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词条 College literary societies
释义

  1. Literary and other activities

  2. Libraries

  3. In relation to campuses

  4. Private literary societies

  5. Literary societies and fraternities

  6. Today

  7. List of literary societies in the United States

  8. Image gallery

  9. References

College literary societies in American higher education were a distinctive kind of social organization, distinct from literary societies generally, and they were often the precursors of college fraternities and sororities.[1] In the period from the late eighteenth century to the Civil War, collegiate literary societies were an important part of campus social life. College literary societies are often called Latin literary societies because they typically had compound Latinate names.

Literary and other activities

Most literary societies' literary activity consisted of formal debates on topical issues of the day, but literary activity could include original essays, poetry, music, etc. As a part of their literary work, many also collected and maintained their own libraries for the use of the society's members. "College societies were the training grounds for men in public affairs in the nineteenth century."[1]

The societies could fulfill this function because they were independent organizations, and entirely student run activities. "The societies were virtually little republics, with their own laws and a democratically elected student administration."[1]

Topics could include Classical history, religion, ethics, politics, and current events. Controversial topics not covered in the official curriculum were often the most popular. Studies have been done, for example, finding an increasing discussion of slavery at literary society meetings through the 1850s.[2] In addition to debates, in the years before the Civil War, college literary societies sponsored addresses by politicians and other dignitaries. Most frequently those addresses were delivered in conjunction with graduation, but there were also literary society addresses at the beginning of the school year and at other important dates, such as July Fourth.[3] The most famous of those addresses is Ralph Waldo Emerson's "The American Scholar." Yet, there were hundreds of others, most of which were less radical than Emerson's address.[4]

Since these organizations are virtually the oldest kind of student organization in America, where they have survived, they are seen as ancient institutions. One author from Georgia acknowledged that fact (by parody) in discussing his own society: "The origin of the Washington Society dates back to the glory days of the Jurassic Period of the Mesozoic Era. It was during this time that great plant-eating dinosaurs roamed the Earth, feeding on lush growths of ferns and palm-like cycads and ennettitaleans. Meanwhile, smaller but vicious carnivores stalked the great herbivores. The oceans were full of fish, squid, and coiled ammonites, plus great ichthyosaurs and the long-necked plesiosaurs. Vertebrates first took to the air, like the mighty pterosaurs and the first true birds. The supercontinent Pangaea began to break up and disperse itself across the Earth's surface, sending a big chunk of land to the very spot where Thomas Jefferson's decomposed old ass lies buried today. And it is on this same chunk of land, a few miles away, that Mr. Jefferson's University sits, home to the Washington Literary Society and Debating Union.[5]

In April, 1978, several literary societies held a Congress hosted by the Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies of the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. It was at this gathering that the Association of American Collegiate Literary Societies (AACLS) was established. For the next two decades, AACLS would hold a Congress in the spring to conduct business, and a Rhetor in the autumn where debates, literary exercises, and exchanges of literary magazines took place.

Libraries

Since every college literary society saw itself as complementing the classical curriculum with the knowledge of current events, the societies also had libraries. "At a number of Northern colleges...the society libraries were larger than the college libraries. The society libraries were also high in quality, as shown by their printed catalogs... Rivalry between the two societies at each college extended to their libraries; each tried to have a larger library than the other."[1] A number of societies, especially in the South, would build separate buildings for the societies and their libraries.[1] On the austere college campus of two centuries ago, "the only fairly comfortable and attractive places were the rooms of the literary societies. Their members,... raised money for rugs, draperies, and comfortable, even luxurious, furniture."[1]

In relation to campuses

Typically, a college would have two or more competing societies. The campus societies were generally intense competitors. Some examples include the Philodemic and Philonomosian Societies at Georgetown University, the American Whig and Cliosophic Societies at Princeton University, Social Friends and United Fraternity at Dartmouth College, the Philorhetorian and Peithologian societies at Wesleyan University, the Philologian and Philotechnian societies at Williams College, the Philomathean and Zelosophic societies at the University of Pennsylvania, the Philolexian and Peithologian societies at Columbia University, the Clariosophic, Euphradian, and the Euphrosynean societies at the University of South Carolina, the Phi Kappa and Demosthenian societies at the University of Georgia, the Linonia and Brothers in Unity at Yale University, the Miami Union and Erodelphian (previously Adelphic) societies at Miami University and Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. These societies were usually in a limited adversarial role; at Columbia University the Peithologian and Philolexian were competitors, and they maintained a rivalry that was friendly at best and highly charged at worst. In his famous diary, George Templeton Strong recorded that a Philolexian gathering was disrupted by "those rascally Peithologians"; and firecrackers and stink bombs, tossed into the midst of each other's meetings, were usually the weapons of choice.

Membership in these societies was not only open to all the students in the college, but in many cases membership was all but required. At the opening of University of South Carolina virtually all students were members of the Philomathic Society which was soon divided by lot into the Clariosophic and Euphradian societies. The Euphrosynean Literary Society was later formed at the University of South Carolina to include the female population and serve as a sister society to the Euphradians. In some cases, intense recruitment battles would ensue over new students, and to avoid problems some colleges chose to assign incoming students to one or the other literary society. This pattern was followed, for example, at Dartmouth, where the faculty imposed rule was "The students of College shall be assigned according to the odd or even places which their names shall hold on an alphabetical list of the members of each successive class..."[6] Having two societies on a campus encouraged competition, and a thriving society would have interesting enough meetings to attract full attendance from its membership and perhaps even people from the community. These societies met publicly, sometimes in large lecture rooms, and in most instances the literary exercises would consist of a debate, but could also include speeches, poetry readings, and other literary work.

Private literary societies

There also is a fundamentally distinct type of literary society, that, although formed at a college and following the same forms and kinds of literary exercises, were limited to a small subset of the college. These are private literary societies, such as Phi Beta Kappa or Yale's Elizabethan Club. Membership is usually by invitation. They share all the characteristics with a college literary society, except that they are not open to all students; and they share many of the characteristics of a college fraternity.

Literary societies and fraternities

In the 1830s and 1840s, students began to organize private literary societies for smaller groups, and these more intimate associations quickly developed into wholly secret associations. Groups such as the Kappa Alpha, Sigma Phi, Delta Phi, Mystical Seven, Alpha Delta Phi, Psi Upsilon, and Delta Kappa Epsilon and virtually all the pre-Civil War college fraternities were either first organized as literary societies or derived from factions split off of literary societies. In some cases, literary societies such as Trinity College's Cleo of Alpha Chi became chartered as chapters of national fraternities. These new organizations held meetings and were organized on identical lines to the large literary societies. Soon, the existence of these smaller private Greek letter organizations undermined the large Latin literary societies. Competition from athletics and other entertainments also took a toll, so that many dissolved or existed in name only by the 1880s. A literary society almost always provided its members with an extensive library, either available to members only, or to the campus at large. When the societies dissolved, their libraries were transferred to the college libraries, and in many colleges the acquisition of the literary societies' libraries was a significant change in their collection, usually broadening the colleges libraries' scope into popular literature, but often also adding important and rare works.

Although literary societies had Latin names, and fraternities had Greek names reduced to initials, this is not always the case, however; Phi Phi Society at Kenyon and the Phi Kappa at Georgia are examples of large literary societies with Greek names. The Clariosophic and Euphradian societies at South Carolina both had Greek letter aliases, Mu Sigma Phi and Phi Alpha Epsilon, respectively, which appeared on their seals, but which were not used in normal conversation or writing.

In the following table, there are two types of literary societies listed together, the college literary societies, (frequently half the college's student body), and smaller private societies, and were admission by invitation. Some of these societies are still active.

Today

The Philomathean Society (1813) of the University of Pennsylvania is the oldest continuously-existing literary society in the United States. The University of Georgia hosts two literary societies (both of which were temporarily disbanded during the Civil War and the subsequent Union occupation): the Demosthenian Literary Society, founded in 1803, and the Phi Kappa Literary Society, founded in 1820 and dormant from the 1970s until its official reestablishment in 1991. Similarly, the Philolexian Society of Columbia University, established in 1802, operated more or less continuously until expiring in the early 1950s and, except for a brief revival in the early 1960s, was not revived until 1985. The Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill were founded in 1795, closed for approximately four years when the university was shuttered during Reconstruction, and reopened. These societies merged in 1959 and still meet today as a "joint senate." The Euphradian Society at the University of South Carolina, established in 1806, was deactivated sometime during the late 1970s; it was reactivated by alumni in 2011. The Clariosophic Society, also established in 1806 at the University of South Carolina, was reactivated in 2013. The Euphrosynean Literary Society, established in 1924 at the University of South Carolina, was reactivated in 2015. The Linonian Society at Yale University is the oldest society to still be in existence, founded in 1753, the society went defunct sometime in the 1890s and was revamped at the beginning of the 21st century making it with over a century of dormancy the oldest literary society in the United States.

In recent years, the Philodemic Society of Georgetown University has attempted to resuscitate the long tradition of intercollegiate debate between collegiate literary societies with the Annual East Coast Conference of Collegiate Literary Debate Societies, held in conjunction with a masked ball known as the Kai Yai Yai ball. The competition is held at the beginning of October and has in recent years included the Philomathean Society, the American Whig-Cliosophic Society of Princeton University, the Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies of the University of North Carolina, the Demosthenian Literary Society and Phi Kappa Literary Society of The University of Georgia in Athens, the Enosinian Society of The George Washington University and the Jefferson Literary and Debating Society of the University of Virginia.[7]

Some early college social fraternities still meet in a literary society format, including Kappa Alpha, Alpha Delta Phi, and Mystical 7.

There are seven literary societies at Illinois College in Jacksonville, Illinois where they have remained despite the nationwide trend of developing into fraternities and sororities; these include: Phi Alpha Literary Society, Chi Beta Literary Society, Sigma Pi Literary Society, Gamma Nu Literary Society, Sigma Phi Epsilon Literary Society, Pi Pi Rho Literary Society, and Gamma Delta Literary Society.

List of literary societies in the United States

FoundedEndedSocietyCollege or UniversitySource and notes
17501787F. H. C.William & Mary[8]
17501772Crotonia SocietyYale[8]
1753PresentLinonian SocietyYale[8]
17651928American Whig SocietyPrinceton[8]
17651928Cliosophic SocietyPrinceton[8]
1768unknownBrothers in UnityYale[8]
1770unknownInstitute of 1770Harvard[8]
1771unknownPronouncing SocietyBrown[8]
17731781P. D. A.William & Mary[9]
17761786Athenian SocietyRutgers[8][10]
17761787Phi Beta Kappa SocietyWilliam & Mary[8]
17761782Polemical SocietyRutgers[10][10]
1780PresentPhi Beta Kappa SocietyYale[11]
1781PresentPhi Beta Kappa SocietyHarvard[8]
1783DefunctSocial Friends SocietyDartmouth[8]
1786PresentBelles Lettres SocietyDickinson[12][13]
1786DefunctUnited FraternityDartmouth[8]
1787PresentPhi Beta Kappa SocietyDartmouth[8]
1789PresentUnion-Philanthropic SocietyHampden-Sydney[34][14]
1789PresentUnion Philosophical SocietyDickinson[12]
17891795Society for Progress in LettersColumbia[15]
1791unknownPorcellian SocietyHarvard[16]
17931890Calliopean SocietyUnion[17]
17941866Philermenian SocietyBrown[8][18]
1795PresentDialectic SocietyNorth Carolina[19]
1795PresentPhilanthropic SocietyNorth Carolina[19]
1795unknownPhilologian SocietyWilliams[19]
1795unknownPhilotechnian SocietyWilliams[19]
1796unknownAdelphic SocietyUnion[19]
1797PresentFranklin Literary SocietyJefferson[20]
1797unknownPhilo Literary SocietyJefferson[20]
1802PresentPhilolexian SocietyColumbia[8][15]
18021887Athenaean SocietyBowdoin[19][21]
1803PresentDemosthenian Literary SocietyGeorgia[22][19]
1803unknownPhi Sigma Nu SocietyVermont[19]
1805PresentPeucinian SocietyBowdoin[19]
1806unknownPeithologian SocietyColumbia[8]
1806PresentClariosophic SocietySouth Carolina[23][24]
1806PresentEuphradian SocietySouth Carolina[1][24]
18061866United Brothers SocietyBrown[8][18]
1807unknownPhilological SocietyPennsylvania[8]
1809unknownUnion Literary SocietyWashington[20]
1811unknownHermean SocietyPennsylvania[22]
1813PresentPhilomathean SocietyPennsylvania[8]
1814unknownWashington Literary SocietyWashington[20]
1814unknownPhoenix SocietyHamilton[19]
1814unknownUnion SocietyHamilton[19]
1817PresentPhi Beta Kappa SocietyUnion[11]
1819PresentCalliopean SocietyYale[22][25]
18191830Patrick Henry SocietyVirginia[22]
1820PresentPhi Kappa Literary SocietyGeorgia[22][26]
1820unknownHenodelphisterian SocietyIndiana[27]
1821unknownAlexandrian SocietyAmherst[1]
1821unknownAthenian SocietyAmherst[1]
1822PresentEnosinian SocietyGeorge Washington[28]
1822unknownFranklin Debating SocietyRandolph-Macon[22]
1823unknownCiceronian SocietyGeorge Washington[28]
18241834Franklin SocietyBrown[29]
1824unknownAthenaeum SocietyTrinity[1]
1824unknownSociety for InquiryColgate[1]
1825PresentJefferson SocietyVirginia[22][30]
1825PresentPhi Beta Kappa SocietyBowdoin[11]
18251892Philoclean SocietyRutgers[1]
1825unknownAgatheridan SocietyNashville[23]
18251891Peithissophian SocietyRutgers[1][10]
18251924Erodelphian Literary SocietyMiami University[31][32]
18251928Miami Union Literary SocietyMiami University[32]
1826unknownFranklin SocietyWilliam & Mary[1]
1826unknownPhilozetian SocietyWestern Reserve[33]
1827unknownLiterary FraternityColby[1]
1827unknownParthenon SocietyTrinity[1]
1827unknownPhilomathesian SocietyKenyon[34]
1828unknownNu Pi Kappa SocietyKenyon[34]
1828unknownPhilomathean SocietyCollege of Charleston[35]
1829unknownBeth-HacmaMaryville[36]
1829unknownSophirodelphian SocietyMaryville[36]
1829unknownTransylvania Whig SocietyTransylvania[37]
1829unknownUnion Philosophical SocietyTransylvania[38]
1829unknownZelosophic SocietyPennsylvania[1]
1830PresentPhi Beta Kappa SocietyBrown[11]
1830PresentPhilodemic SocietyGeorgetown[22][39]
1830unknownAthenian SocietyIndiana[27]
1830unknownCalliopean SocietyMaine Wesleyan[1]
1830unknownPhilosophronian SocietyHanover[40]
1830unknownUnion Literary SocietyHanover[40]
1831PresentWashington Literary Society and Debating UnionVirginia[5][22]
18311840Adelphic SocietyWestern Reserve[33]
18311933Erosophic SocietyAlabama[1][41]
1831unknownEuphradian SocietyCollege of Charleston[35]
18311840Franklin SocietyWestern Reserve[33]
1831unknownPeithologian SocietyWesleyan[1]
1831unknownPhilomathean SocietyIndiana[27]
1831unknownPhilorhetorian SocietyWesleyan[1]
18321943Philomathic SocietyAlabama[1][41]
18331840Gamma Phi SocietyColgate[42]{{Better source>reason=per WP:CIRCULAR|date=November 2017}}
18331834Franklin Polemic SocietyMercer[22]
1833PresentWashington SocietyRandolph-Macon[22]
18341943Eucleian SocietyNew York[1]
18341888Philomathean SocietyNew York[22]
1834unknownBeth-Hacma ve BerithMaryville[36]
1834DefunctCiceronian SocietyMercer[22]
1834unknownLadies' Literary SocietyOberlin[43]
1834DefunctPhi Delta SocietyMercer[22]
1834unknownPhilo-Franklin SocietyAllegheny[1]
1834unknownPhilomathean SocietyWabash[44]
18341840Pi Delta SocietyColgate[42]{{Better source>reason=per WP:CIRCULAR|date=November 2017}}
1835unknownAllegheny SocietyAllegheny[1]
1835unknownCalliopean SocietyDenison[33]
1835unknownDiagnothian SocietyFranklin & Marshall[1]
1835unknownErosophian Adelphoi SocietyColby[1]
1835unknownEuphronean SocietyWabash[44]
1835PresentEuzelian SocietyWake Forest[45]
1835unknownPhilomathesian SocietyWake Forest[45]
1835unknownSociety for Religious InquiryVermont[1]
1836unknownChi Delta SocietyEast Tennessee[46]
1836unknownPhilomathesian SocietyEast Tennessee[46]
1836unknownUnion Literary SocietyMuskingum[23]
1837PresentPhilanthropic SocietyDavidson[23][47]
1837PresentEumenean SocietyDavidson[23][47]
1837DefunctPhi Gamma SocietyEmory[23]
1837unknownPhilosophian SocietyMcKendree[23]
1838unknownCliosophic SocietyCollege of Charleston[35]
1838unknownPlatonian SocietyIndiana Asbury[23]
1839~1932Tau Theta Kappa SocietyGeorgetown College (KY)[23]
1839~1932Ciceronian SocietyGeorgetown College (KY)[23]
1839unknownAlpha Kappa SocietyMarietta[23]
1839unknownDialectic SocietyOberlin[43]
1839PresentEuphemian SocietyErskine[22][48]
1839DefunctFew SocietyEmory[22]
1839unknownLicivyronian SocietyWilliam & Mary[1]
1839(Defunct 1863)Phi Delta SocietyOglethorpe[166]
1839unknownPhilological SocietyIndiana Asbury[23]
1839unknownPhilomathesian SocietyOberlin[43]
1839unknownPsi Gamma SocietyMarietta[23]
1839PresentThalian SocietyOglethorpe[49]
18401880Adelphian SocietyColgate[1][42]{{Better source>reason=per WP:CIRCULAR|date=November 2017}}
18401887Aeonian SocietyColgate[50]
1840(Present)Calliopean SocietyEmory & Henry[51]
1840PresentHermesian SocietyEmory & Henry[51]
1840unknownPhi Delta SocietyWestern Reserve[33]
1840unknownPhilalethian SocietyHanover[52]
1840unknownTau Chi SocietyWilliam & Mary[1]
1841unknownPhilopaedian SocietySt. Xavier[23]
1842unknownAdelphi SocietyHoward[53]
1842unknownFranklin SocietyHoward[53]
1842PresentPhilomathean SocietyErskine[54]
1842unknownPhi Phi Alpha SocietyMichigan[1]
1843unknownAlpha Nu SocietyMichigan[23]
1843unknownFranklin SocietyDenison[1]
1843PresentSigma Pi SocietyIllinois[23][55]
1844unknownClever Fellows SocietyAlbion[56]
1844unknownClever Girls SocietyAlbion[56]
1845unknownAdelphi SocietyKnox[57]
1845unknownAtheniaedes SocietyAlbion[191]
1845DefunctCalliopean SocietyCitadel[22][58]
1845unknownEclectic SocietyAlbion[59]
1851PresentExcelsior Men's SocietyHeidelberg[23]
1845unknownHermean SocietyGeneva[1]
1845PresentPhi Alpha SocietyIllinois[23][55]
1845unknownZetagathea SocietyOhio Wesleyan[23]
1846unknownAlfreidian Lyceum SocietyAlfred[23]
1846unknownPhilomathean SocietyMuskingum[23]
1846unknownPhilosophian SocietyWittenberg[23]
1847unknownCalliopean SocietyWabash[23]
1847unknownChrestomathean SocietyOhio Wesleyan[23]
1847unknownLyceum SocietyWabash[23]
1847PresentPolytechnic Literary SocietyCitadel[22][58]
1847PresentSt. Anthony HallColumbia
18481948Chrestomathic SocietyCollege of Charleston[22][60]
1848unknownPhilomatic SocietySpring Hill[61]
1848unknownTripartite UnionLycoming[1]
1849unknownAlethearian SocietyGeneva[62]
1849unknownGnothautii SocietyKnox[23]
18491946Hermaean SocietyMississippi[22]
18491934Phi Sigma SocietyMississippi[22]
1849unknownPhilo-Christomathean SocietyGeneva[62]
1849DefunctPlatonian SocietyMcKendree[23]
1850unknownAthenian SocietyWisconsin[63]
1850unknownBelles Letters SocietyLycoming[1]
1850unknownCiceronian SocietyRoanoke[23]
1850DefunctColumbian SocietyCarson-Newman[22]
18501866Delphic SocietyRochester[1][64]
1850unknownDemosthenean SocietyRoanoke[23]
1850unknownEupia SocietyBucknell[23]
1850unknownOrophilian Lyceum SocietyAlfred[23]
1850DefunctPhilomathean SocietyCarson-Newman[22]
1850unknownPhilophrenian SocietyColumbian[23]
1850unknownPithonian SocietyRochester[1]
1850unknownSoverville SocietyOhio Female[23]
1850unknownSt. Aloysius Literary SocietyUniversity of Notre Dame[65]
1850unknownTheta Alphea SocietyBucknell[23]
1851unknownAddisonian SocietyKentucky Military[23]
1851unknownAdelphean SocietyWesleyan[23]
1851unknownAlleghenian Lyceum SocietyAlfred[23]
1851unknownAmphictyon SocietyLawrence[1]
1851unknownAthenian SocietyOhio Wesleyan[23]
1851unknownBelles Letters SocietyMacMurray[66]
1851unknownClionian SocietyFree Academy[1]
1851unknownPhilolexian SocietyKalamazoo[23]
1851unknownPhilomathean SocietyWaynesburg[1]
1851unknownPhilophronean SocietyOtterbein[23]
1851unknownSherwood Rhetorical SocietyKalamazoo[23]
1851unknownSt. Aloysius Philodemics SocietyNotre Dame[23]
1851unknownStudents Philomathean SocietyHartsville[23]
1851unknownUnion SocietyWaynesburg[1]
1852PresentPhilomathean SocietyWesleyan[23]
1852unknownGamma Epsilon SocietyLycoming[1]
1852unknownLadies Literary SocietyMilton[23]
1852unknownPhilaletha SocietyOtterbein[23]
1852unknownPhilomathean SocietyHiram[67]
1852unknownPhilomathian SocietyMississippi[23]
1852unknownPhilomethean SocietyWesleyan[23]
1852unknownPhrenocosmian SocietyFree Academy[1]
1853unknownAmphictyon SocietyCornell College[23]
1853unknownChrestomathian SocietyGrinnell[23]
1853unknownClio SocietyCapital[23]
1853unknownEmma Willards SocietyWaynesburg[1]
1853unknownHentz SocietyLa Grange[68]
1853unknownJudson SocietyLa Grange[68]
1853unknownParthenian SocietyBaltimore[23]
1853unknownPericlesian SocietyFranklin[69]
1853unknownPhi Nu SocietyMacMurray[66]
1853unknownPhileans SocietyWaynesburg[1]
1853unknownUnion Literary SocietyGeneva[62]
1853unknownWebster SocietyFranklin[69]
1854unknownAlethezethian SocietyAntioch[70]
1854PresentArchanian SocietyUniv. of the Pacific[23]
1854unknownAristotelian SocietyCentral[1]
1854unknownCalhoun SocietyWofford[71]
18541875Delphic SocietyHiram[72][73]
1854unknownErodelphian SocietyBurlington[23]
1854unknownHamline SocietyIowa Wesleyan[74]
1854unknownHesperian SocietyHiram[72]
1854unknownHesperian SocietyWisconsin[63]
1854unknownLinnaen SocietyMount Union[23]
1854unknownPhi Alpha SocietyCentral[1]
1854unknownPhilomathian SocietyBethel[23]
1854unknownWashington SocietyBethel[23]
1855unknownAlethean SocietyBaldwin[23]
1855unknownCalliope AcademySpring Hill[61]
1855unknownCrescent SocietyAntioch[70]
1855unknownCurious SocietyMilwaukee[23]
1855unknownErosophian SocietyMarshall[1]
1855unknownHyperion SocietyMarshall[1]
1855unknownPhilalethean SocietyLawrence[69]
1855unknownPhilologian SocietyRichmond[23]
1855unknownPhilopenthean SocietyGeneva[1]
1855unknownPhilophrenian SocietyGeorge Washington[28]
1855unknownPhoenix SocietyLawrence[69]
1855unknownStar SocietyAntioch[70]
1856DefunctBeltionian SocietyWheaton[75]
1856unknownHinman SocietyNorthwestern[72]
1856unknownMathesian SocietyNorthwestern Christian[76]
1856unknownPhiladelphian SocietyMonmouth[23]
1856unknownPhilalethic SocietySanta Clara[23]
1856unknownPhilomathean SocietyWillamette[77]
1856unknownPhiloneikean SocietyMoores Hill[78]
1856unknownPhoenix Band SocietyEarlham[23]
1857unknownAlpha Kappa Phi SocietyHillsdale[23]
1857unknownAmphictyon SocietyHillsdale[23]
1857unknownEurodelphian SocietySpring Hill[61]
1857unknownHesperian SocietyOhio Female[23]
1857unknownIonian SocietyEarlham[23]
1857unknownLadies Literary UnionHillsdale[23]
1857unknownLiterary Adelphi SocietyMichigan[23]
1857unknownPhilomathean SocietyOtterbein[23]
1857unknownPhreno-Cosmian SocietyBaldwin[23]
1857unknownPythonian SocietyNorthwestern Christian[76]
1857unknownSigournean SocietyMoores Hill[78]
1858unknownAdelphian SocietyCornell College[23]
1858unknownAthena SocietyLawrence[1]
1858unknownExcelsior SocietyAlbright[1]
1858unknownPreston SocietyWofford[71]
1858unknownRhizomian SocietyUniv. of the Pacific[23]
1859unknownAlethean SocietyBeloit[23]
1859unknownArchaean SocietyBeloit[23]
1859unknownBelles Letters SocietyIllinois Wesleyan[79]
18591939Belles Lettres SocietySouthern University (Greensboro, Alabama)[80]
18591939Clariosophic SocietySouthern University (Greensboro, Alabama)[80]
1859unknownDelean SocietyBeloit[23]
1859PresentGerman Verein (now the Alpha Omega Chapter of Phi Kappa Tau Fraternity)German Wallace[23]
1859unknownGermanae Sodales SocietyHillsdale[23]
1859unknownLiterary SocietyMaryland[81]
1859unknownNeocosmian SocietyAlbright[1]
1859unknownPhilestorian SocietySanta Clara[23]
1859unknownRuthean SocietyIowa Wesleyan[82]
1859unknownSophronikopean SocietyMissionary[23]
1859unknownStar SocietyAdrian[23]
1859unknownWebster SocietyMichigan[23]
1860unknownAdelphian SocietyFurman[83]
1860unknownAdelphic SocietyNorthwestern[72]
1860unknownAthenaeum SocietyChicago[23]
1860unknownErosophian SocietyLombard[23]
1860unknownEulexian SocietySt. Stephen's[23]
1860unknownFranklin Reading SocietyFurman[83]
1860unknownPhilomathean SocietyMilton[23]
1860unknownPhilosophian SocietyFurman[83]
1860unknownReynolds SocietyStockwell[23]
1860DefunctPhilomathean Literary SocietyPhi Kappa Sigma Male College
1861unknownAddisonian SocietyWayland[23]
1861unknownBerean SocietyChicago[84]
1861unknownPhi Alpha Pi SocietyOlivet[23]
1861unknownTri Kappa SocietyChicago[84]
18611933Zetagathian SocietyUniversity of Iowa[85]
18621933Erodelphian SocietyUniversity of Iowa[86]
18631933Hesperian SocietyUniversity of Iowa[87]
18641929Irving InstituteUniversity of Iowa[88]
1865unknownDe La Salle ClubManhattan[23]
1865unknownErosophian SocietyBaylor[1]
1865unknownIrving SocietyAndalusia, (Pa.)[23]
1865PresentPhilalethean Society (now the Philaletheis Society)Vassar[23][89]
1866unknownAlka SocietyWillamette[77]
1866unknownBrown Debating SocietyStockwell[23]
1866unknownClionian SocietyAlmira[23]
1866unknownGarnet SocietyLincoln[1]
1866unknownLincoln AssociationIllinois Soldiers'[23]
1866unknownPhilomathean SocietyUnion Christian[23]
1866unknownRobert E. V. Rice SocietyNiagara[1]
1866unknownScientific SocietyWilberforce[23]
1866unknownSemicentenary SocietyWilberforce[23]
1866unknownSt Joseph SocietySt. Joseph College, New York[23]
1866unknownStonewall SocietyBaylor[1]
1866unknownThemian SocietyQuincy[23]
1867unknownAristotelian SocietyHarlem Springs[23]
1867unknownAthenian SocietyTennessee Wesleyan[1]
1867unknownByronic SocietyHarlem Springs[23]
1867unknownErosophian SocietyAlbion[23]
1867unknownEulexian SocietySt. Augustine College, California[23]
1867unknownEuterpean SocietyMuhlenberg[90]
1867unknownNeotrophian SocietyBethel[1]
1867unknownPhilokosmian SocietyLebanon Valley[23]
1867unknownPhilosophian SocietyLincoln[1]
1867unknownSophronian SocietyMuhlenberg[90]
1867unknownZetalethean SocietySimpson[23]
1868unknownAdelphene SocietyUnion Christian[23]
1868unknownAlpha Delta SocietyHiram[67]
1868unknownGerman SocietySt. Xaviers[23]
18681888[91]Irving SocietyCornell University[23]
1868unknownLehigh JuntoLehigh[23]
1868unknownPhi Delta SocietyBerea[1]
1868unknownPhilocurian SocietyNorthwestern Christian[23]
1868unknownPhilomathean SocietyIowa State[1]
1868unknownPhilomathian SocietyIllinois[23]
1869unknownAthenaean SocietyKings College, Tennessee[1]
1869unknownBasilian SocietyNiagara[1]
1869Still activeClionian Literary SocietyMcKendree[92]
1869unknownOrthopatetic SocietyBlackburn[1]
1869unknownPhilomathean SocietyTennessee Wesleyan[1]
1869unknownPhotozotean SocietyMoore's hill[78]
1869unknownZenobian SocietyMinnesota[23]
1870DefunctAristonian SocietyWheaton[75]
1870unknownAtheneum SocietyWillamette[77]
1870unknownBachelor SocietyIowa State[1]
18701906Baconian SocietyPotsdam[93][94]
1870unknownCastelian SocietyRockford[1]
1870unknownCrescent SocietyIowa State[1]
1870unknownErodelphian SocietyHighland[23]
1870unknownGrinnell InstituteGrinnell[23]
1870unknownIrving SocietyWooster[23]
1870unknownPhilologian SocietySt Stephens[23]
1870unknownPhilotechnic SocietyLouisiana State[1]
1870PresentSignet SocietyHarvard
1870unknownVesperian SocietyRockford[1]
1870unknownWayland SocietyBrown[23]
1871unknownBettina SocietyGerman Wallace[23]
1871unknownBonhommian SocietyHighland[23]
1871unknownCliolian SocietyIowa State[1]
18711889Delphic SocietyGeneseo[95][96]
1871unknownSodalian SocietyWilberforce[23]
1872unknownAdelphic SocietyGeneva[62]
1872DefunctExcelsior SocietyWheaton[75]
1873DefunctClariosophic Literary SocietyUniversity of Arkansas[416]
1873DefunctAlamo SocietySouthwestern[22][97]
1874unknownOssoli SocietyNorthwestern[72]
1875DefunctSan Jacinto SocietySouthwestern[22][97]
1876unknownEutaxian SocietyOregon[422]
1876unknownLaurean SocietyOregon[98]
1876unknownStephen F. Austin SocietyTexas A&M
1877PresentCleo of Alpha ChiTrinity College
1879unknownCalliopean SocietyTexas A&M
1879DefunctArkansas Literary and Debating SocietyLyon College[99]
1881DefunctAlethean SocietySouthwestern[22][97]
1883DefunctPhilomathean SocietyLyon College[100]
1884unknownL'EtoileLyon College[101]
1885DefunctClio SocietySouthwestern[22][97]
1886DefunctGarland Literary SocietyUniversity of Arkansas[102]
1886DefunctAdelphian CircleOuachita Baptist University
1888DefunctHermesian Literary SocietyOuachita Baptist University
1888DefunctPhilomathean Literary SocietyOuachita Baptist University
1889PresentWinthrop Literary SocietyWinthrop[22]
1891DefunctGamma Sigma Literary SocietyHenderson State University
1891DefunctErosophic SocietyLyon College[103]
1892DefunctDelta Sigma SocietyLyon College[104]
1895DefunctGrady Literary SocietyUniversity of Arkansas[102]
18951928Philomathean SocietyUniversity of Iowa[105]
1897PresentGamma Nu SocietyIllinois[22][55]
18981939Eumenean Society (absorbed by the Clariosophic Society in when Southern University and Birmingham College merged to form Birmingham-Southern College in 1918)Birmingham-Southern College
18981939Robert E. Lee Society (absorbed by the Belles Lettres Society when Southern University and Birmingham College merged to form Birmingham-Southern College in 1918)Birmingham-Southern College
1898DefunctFranklin Literary SocietyHendrix College
1899DefunctHarlan Literary SocietyHendrix College
1900DefunctAthenian Literary SocietyOuachita Baptist University
19001933Octave ThanetUniversity of Iowa[106]
1900DefunctPericlean Literary SocietyUniversity of Arkansas[102]
1905DefunctGarland Literary SocietyHenderson State University
1904unknownSul Ross Literary SocietyTexas A&M University
1906DefunctLee Literary SocietyUniversity of Arkansas[102]
1907DefunctDemosthenean Literary SocietyUniversity of Arkansas[102]
1908DefunctFranklin Literary SocietyUniversity of Arkansas[102]
1911PresentElizabethan ClubYale[22]
1911PresentGamma Delta SocietyIllinois[55]
1912DefunctHesperian SocietyHeidelberg[22][107]
1912PresentPhilomathean SocietyUniv. of the Pacific[108]
1913PresentEuglossian SocietyHeidelberg[22][107]
1913PresentPhilalethean SocietyHeidelberg[22]
1913PresentPhilalethean SocietyRutgers[22]
19131928WhitbyUniversity of Iowa[109]
1914DefunctAdelphian SocietyMountain Home College
1915DefunctAthenian SocietyMountain Home College
1915DefunctHypatian SocietySouth Carolina[22]
19161933AthenaUniversity of Iowa[110]
1916PresentSigma Phi Epsilon SocietyIllinois[22][111]
1920PresentChi Beta SocietyIllinois[22][55]
19201934Hamlin GarlandUniversity of Iowa[112]
1921PresentAptonalton Literary Society Heidelberg University
19211950Kappa Iota Literary SocietyAlma College
1923DefunctDaedalian Literary SocietyIndiana State Normal School[113][114][115]
1924PresentEuphrosynean SocietySouth Carolina[22]
19261928Delta Rho SocietyLyon College[116]
1928PresentAmerican Whig-Cliosophic SocietyPrinceton[22][117]
1929PresentPi Pi Rho SocietyIllinois[22][55]
1947PresentAlpha Omega Delta Literary SocietyBob Jones University
1991PresentPhilomathean SocietyUnion[19][118]
2015PresentFranklin SocietyVirginia[119][120]

Image gallery

References

1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 College Literary Societies: Their Contribution to Higher Education in the United States, 1815-1876 (1971) by Thomas S. Harding
2. ^See, e.g., Timothy J. Williams, Intellectual Manhood: University, Individual, Self, and Society in the Antebellum South (2015); Peter S. Carmichael, The Last Generation: Young Virginians in Peace, War, and Reunion (2009); Alfred L. Brophy, "Debating Slavery and Empire in the Washington College Literary Societies," Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice 22 (2016): 273 (discussing shifting nature of debates at Washington College's Graham and Washington Societies); Mark Swails, Literary Societies as Institutions of Honor at Evangelical Colleges in Antebellum Georgia (MA thesis, Emory University, 2007).
3. ^See, e.g., Alfred L. Brophy, "'The Law of the Descent of Thought': Law, History, and Civilization in Antebellum Literary Addresses," Law and Literature 20 (2008): 343-402; Alfred L. Brophy, "The Republics of Liberty and Letters: Progress, Union, and Constitutionalism in Graduation Addresses at the Antebellum University of North Carolina," North Carolina Law Review 89 (2011): 1879.
4. ^See, e.g., Alfred L. Brophy, "The Rule of Law in Antebellum College Literary Addresses: The Case of William Greene," Cumberland Law Review 31 (2001): 231-85.
5. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://scs.student.virginia.edu/~wash-soc/history.html |title=The Washington Literary Society and Debating Union - History |publisher=Scs.student.virginia.edu |date=1979-11-16 |accessdate=2010-09-05}}
6. ^Lord, John King, A History of Dartmouth College, 1815, 1909, (Concord, N. H.: The Rumford Press, 1913), p. 515.
7. ^{{cite web|last1=Ringwald|first1=Madeleine|title=PHILODEMIC WELCOMES GROUPS FROM UGA, UPENN, AND GWU|url=http://philodemicsociety.org/2013/10/15/philodemic-welcomes-groups-from-uga-upenn-and-gwu/|website=philodemicsociety.org|publisher=The Philodemic Society|accessdate=4 February 2015}}
8. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 David Potter, Debating in the colonial chartered colleges; an historical survey, 1642 to 1900, (New York: Teacher's College, Columbia Survey, 1642 to 1900, (New York: Teacher's College, Columbia University, 1944), pgs. 67-70.
9. ^Carson, Jane, "James Innes and His Brothers of the F.H.C."; (Charlottesville, Virginia: The University Press of Virginia, 1965)
10. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www2.scc.rutgers.edu/ead/uarchives/peithof.html |title=Inventory to the Records of the Peithessophian Society of Rutgers College, 1825-1927 |publisher=.scc.rutgers.edu |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}}
11. ^1 2 3 Phi Beta Kappa was only a private literary society, and only until ca. 1831.
12. ^1 Morgan, James Henry, Dickinson College: the History of One Hundred and Fifty Years, 1783-1933, (Carlisle, Pennsylvania: DickinsonCollege, 1933), pg. 401.
13. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.dickinson.edu/stulife/orgdetail.cfm?oid=64 |title=Dickinson College - Campus Life |publisher=Dickinson.edu |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223071122/http://www.dickinson.edu/stulife/orgdetail.cfm?oid=64 |archivedate=2007-12-23 |df= }}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://people.hsc.edu/organizations/upls/ |title=UPLS - Home |publisher=People.hsc.edu |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}}
15. ^1 {{cite web|author=The Philolexian Society |url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/philo/ |title=Philowixian - The Philolexian Society |publisher=Columbia.edu |date=2009-11-25 |accessdate=2010-09-05}}
16. ^Morison, Samuel Eliot, Three Centuries of Harvard, 1636 - 1936,(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1936).
17. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.vu.union.edu/~philo/history.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980614151828/http://www.vu.union.edu/~philo/history.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=1998-06-14 |title=Philomathean Society - History |publisher=Vu.union.edu |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05 }}
18. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/Databases/Encyclopedia/search.php?serial=P0190 |title=Encyclopedia Brunoniana | Philermenian Society |publisher=Brown.edu |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}}
19. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Storie, Catherine Penniman, "The American College Society Library and the College Library," College and Research Libraries, VI(June 1945), pgs. 242-47.
20. ^1 2 3 {{Cite book| last = McClelland| first = W.C.|chapter= A History of Literary Societies at Washington & Jefferson College|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=t1QyAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA111 | publisher = George H. Buchanan and Company|title=The Centennial Celebration of the Chartering of Jefferson College in 1802| year= 1903 | location = Philadelphia| pages = 111–132| url = https://books.google.com/books?output=text&id=t1QyAAAAYAAJ}}
21. ^The General Catalogue of Bowdoin College 1794-1950
22. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 {{cite web|url=http://www.demosthenian.org/ |title=www.demosthenian.org |publisher=www.demosthenian.org |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}}
23. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 Seeley, I. C., Manual of College Literary Societies with Statistical Table, (Kalamazoo: Chaplin & Ihling Bro's Book and Job Printers, 1871), pgs. 19-135.
24. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.sc.edu/carolinian/features/fea_01apr_01.html |title=Carolinian: Campus Traditions |publisher=Sc.edu |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.library.yale.edu/mssa/elms/19th.htm |title=Elms and Magnolias: The 19th Century |publisher=Library.yale.edu |date=1996-08-12 |accessdate=2010-09-05}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.phikappa.org/ |title=News - Phi Kappa Literary Society at UGA, The University of Georgia |publisher=Phikappa.org |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}}
27. ^1 2 Woodburn, James Albert, History of Indiana University, (Bloomington, Indiana University, 1940), I, 24, 77.
28. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://encyclopedia.gwu.edu/gwencyclopedia/index.php?title=Student_Organizations:_Enosinian_Society |title=Student Organizations: Enosinian Society |accessdate=2012-12-06}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/Databases/Encyclopedia/search.php?serial=F0260 |title=Encyclopedia Brunoniana | Franklin Society |publisher=Brown.edu |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jeffersonsociety.org/ |title=Jefferson Society |publisher=Jefferson Society |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}}
31. ^private society
32. ^1 {{Cite book|title=The Miami Years|last=Havighurst|first=Walter|publisher=G. P. Putnam's Sons|year=1984|isbn=|location=New York|pages=73–89}}
33. ^1 2 3 4 Potter, David, "The Literary Society", History of Speech Education in America; Background Studies, ed. Karl R. Wallace, (New York, NewYork: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., 1954), p. 241
34. ^1 Parker, Wyman W., "The College Reading of a President", Library Quarterly, XXI, (April, 1951).
35. ^1 2 Easterly, James Harold, History of the College of Charleston, Founded 1770, (Charleston, S.C., 1935), pp. 82-83, 137-138.
36. ^1 2 Wilson, Samuel Tyndale, Century of Maryville College, (Maryville, Tennessee, 1916), pg. 199.
37. ^Transylvania Whig Society, Records, May 11, 1829 - July 25, 1834, MC, May 11, 1829.
38. ^Union Philosophical Society, Records, May 11, 1829 - July 25, 1834, MC, May 11, 1829.
39. ^{{cite web|url=http://philodemic.wordpress.com/ |title=Philodemic Society of Georgetown University |publisher=Philodemic.wordpress.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}}
40. ^1 Hanover College, The Crow, 1890-91, (Hanover, Indiana), pg. 59.
41. ^1 {{cite book |title=The University of Alabama: A Pictorial History |last=Wolfe |first=Suzanne Rau |year=1983 |publisher=University of Alabama Press |location=Tuscaloosa, Alabama |isbn=0-8173-0119-4}}
42. ^1 2 List of societies at Colgate University
43. ^1 2 Fletcher, Robert Samuel, A Historyof Oberlin College from its Foundation Through the Civil War, (Oberlin, Ohio: Oberlin College, 1943), II, pg. 761.
44. ^1 Osborne, James insley, and Gronert, Theodore Gregory, Wabash College: the First Hundred Years, 1832-1932, (Crawfordsville,Indiana: R. E. Banta, 1932), p. 103.
45. ^1 Paschal, George Washington, History of Wake Forest College, (Wake Forest, N. C.: Wake Forest College, 1935), I, pg. 490.
46. ^1 White, Moses, Early History of the University of Tennessee, Knoxville: By Order of the Board of Trustees, 1879), pgs. 32-33.
47. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://library.davidson.edu/archives/ency/euphi.asp |title=Literary Societies |publisher=Library.davidson.edu |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20060909170719/http://library.davidson.edu/archives/ency/euphi.asp |archivedate=2006-09-09 |df= }} [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2463346 Heidi J. Lewis, Jurisprudence at Davidson College Before the Civil War].
48. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.euphemian.org/ |title=Euphemian Literary Society |publisher=Euphemian.org |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}}
49. ^1 Tankersley, Allen P., College Life at Old Oglethorpe, (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1951), pgs. 45-46.
50. ^The Record of Phi Kappa Psi - A Short History of the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity by Guy Morrison Walker, 1906
51. ^1 Callipoean Society, Emory and Henry College, Catalogue of the Library of the Calliopean Society of Emory and Henry College, (Wytheville, Virginia: D. A. St. Clair, 1872), passim; Hermesian Society, Emory and Henry College, 1872Catalogue of the Library of the Calliopean Society of Emory and Henry College, (Bristol, Virginia: Bristol News Book and Job Office, 1872), passim.
52. ^Philalethean Society, Records, MS, I, Oct 30 & Nov. 5, 1840.
53. ^1 Howard College Bulletin, XXXV (October, 1927), pg. 22.
54. ^Ware, Lowry (1997), A Place Called Due West, The Home of Erskine College, R.L. Bryan Co. p. 42
55. ^1 2 3 4 5  {{dead link|date=September 2010}}
56. ^1 Erosophian Society, Catalogue of the Officers, Members, Graduates, and Library of the Erosophian Society of Albion College,(Albion: Cole's Steam Printing House, 1879), p. 3.
57. ^Calkins, Earnest Elmo, They Broke the Prairie; Being an Account of the Settlement of the Upper Mississippi Valley by Religious and Educational Pioneers, Told in Terms of One City, Galesburg, and of One College, Knox, (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1937), pg+N167s. 131-32.
58. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.citadel.edu/citadel-history/brief-history.html |title=Brief History of The Citadel |publisher=Citadel.edu |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}}
59. ^1 Eclectic and Atheniaedes Societies, Catalogue of the Officers, Members, and Library of the Eclectic and Atheniaedes Societies of Albion College, Together with the Constitutions and By-laws, (Albion: F. F. Cole, 1877), pg. 3.
60. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cofc.edu/chrestomathy/ |title=Chrestomathy |publisher=Cofc.edu |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302024309/http://www.cofc.edu/chrestomathy/ |archivedate=March 2, 2009 }}
61. ^1 2 Spring Hill College, Mobile, Alabama, 1830-1905, (Mobile, Alabama: Commercial printing Company, 1906), pg. 128.
62. ^1 2 3 Downie, James Vale, "Old Literary Societies," Geneva Alumnus, July, 1945, pgs. 4-5.
63. ^1 Curti, Merle, and Carstensen, Vernon, The University of Wisconsin, 1848 - 1925, a History, (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1949), I, 423-424.
64. ^{{cite web|url=http://dev.library.rochester.edu/index.cfm?page=1531 |title=Delphic Society Records, 1850-1865 |publisher=Dev.library.rochester.edu |date=2005-07-19 |accessdate=2010-09-05}}
65. ^http://archives.nd.edu/bulletin/AC_08.pdf
66. ^1 Waters, Mary, First Hundred Years of MacMurray College, (Springfield, Illinois: Williamson Priinting & Publishing Co., 1947), pgs. 102-103.
67. ^1 Stein, John H., "The Development of the Hiram College Library from the Literary Society Libraries Which Formed its Nucleus," (unpublished Masters' thesis, Kent State university, 1950), pgs. 23-31.
68. ^1 LaGrange Female College, Catalog of the Faculty, Pupils, and Patrons of the LaGrange Female College, at LaGrange, Ga., for the Scholastic Year Closing July 13th, 1853, (New York: John F. Trow, Printer, 1853), pgs. 21-22.
69. ^1 2 3 Cady, John F., Centennial History of Franklin College, (Franklin: Franklin College of Indiana, 1934), pg. 128.
70. ^1 2 Lyle, Guy R., "College Literary Societies in the Fifties," Library Quarterly, IV, (July, 1934), pgs. 488-489.
71. ^1 Wallace, David Duncan, History of Wofford College, 1854 - 1949, (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press), pg. 79.
72. ^1 2 3 4 Wilde, Arthur Herbert, Northwestern University, a History, 1855 - 1905, (New York: University Publishing Society, 1905), III, 31, 49.
73. ^{{cite web|url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=moa;idno=AGE3432 |title=A memorial.: The reunion of the Delphic literary society, of Hiram college, 1854-1875 |publisher=Quod.lib.umich.edu |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}}
74. ^Hamline Literary Society, Regular Open Session of the Hamline Literary Society at University Chapel, Friday evening, June 2nd, 1876.
75. ^1 2 Gardiner, Gordon P., History of the Beltionian Literary Association, (Wheaton: Wheaton College, 1936), pgs. 11-13.
76. ^1 Smith, Leland R., The early Days of the Pythonian Society, MS, pg. 1.
77. ^1 2 Gatke, Robert Moulton, Chronicles of Willamette, the Pioneer University of the West, (Portland, Oregon: Binfords & Mort, 1943), pg. 179.
78. ^1 2 Warneke, Omer E., "A History of Moores Hill College", (unpublished Master's thesis, College of Education, Butler University, 1942), pgs. 121-122.
79. ^Watson, Elmo Scott, Illinois Wesleyan Story, 1850 - 1950, (Bloomington, Ill.: Illinois Wesleyan University Press, 1950), pgs. 38, 62, 68.
80. ^1 Perry, Wilbur Dow, History of Birmingham-Southern College, 1856 - 1931, (Methodist Publishing House, 1931), pgs. 16-17.
81. ^Cordell, E. F., University of Maryland (1807-1907), (New York: Lewis Publishing Company, 1907), I, pg. 475.
82. ^Ruthean Literary Society, Eighteenth Anniversary of theRuthean Literary Society, Union Hall, Friday Evening, June 15th, 1877.
83. ^1 2 McGlothlin, W. J., Baptist Beginnings in Education: a History of Furman University, (Nashville: Sunday School Board of the Southern Baptist Church, 1926), pg. 115.
84. ^1 University of Chicago, Index Universitatis, Vol. I, No. 1, March 1862.
85. ^Zetagathian Society, Constitution, By-laws, and History of the Zetagathian Society, S. U. I., (1908).
86. ^{{cite journal|last=Hevel|first=Michael|title=Public Displays of Student Learning: The Role of Literary Societies in Early Iowa Higher Education|journal=The Annals of Iowa|year=2011|volume=70|issue=1}}
87. ^{{cite journal|last=Hevel|first=Michael|title=Public Displays of Student Learning: The Role of Literary Societies in Early Iowa Higher Education|journal=The Annals of Iowa|year=2011|volume=70|issue=1}}
88. ^{{cite journal|last=Hevel|first=Michael|title=Public Displays of Student Learning: The Role of Literary Societies in Early Iowa Higher Education|journal=The Annals of Iowa|year=2011|volume=70|issue=1}}
89. ^{{cite news|last1=Lorenzsonn|first1=Erik|title=From informal beginnings, Vassar theater takes off|url=http://newspaperarchives.vassar.edu/cgi-bin/vassar?a=d&d=miscellany20110118-01.2.47&srpos=9&e=------201-en-20--1--txt-IN-philaletheis------#|accessdate=July 16, 2014|work=The Miscellany News|date=January 18, 2011}}
90. ^1 davidson, John s., "Literary Society Libraries at Muhlenberg College," College and Research Libraries, XVII, (April, 1955), pg. 184.
91. ^Last document public meeting held in May 1887 as a coeducational society. F.E. Moyer, "Cornell Student Activities," Cornell Magazine(8:4)(Jan. 1895) at [https://books.google.com/books?id=E48mAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA188&dq=%22the+Irving%22+Cornell&ct=result&resnum=1#v=onepage&q=%22the%20Irving%22%20Cornell 192.] A fraternity later claimed to be the "custodian" of this society and claims to carry out private literary exercises within one fraternity house.
92. ^Walton, William Clarance, Centennial McKendree College with St. Clair County History, (Lebanon, Ill.: McKendree, 1928), pgs. 310-312.
93. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6mXQn6kZOx4C&pg=PA191&lpg=PA191&dq=baconian+society+potsdam&ct=result&resnum=2#v=onepage&q=baconian%20society%20potsdam |title=First quarto-centennial history of ... - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com |date=2007-01-12 |accessdate=2010-09-05}}
94. ^{{cite web|url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~stlawgen/MISC/school/NormalMar07.htm |title=Excerpts from "Normal Magazine" - March 1907 |publisher=Freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}}
95. ^The Normalian (1915), SUNY Geneseo Yearbook, p. 57.
96. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.geneseo.edu/inter_greek_council |title=inter_greek_council | SUNY Geneseo |publisher=Geneseo.edu |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}}
97. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://impactnews.com/georgetown-hutto-taylor/history/1193-the-establishment-of-southwestern-university |title=The establishment of Southwestern University |publisher=Impactnews.com |date=2008-06-13 |accessdate=2010-09-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100424091826/http://impactnews.com/georgetown-hutto-taylor/history/1193-the-establishment-of-southwestern-university |archivedate=2010-04-24 |df= }}
98. ^1 Sheldon, Henry D., The University of Oregon Library, 1882 - 1942, ("studies in Bibliography, no. 1"; Eugene: University of Oregon Library, 1942), pg. 3.
99. ^{{cite book|last1=Blevins|first1=Brooks|title=Lyon College, 1872-2002 : the perseverance and promise of an Arkansas college|date=2003|publisher=University of Arkansas Press|location=Fayetteville|isbn=1557287422}}
100. ^{{cite book|last1=Blevins|first1=Brooks|title=Lyon College, 1872-2002 : the perseverance and promise of an Arkansas college|date=2003|publisher=University of Arkansas Press|location=Fayetteville|isbn=1557287422}}
101. ^{{cite book|last1=Blevins|first1=Brooks|title=Lyon College, 1872-2002 : the perseverance and promise of an Arkansas college|date=2003|publisher=University of Arkansas Press|location=Fayetteville|isbn=1557287422}}
102. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite book|last1=Reynolds|first1=John Hugh|last2=Thomas|first2=David Yancey|title=History of the University of Arkansas|date=1910|publisher=University of Arkansas|accessdate=2 April 2016}}
103. ^{{cite book|last1=Blevins|first1=Brooks|title=Lyon College, 1872-2002 : the perseverance and promise of an Arkansas college|date=2003|publisher=University of Arkansas Press|location=Fayetteville|isbn=1557287422}}
104. ^{{cite book|last1=Blevins|first1=Brooks|title=Lyon College, 1872-2002 : the perseverance and promise of an Arkansas college|date=2003|publisher=University of Arkansas Press|location=Fayetteville|isbn=1557287422}}
105. ^{{cite journal|last=Hevel|first=Michael|title=Public Displays of Student Learning: The Role of Literary Societies in Early Iowa Higher Education|journal=The Annals of Iowa|year=2011|volume=70|issue=1}}
106. ^{{cite journal|last=Hevel|first=Michael|title=Public Displays of Student Learning: The Role of Literary Societies in Early Iowa Higher Education|journal=The Annals of Iowa|year=2011|volume=70|issue=1}}
107. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.heidelberg.edu/studentlife/studentactivities/greeklife/societies |title=Heidelberg University. Societies |publisher=Heidelberg.edu |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010030353/http://www.heidelberg.edu/studentlife/studentactivities/greeklife/societies |archivedate=2010-10-10 |df= }}
108. ^  {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060904022605/http://www.pacific.edu/homepage/news/releases/2002/2002-1101-california-history.asp |date=September 4, 2006 }}
109. ^{{cite journal|last=Hevel|first=Michael|title=Public Displays of Student Learning: The Role of Literary Societies in Early Iowa Higher Education|journal=The Annals of Iowa|year=2011|volume=70|issue=1}}
110. ^{{cite journal|last=Hevel|first=Michael|title=Public Displays of Student Learning: The Role of Literary Societies in Early Iowa Higher Education|journal=The Annals of Iowa|year=2011|volume=70|issue=1}}
111. ^{{cite web |url=http://www2.ic.edu/sigma_phi_epsilon/ |title=Illinois College-Sigma Phi Epsilon |publisher=.ic.edu |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05 }}{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
112. ^{{cite journal|last=Hevel|first=Michael|title=Public Displays of Student Learning: The Role of Literary Societies in Early Iowa Higher Education|journal=The Annals of Iowa|year=2011|volume=70|issue=1}}
113. ^The Daedalian Literary Society at Indiana State became Delta Lambda Sigma in 1923; Delta Lambda Sigma affiliated with Lambda Chi Alpha in 1952. http://cougar.indstate.edu/u?/isuarchive,6581{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
114. ^http://cougar.indstate.edu/u?/isuarchive,9518{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
115. ^http://cougar.indstate.edu/u?/isuarchive,15936{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
116. ^{{cite book|last1=Blevins|first1=Brooks|title=Lyon College, 1872-2002 : the perseverance and promise of an Arkansas college|date=2003|publisher=University of Arkansas Press|location=Fayetteville|isbn=1557287422}}
117. ^http://whigclio.princeton.edu/
118. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.vu.union.edu/~philo/ |title=Philomathean Society |publisher=Vu.union.edu |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120806000000/http://www.vu.union.edu/~philo/ |archivedate=2012-08-06 |df= }}
119. ^{{Cite web|url=https://atuva.student.virginia.edu/organization/Franklin|title=atuva.student.virginia.edu/organization/Franklin|website=atuva.student.virginia.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-12-05}}
120. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.cavalierdaily.com/article/2017/11/chellman-u-va-needs-literary-societies-more-than-ever|title=CHELLMAN: U.Va. needs literary societies more than ever|work=The Cavalier Daily|access-date=2017-12-05}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:College Literary Societies (American)}}

2 : College literary societies in the United States|Student debating societies
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