a PBS Frontline episode on the regional airline industry. Discussed in the episode were issues relating to regional airline regulation, training requirements, safety, and working conditions.[43] Also discussed were the operating principles of regional airlines and the agreements between regional airlines and major airlines.[44]

Investigation

The U.S. National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) began their inquiry on February 13, with a team of 14 investigators.[17][18][45] Both the flight data recorder (FDR) and the cockpit voice recorder (CVR) were recovered and analyzed in Washington, D.C.[20][46]

Data extracted from the FDR revealed the aircraft went through severe pitch and roll oscillations shortly after the extension of flaps and landing gear, which was followed by the activation of the "stick shaker" stall warning system. The aircraft fell {{convert|800|ft|m}} and then crashed on a northeast heading, opposite of the approach heading to the airport. Occupants experienced estimated accelerations of up to 2 g prior to impact.[14][20][27][47][48]

Freezing temperatures made it difficult to access crash debris. Portable heaters were used to melt ice left in the wake of the firefighting efforts. Human remains were carefully removed, and then finally identified, over a period of several weeks. The cockpit had sustained the greatest impact force, while the main cabin was mostly destroyed by the ensuing fire. Passengers in the rear section were still strapped in their seats.[27][47][49]

The autopilot was in control until it automatically disconnected when the stall warning stick shaker activated. The NTSB found no evidence of severe icing conditions, which would have required the pilots to fly manually.[50] Colgan recommended its pilots to fly manually in icing conditions, and required them to do so in severe icing conditions. In December 2008, the NTSB issued a safety bulletin about the danger of keeping the autopilot engaged during icing conditions. Flying the plane manually was essential to ensure pilots would be able to detect changes in the handling characteristics of the airplane, which are a warning sign of ice accumulation.[51][52][53]

After the captain reacted inappropriately to the stick shaker stall warning, the stick pusher activated. As designed, it pushed the nose down when it sensed a stall was imminent, but the captain again reacted improperly and overrode that additional safety device by pulling back again on the control column, causing the plane to stall and crash.[54] Bill Voss, president of Flight Safety Foundation, told USA Today that it sounded like the plane was in "a deep stall situation".[55]

On May 11, 2009, information was released about Captain Renslow's training record. According to an article in The Wall Street Journal, before joining Colgan he had failed three "check rides", including some at Gulfstream International's training program, and "people close to the investigation" suggested that he might not have been adequately trained to respond to the emergency that led to the airplane's fatal descent.[56] Investigators examined possible crew fatigue. The captain appeared to have been at Newark airport overnight, prior to the day of the 9:18 pm departure of the accident flight. The first officer commuted from Seattle to Newark on an overnight flight.[57][58] These findings during the investigation led the FAA to issue a "Call to Action" for improvements in the practices of regional carriers.[59]

Another press report said that the pilot had failed five prior tests, and also alleged "flirtatious" conversation in the cockpit between the pilot and the much-younger First Officer.[60]

In response to questioning from the NTSB, Colgan Air officials acknowledged both pilots apparently were not paying close attention to the aircraft's instruments and did not properly follow the airline's procedures for handling an impending stall. "I believe Capt. Renslow did have intentions of landing safely at Buffalo, as well as first officer Shaw, but obviously in those last few moments ... the flight instruments were not being monitored, and that's an indication of a lack of situational awareness," said John Barrett, Colgan's director of flight standards.[61]

The official transcript of the crew's communication, obtained from the CVR, as well as an animated depiction of the crash, constructed using data from the FDR, were made available to the public on May 12, 2009. Some of the crew's communication violated federal rules banning nonessential conversation.[62]

On June 3, 2009, The New York Times published an article detailing complaints about Colgan's operations from an FAA inspector who observed test flights in January 2008.[63] As in a previous FAA incident handling other inspectors' complaints, the Colgan inspector's complaints were deferred and the inspector was demoted.[63] The incident is under investigation by the Office of Special Counsel, the agency responsible for U.S. Government federal whistle-blower complaints.

Final report

On February 2, 2010, the NTSB issued its final report, describing the details of its investigation that led to 46 specific conclusions.

Among those conclusions were the fact that both the Captain and the first officer responded to the stall warning in a manner contrary to their training. The NTSB could not explain why the first officer retracted the flaps and suggested that the landing gear should also be retracted, though it did find that the current approach-stall training was not adequate:

{{quote|The current air carrier approach-to-stall training did not fully prepare the flight crew for an unexpected stall in the Q400 and did not address the actions that are needed to recover from a fully developed stall.}}

Those findings were immediately followed by the Board's "Probable Cause" statement:

{{quote|The captain's inappropriate response to the activation of the stick shaker, which led to an aerodynamic stall from which the airplane did not recover. Contributing to the accident were (1) the flight crew's failure to monitor airspeed in relation to the rising position of the low-speed cue, (2) the flight crew's failure to adhere to sterile cockpit procedures, (3) the captain's failure to effectively manage the flight, and (4) Colgan Air's inadequate procedures for airspeed selection and management during approaches in icing conditions.[57]{{rp|155}}}}

NTSB Chairman Deborah Hersman, while concurring, made it clear that she considered fatigue to be a contributing factor. She compared the twenty years that fatigue had remained on the NTSB's Most Wanted List of transportation safety improvements, during which there was no meaningful action taken by regulators in response, to the changes in tolerance for alcohol over the same period, noting that the impact on performance from fatigue and alcohol were similar.[57]{{rp|161–170}}

However, Vice Chairman Christopher A. Hart and Board Member Robert L. Sumwalt, III dissented on the inclusion of fatigue as a contributing factor, on the grounds that there was not enough evidence to support such a conclusion. It was noted that the same kind of pilot errors and standard operating procedure violations had been found in other accidents where fatigue was not a factor.[57]{{rp|171–173}}

{{quote|To state that fatigue was a contributing factor, and thus part of the probable cause, would be inconsistent with the above finding and would, therefore, disrupt this flow of logic. I did not feel, therefore – nor did the Board's majority – that we had sufficient information or evidence to conclude that fatigue should be part of the probable cause of this accident.[57]{{rp|171–173}}}}

Legacy

The FAA has proposed or implemented several rule changes as a result of the Flight 3407 accident, in areas ranging from pilot fatigue to Airline Transport Pilot Certificate (ATP) qualifications of up to 1500 hours of flight experience prior to hiring.[64] One of the most significant changes has already taken effect, changing the way examiners grade checkrides in flight simulators during stalls.[65]

Investigators also scrutinized the Practical Test Standards (PTS) for ATP certification, which allowed for an altitude loss of no more than 100 feet (30 m) in a simulated stall. The NTSB theorized that due to this low tolerance in a tested simulation environment, pilots may have come to fear loss of altitude in a stall and thus focused primarily on preventing such a loss, even to the detriment of recovering from the stall itself. New standards subsequently issued by the FAA eliminate any specific altitude loss stipulation, calling instead for "minimal loss of elevation" in a stall. One examiner has told an aviation magazine that he is not allowed to fail any applicant for losing altitude in a simulated stall, so long as the pilot is able to regain the original altitude. This is not unusual since the standard recovery procedures for recovering from a stall involve trading some altitude for speed, and this is why it is considered much more important to not stall in the first place at low altitude.[65]

On February 12, 2019 (the 10th anniversary of the crash), a remembrance ceremony started.[66][67]

In popular culture

The Cineflix/National Geographic series Mayday featured the incident in the fourth episode of Season 10, titled Dead Tired.[68]

See also

{{Portal|2000s|Aviation|Disasters|New York}}
  • Icing conditions in aviation
  • United Express Flight 6291
  • Air France Flight 447{{snd}}a similar accident caused by an aerodynamic stall
  • China Airlines Flight 140{{snd}}a similar accident caused by an aerodynamic stall
  • China Airlines Flight 676 {{snd}}a similar accident caused by an aerodynamic stall
  • West Caribbean Airways Flight 708 {{snd}}a similar accident caused by a deep stall
  • Korean Air Flight 801 and Korean Air Flight 803, other accidents involving pilot fatigue{{Clear}}

References

1. ^ https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20090212-0 Retrieved December 17, 2018
2. ^Update on NTSB investigation into crash of Colgan Air Dash-8 near Buffalo, New York NTSB advisory, March 25, 2009 "The data indicate a likely separation of the airflow over the wing and ensuing roll two seconds after the stick shaker activated while the aircraft was slowing through 125 knots and while at a flight load of 1.42 Gs. The predicted stall speed at a load factor of 1 G would be about 105 knots." Note: The predicted stall speed for this aircraft at a flight load of 1.42 Gs would be about 125 kts which is arrived at by multiplying 105 kts (the predicted stall speed at 1 G) by 1.19164 (the square root of the flight load in Gs).
3. ^{{cite news |title='We Shouldn’t Stop Flying.' What to Make of the Southwest Plane Accident That Shattered a Remarkable U.S. Safety Record |url=http://fortune.com/2018/04/18/southwest-plane-accident-safety-record/ |work=Fortune |date=April 18, 2018}}
4. ^https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-12/the-colgan-air-crash-helped-keep-90-million-flights-safe
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://legiscan.com/US/bill/HB5900/2009|title=Airline Safety and Federal Aviation Administration Extension Act of 2010|publisher=LegiScan|accessdate=October 26, 2014}}
6. ^name=ntsb/aar-10/01/
7. ^{{cite web |url=http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/NNum_Results.aspx?NNumbertxt=200WQ |title=FAA Registry: N-Number Inquiry Results |publisher=Federal Aviation Administration |accessdate=November 10, 2015}}
8. ^{{cite news |author1=Babineck, Mark |author2=Hensel, Bill Jr. |url=http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/front/6262086.html |title=Records show Colgan flights had been fatality free |work=Houston Chronicle |date=February 13, 2009 |accessdate=February 13, 2009}}
9. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.katu.com/news/local/39566412.html |title=Co-pilot of crashed plane was from Wash |date=February 13, 2009 |publisher=KATU |accessdate=February 13, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217201441/http://www.katu.com/news/local/39566412.html |archivedate=February 17, 2009 }}
10. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.pnwlocalnews.com/news/39570794.html |title=Tahoma High grad Rebecca Shaw dies in Continental 3407 crash |publisher=Pacific Northwest Local News |date=February 14, 2009 }}
11. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.seattlepi.com/local/400022_shaw14.html |title=Maple Valley woman co-pilot in plane crash: Rebecca Shaw, 24, worked hard to join ranks of airlines |publisher=SeattlePI.com |date=February 13, 2009 }}
12. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.colganair.com/flight_3407_releases/colgan_3407_faq.pdf |title=Frequently Asked Questions – Colgan Air Flight 3407 |accessdate=February 26, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304094342/http://www.colganair.com/flight_3407_releases/colgan_3407_faq.pdf |archive-date=March 4, 2009 |dead-url=yes }}
13. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/02/13/national/main4798963.shtml |title=Commuter plane crashes into New York home |publisher=CBS News |date=February 12, 2009 |accessdate=February 12, 2009 }}
14. ^1 2 {{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/02/13/plane.crash.new.york/index.html |title=Search for answers begins in Buffalo plane crash |publisher=CNN |date=February 13, 2009 |accessdate=February 13, 2009 }}
15. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/2009/02/13/Commuter_plane_crashes_into_house/UPI-22451234502518/ |title=Obama extends sympathies to crash victims |publisher=UPI |date=February 12, 2009 |accessdate=February 12, 2009 }}
16. ^All calm moments before plane crashes (February 13, 2009). CBS News. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
17. ^1 {{cite news|title=Federal investigators begin searching for the cause of Clarence Center crash |publisher=The Buffalo News |date=February 12, 2009 |author=Dale Anderson and Phil Fairbanks }}
18. ^1 {{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/article/586985|title=49 killed after plane crashes into home near Buffalo|author=Precious Yutangco|publisher=Toronto Star|location=Toronto|date=February 13, 2009}}
19. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.ntsb.gov/dockets/aviation/dca09ma027/418693.pdf|title=Transcript of CVR recording}}
20. ^1 2 3 {{cite news |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/29173163/ |title=NTSB: Crew reported ice buildup before crash |publisher=MSNBC |date=February 12, 2009 |accessdate=February 14, 2009 }}
21. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2009/02/15/322581/ntsb-colgan-3407-pitched-up-despite-anti-stall-push.html| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130524154830/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/ntsb-colgan-3407-pitched-up-despite-anti-stall-push-322581/| archive-date = May 24, 2013| title = NTSB: Colgan 3407 pitched up despite anti-stall push| accessdate = February 16, 2009| publisher = Flight Global| date = February 15, 2009}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://wivb.com/2014/02/26/flight-3407-crash-site-to-become-town-property/|website=wivb.com|title=Flight 3407 crash site to become town property|first1=Eli|last1=George|accessdate=March 29, 2014|date=February 26, 2014|publisher=WIVB-TV}}
23. ^Residents survive after plane crashes through home. WBEN (AM) 930 Buffalo. February 13, 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215215526/http://www.wben.com/WBEN-Exclusive---A-Survivor-Speaks/3848425 |date=February 15, 2009 }}
24. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/albany/stories/2009/02/09/daily46.html |title=Buffalo area plane crash claims 50 lives|publisher=The Business Review |date=February 13, 2009 |accessdate=February 13, 2009|first=Elizabeth|last=Carey}}
25. ^Karen Wielinski tells her story of survival after Flight 3407 crashed into her home February 13, 2009
26. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/02/13/plane.crash.escape |title=Mom, daughter escape after plane crashes into home |publisher=cnn.com |date=February 13, 2009 |accessdate=February 13, 2009}}
27. ^1 2 {{cite news |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/29194109/ |title=NTSB: Plane didn't dive, landed flat on house |publisher=MSNBC |date=February 14, 2009|accessdate=February 14, 2009}}
28. ^{{Cite news|title=50 killed as US plane crashes into house |newspaper=Dawn |date=February 14, 2009 |url=http://www.dawn.com/2009/02/14/top10.htm |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219142238/http://dawn.com/2009/02/14/top10.htm |archivedate=February 19, 2009 }}
29. ^1 2 3 {{cite news|url=http://www.buffalonews.com/515/story/580009.html |title=Victims of the crash of Flight 3407 |publisher=Buffalo News |date=February 18, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218075853/http://www.buffalonews.com/515/story/580009.html |archivedate=February 18, 2009 }}
30. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=100676892 |title=Fiery plane crash in upstate N.Y. kills 50 |publisher=NPR |date=February 13, 2009}}
31. ^{{cite news |author1=Dolmetsch, Chris |author2=Miller, Hugo |date=February 13, 2009 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aJrXDV_00oIk&refer=home |title=Continental flight crashes near Buffalo, killing 50 |edition=Update3 |publisher=Bloomberg |accessdate=November 10, 2015}}
32. ^{{cite news |author1=Tapper, Jake |author2=Travers, Karen |date=February 13, 2009 |url=http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2009/02/president-oba-8.html |title=President Obama mentions plane crash, and victim Beverly Eckert |accessdate=February 13, 2009}}
33. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.wivb.com/dpp/news/community_says_goodbye_to_susan_wehle_090218 |title=Community says goodbye to Susan Wehle|last=Newberg, Rich |date=February 19, 2009 |publisher=WIVB|accessdate=May 27, 2013}}
34. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.town.cheektowaga.ny.us/senior_services.asp |title=Senior Services |publisher=Town of Cheektowaga |accessdate=May 25, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060926233851/http://www.town.cheektowaga.ny.us/senior_services.asp |archivedate=September 26, 2006 }}
35. ^{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/MapItDrawServlet?geo_id=16000US3615000&_bucket_id=50&tree_id=420&context=saff&_lang=en&_sse=on |title=Cheektowaga CDP, New York |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |accessdate=May 25, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602042721/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/MapItDrawServlet?geo_id=16000US3615000&_bucket_id=50&tree_id=420&context=saff&_lang=en&_sse=on |archivedate=June 2, 2009 }}
36. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.redcross.org/portal/site/en/menuitem.1a019a978f421296e81ec89e43181aa0/?vgnextoid=f9dc78986407f110VgnVCM10000089f0870aRCRD |title=Red Cross provides comfort and counseling to families of Buffalo plane crash |publisher=American Red Cross |accessdate=February 13, 2009}}
37. ^{{cite news |url=http://wcbstv.com/topstories/continental.airlines.crash.2.934547.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520045108/http://wcbstv.com/topstories/continental.airlines.crash.2.934547.html |archivedate=May 20, 2009 |title=Local leaders react in wake of Flight 3407 crash |date=February 13, 2009 |publisher=WCBSTV (via Archive.Org) |accessdate=February 13, 2009}}
38. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id=409263&navid=DL%7CNHL%7Chome |title=Sabres gut out emotional win |last=Hunter|first=Brian |date=February 14, 2009 |publisher=NHL |accessdate=February 14, 2009}}
39. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.buffalo.edu/ubreporter/2009_02_11/desforge_crash |title=11 with UB ties die in plane crash |date=February 13, 2009 |publisher=UB Reporter |place=University at Buffalo |accessdate=February 18, 2009}}
40. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.buffalo.edu/ubreporter/2009_02_18/remembrance_service |title=UB remembers victims of plane crash |date=February 18, 2009 |publisher=UB Reporter |place=University at Buffalo |accessdate=February 18, 2009}}
41. ^{{cite news |url=http://newsandevents.buffalostate.edu/news/message-president-howard-about-tragedy-flight-3407 |title=A Message from President Howard about the Tragedy of Flight 3407 |publisher=Buffalo State College |date=February 19, 2009 |accessdate=February 25, 2009}}
42. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.buffalo.edu/ubreporter/2009_03_04/scholarship_fund |title=Paterson plans Flight 3407 scholarships |date=March 4, 2009 |publisher=UB Reporter |place=University at Buffalo |accessdate=March 4, 2009}}
43. ^{{cite news|last1=Genzlinger|first1=Neil|title=Up in the air, with frayed safety nets|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/09/arts/television/09cheap.html|accessdate=May 20, 2015|work=The New York Times|date=February 8, 2010}}
44. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/flyingcheap/view/ |title=Flying Cheap |date=February 9, 2010 |publisher=PBS |accessdate=April 10, 2010}} The full transcript of the episode is available [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/flyingcheap/etc/script.html here] on PBS
45. ^{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090213/ap_on_re_us/plane_into_home |title=Fiery plane crash in upstate NY kills 50 |last=Wawrow |first=John |date=February 13, 2009 |publisher=Yahoo! |accessdate=February 13, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216180508/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090213/ap_on_re_us/plane_into_home |archivedate=February 16, 2009 }}
46. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/02/13/national/main4799482.shtml|title=Black Boxes Found From Buffalo Crash |publisher=cbsnews.com |date=February 13, 2009 |accessdate=February 13, 2009 }}
47. ^1 {{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/02/15/buffalo.plane.crash/index.html|title=NTSB: Plane rolled violently before crash |publisher=CNN |date=February 15, 2009 |accessdate=February 15, 2009}}
48. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/02/13/national/main4801448.shtml |title=NTSB: Crew saw ice buildup before crash |publisher=CBS News |date=February 13, 2009 |accessdate=February 13, 2009 }}
49. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.buffalonews.com/home/story/579991.html |title=Strong sense of purpose drives investigators |publisher=The Buffalo News |date=February 15, 2009 |accessdate=February 15, 2009}}
50. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7891770.stm|title=Crash plane 'dropped in seconds' |publisher=BBC News|date=February 15, 2009|accessdate=February 16, 2009}}
51. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7891770.stm |title=Americas | Fatal US plane 'was on autopilot' |publisher=BBC News |date= February 16, 2009|accessdate=February 15, 2009}}
52. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/02/15/AR2009021500417.html?hpid=moreheadlines |title=Plane that crashed near Buffalo was on autopilot|publisher=The Washington Post|date=February 15, 2009|accessdate=February 15, 2009}}
53. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123472208728790483 |title=Flight was on autopilot; anti-ice systems apparently working |publisher=The Wall Street Journal |date=February 15, 2009|accessdate=February 15, 2009 | first=Andy | last=Pasztor}}
54. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/19/nyregion/19crash.html?hp |title=In recreating Flight 3407, a hint of human error |work=The New York Times |date=February 18, 2009 |accessdate=February 18, 2009 | first=Matthew L. |last=Wald}}
55. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2009-02-14-crash-ny_N.htm |title=NTSB: Plane landed on its belly, facing away from airport |author=Alan Levin |publisher=USA Today |date=February 15, 2009 |accessdate=February 22, 2009}}
56. ^{{cite news |publisher=Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124200193256505099 |title=Captain's training faulted in air crash that killed 50 |author=Andy Pasztor |date=May 11, 2009 |accessdate=June 2, 2015 |subscription=yes}}
57. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite web |title=Accident report – Loss of control on approach Colgan Air, Inc. operating as Continental Connection Flight 3407 Bombardier DHC-8-400, N200WQ Clarence Center |url=http://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/AAR1001.pdf |publisher=National Transportation Safety Board |date=February 12, 2009 |accessdate=November 10, 2015 }}
58. ^{{Cite web |url=http://app.ntsb.gov/news/events/2009/buffalo_ny/index.html |title=Public Hearing – May 12–14, 2009|publisher=National Transportation Safety Board|accessdate=June 2, 2013 |quote=13:30 – 15:30 Witnesses #18, #19, #20: Regulator Policy and Guidance }}
59. ^{{cite news |author=Frances Fiorino |url=http://aviationweek.com/awin/house-hearing-reviews-efforts-improve-flight-deck-safety |title=House hearing reviews efforts to improve safety |publisher=Aviation Week and Space Technology |date=September 25, 2009 |subscription=yes}}
60. ^https://nypost.com/2009/05/13/blabbing-their-way-to-icy-doom/
61. ^{{cite news |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2009/may/13/nation/na-plane-crash13 |title=Inquiry in New York air crash points to crew error |publisher=Los Angeles Times |date=May 13, 2009 }}
62. ^{{cite news |work=The New York Times; |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/13/nyregion/13crash.html |title=Pilots chatted in moments before Buffalo crash |author=Matthew L. Wald |date=May 13, 2009 |accessdate=May 23, 2009}}
63. ^1 {{cite news|work=The New York Times|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/04/nyregion/04colgan.html?_r=1&hp|title = Inspector predicted problems a year before Buffalo crash|author = Matthew L. Wald|date = June 3, 2009|accessdate = June 3, 2009}}
64. ^{{cite web |last1=Freeze |first1=Christopher |title=Colgan Air Flight 3407: 10 Years Later How ALPA Charted the Flight Path to Today's Safer Skies |url=http://www.alpa.org/news-and-events/air-line-pilot-magazine/colgan-3407-10-years-later |website=ALPA.org |publisher=Air Line Pilots Association |accessdate=11 March 2019}}
65. ^1 {{cite journal |last1=Goyer |first1=Robert |last2= |first2= |date=July 2011 |title=To Push or to Pull |journal=Flying |volume=138 |issue=7 |pages=8–9 |publisher=Bonnier Corporation|url=http://www.flyingmag.com/pilots-places/pilots-adventures-more/going-direct-push-or-pull |accessdate=July 4, 2011}}
66. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.rochesterfirst.com/news/remembering-the-colgan-air-flight-3407-on-10-year-anniversary/1775237138|title=Remembering the Colgan Air Flight 3407 on 10-year anniversary|date=2019-02-12|website=ROCHESTERFIRST|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-12}}
67. ^{{Cite web|url=https://buffalonews.com/2019/02/11/flight-3407-families-begin-their-rounds-of-remembrance/|title=Flight 3407 families begin remembrance with Forest Lawn ceremony|last=Zremski|first=Jerry|date=2019-02-11|website=The Buffalo News|language=en-us|access-date=2019-02-12}}
68. ^{{Cite episode |title=Dead Tired|series=Mayday|network=Discovery Channel Canada / National Geographic Channel|season=10|year=2011}}

External links

{{wikinewshas|the following articles detailing the reaction at the time to the crash of Flight 3407|
  • Buffalo, New York plane crash may have resulted from pilot error
  • Airplane that crashed near Buffalo, New York 'was on autopilot'
  • Fifty killed in commuter plane crash in Clarence Center, New York
  • NTSB says pilot error caused crash of Colgan Air Flight 3407}}
  • Cockpit Voice Recorder transcript and accident summary
  • [https://web.archive.org//http://www.colganair.com/site/media/index.php Flight 3407 Information]{{snd}}Colgan Air (archive)
  • Website created and maintained by family members and close friends of victims who perished onboard flight 3407
  • [https://www.ntsb.gov/news/events/2010/clarence_center_ny/animation.html NTSB Computer simulation of last 2 minutes of flight 3407], National Transportation Safety Board
  • NTSB Public hearing, May 12–14, 2009. (Includes webcast of complete hearing and link to docket with all relevant documents, including Flight Data Recorder data and Cockpit Voice Recorder transcript)
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20110711010731/http://flightwise.com/pu/info/newss.aspx?ni=320 Flight path for CJC3407 in 3D/Google Earth at flightwise.com]
  • Flight track data for Continental Connection flight 3407 at flightwise.com
  • Information Regarding Flight 3407{{snd}}Continental Airlines
  • Flight tracker and Track log
  • [https://www.flickr.com/photos/wnymedia/sets/72157613715506345/ Flickr photo set of the crash]
  • A picture of the aircraft taken in late 2008.
  • [https://www.npr.org/2011/05/05/135995930/he-wanted-me-to-live-a-full-life?sc=tw&cc=share After Sept. 11, 'He Wanted Me To Live A Full Life'] (about victim Beverly Eckert) from NPR radio
  • Buffalo Crash Puts Focus On Regional Airlines from NPR radio
  • Frontline (U.S. TV series){{snd}}[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/flyingcheap/ Flying Cheap]{{snd}}February 9, 2010. One year after the deadly crash of Continental 3407, FRONTLINE investigate the safety issues associated with regional airlines.
  • Track log for Continental Connection flight 3407 (CJC3407) at flightwise.com
{{Aviation incidents and accidents in 2009}}

11 : 2009 in New York (state)|Accidents and incidents involving the Bombardier Dash 8|Airliner accidents and incidents caused by pilot error|Airliner accidents and incidents in New York (state)|Articles containing video clips|Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States in 2009|Continental Airlines accidents and incidents|Erie County, New York|History of Buffalo, New York|University at Buffalo|February 2009 events in the United States
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