| 词条 | Columbia River Crossing |
| 释义 |
}}{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2013}}{{Infobox bridge | name = Columbia River Crossing | image = CRC2011ConceptDeckTruss.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = Conceptual illustration for a possible deck truss bridge, seen from the southeast | official_name = | other_name = | carries = Interstate 5 | crosses = Columbia River | locale = Oregon | owner = | maint = | id = | id_type = | website = | architect = | designer = | engineering = | winner = | contracted_designer = | design = | material = | length = | width = | height = | mainspan = | spans = | pierswater = | load = | clearance = | below = | life = | builder = | fabricator = | begin = | complete = | cost = $175 million | open = Never opened | inaugurated = | named_for = Columbia River | toll = | traffic = | preceded = Interstate Bridge | followed = | heritage = | collapsed = | closed = | replaces = | map_cue = | map_image = | map_alt = | map_text = | map_width = | lat = | long = | extra = | references = }} The Columbia River Crossing (CRC) was a joint freeway megaproject from 2005 to 2013 between Oregon and Washington, which proposed to widen and modernize Interstate 5 where it crossed the Columbia River. Central to this was the replacement of the Interstate Bridge, a pair of through-truss bridges. The northbound bridge dates to 1917, and its nearly identical companion was opened in 1958 to carry southbound traffic. The bridges, the earlier of which pre-dates the U.S. Highway System by nine years, served as the crossing for U.S. Route 99 before the establishment of the Interstate Highway System and Interstate 5 as the new route number. Each of the current bridges currently has three traffic lanes and no emergency lanes. Each bridge also has a vertical-lift draw bridge span on the Washington State side of the river to allow shipping traffic access upriver. The CRC was intended to be a safer, more modern bridge, with greater capacity, including light rail to directly connect with the regional MAX system. It would also have replaced or modified seven freeway interchanges south of SR-500.[1] "Project partners" included the Federal Highway Administration and the Federal Transit Administration, cities of Vancouver and Portland, the Southwest Washington Regional Transportation Council, Metro, and transit agencies C-Tran and TriMet. Other agencies were involved as part of "task forces," but the project was blocked July 2013 by Republican opposition within the Washington State Senate.[2][3] ProposalA draft environmental impact statement (EIS) was published in May 2008, with a final EIS published in the Federal Register on September 23, 2011. While first said to begin in 2010, the CRC team later said construction would not begin until late 2014.[4] The EIS was produced at a cost of $105 million, over five times the original estimate, and was delivered 18 months behind schedule.[5] The ongoing project planning costs $1 million per month.[6] Planners say the construction phase would last five to seven years. Official cost estimates for a phased build-out were $2.8 billion, down from earlier estimates of $3.5 billion.[7] The CRC finance plan called for tolling to pay for up to $1.3 billion of the cost.[8] OppositionIn May 2011, a critic estimated a range of probable cost of $3.1 to $10 billion[9] for five miles of highway and transit work, to include a double-deck truss bridge with ten lanes for auto traffic on the top deck, with public transportation, bicycles and pedestrians below. Concerns about the tolling plan have been raised by state treasurers of both Oregon and Washington.[10] A report by Oregon Treasurer Ted Wheeler found that "key assumptions in the traffic and toll revenue forecast used in the 2008 [Draft Environmental Impact Statement] are now outdated", and says that tolling will result in up to $598 million less than predicted earlier. The report cited problems raised by two independent studies. While the CRC predicts ever increasing traffic, Robert Bain of London firm RB Consult Ltd. calls that into question, noting that "traffic volumes using the I-5 Bridge have flattened-off over the last 15-20 years; well before the current recessionary period. The clear inference is that the flattening-off is a long-term traffic trend; not simply a manifestation of recent circumstances". A second consulting firm said that "employment growth projections by IHS Global Insight and by Moody's Analytics are significantly lower than those utilized in the [Draft Environmental Impact Statement] process". Traffic leveling off and employment growth less than half that predicted by the CRC combine to cause problems with the finance plan.[11] A 2012 survey found that 52% of Portland drivers and 77% of Clark County drivers would divert to I-205 to avoid paying a toll on I-5.[12] The Sightline Institute says that tolling should begin immediately so that planners have real-world data on how many trips would divert to I-205 to avoid an I-5 toll.[13] Oregon Governor John Kitzhaber introduced a bill for the 2013 legislature (H.B. 2260) which gives the state authority to raise money for the project via tolling; in the bill the project is referred to as "The Interstate 5 Bridge Replacement Program" rather than the CRC, a rebranding noted by local and national journalists.[14][15][16] The CRC megaproject was subject to at least three lawsuits. Thompson Metal Fab in Vancouver sued over the limited bridge height which they say will hurt their company's competitiveness. Residents of Hayden Island filed suit, claiming failure to properly examine negative air quality impacts and impacts to low income residents (some living as close as 50 feet from the project).[17] The Coalition for a Livable Future, Northeast Coalition of Neighborhoods, and Northwest Environmental Defense Center challenged the federal agencies [FHWA and FTA] responsible for the CRC megaproject, based on concerns that the megaproject failed to consider even a basic analysis of key environmental issues, and said that the CRC failed to include a reasonable range of alternatives, instead creating a false choice between two extremes.[18] If built, the construction on Hayden Island was expected to last over five years, and impacts would include the forcible acquisition and demolition of 35 floating homes, along with 39 businesses employing 600 people.[19] TerminationOf approximately $227 million allocated, the project had spent $175 million by the end of April 2013, much of it on pre-construction testing of subsurface conditions, which may or may not be useful in the future.[20] The project was terminated after the Washington State Senate failed to approve $450 million in funding, with key opponent Ann Rivers of La Center, Washington suggesting alternative measures such as eliminating lane changes and lowering the speed limit on the bridge.[21] One common objection from opponents was the inclusion of light rail. [22]Revival attemptsIn August 2013 a group of business leaders and other submitted a proposal to governors Inslee and Kitzhaber which would reduce total cost to $2.75 billion, avoiding the need for Washington's immediate contribution by eliminating modifications to all but one interchange north of the river.[23] In September, Oregon Governor John Kitzhaber made a proposal to the Oregon State Legislature for them to consider an Oregon-led project, which the Oregon Department of Justice found legal. [24][25] Treasurer Ted Wheeler noted that any progress was likely dependent on an acceptable tolling plan, light-rail operational funding and Coast Guard approval and two of these were approved within days.[26][27][28]Although there was not a special legislative session to consider the proposal, they appointed a 24-member committee to review a "revised, Oregon-only plan."[29] On March 7, the Oregon Legislature adjourned without reinstating construction funds for the CRC I-5 Bridge Replacement project. The project office was officially closed down on May 31, 2014, with related documents and plans archived in case the project is ever revived.[30] References1. ^{{cite news|last=Jaquiss|first=Nigel|title=A Bridge Over The River Why?|url=http://www.wweek.com/portland/article-9038-a_bridge_over_the_river_why.html|accessdate=January 26, 2013|newspaper=Willamette Week|date=May 1, 2008}} 2. ^{{cite news | last =Bernton | first =Hal | title =State Senate deadlock kills Columbia Crossing | newspaper =The Seattle Times | date =July 1, 2013 | url =http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2021308733_bridgedemisexml.html | accessdate = July 2, 2013}} 3. ^{{cite news|last=Johnson|first=Kirk|title=Washington and Oregon Cities Try to Evade Political Jam to Build a Bridge|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/17/us/Washington-and-Oregon-Cities-Try-to-Sidestep-Political-Gridlock-to-Build-a-Bridge.html|accessdate=July 17, 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=July 17, 2013|page=A12}} 4. ^{{cite news|last=Damewood|first=Andrea|title=Start of major construction on CRC delayed until late 2014; Project confronts 'funding realities'|url=http://www.columbian.com/news/2012/jun/19/funding-realities-delay-crc-start-project-will-not/|accessdate=January 26, 2013|newspaper=The Columbian|date=June 19, 2012}} 5. ^{{cite news|last=Jaquiss|first=Nigel|title=The Runaway Bridge; Budget State transportation officials stood by as planning costs for the Interstate 5 Columbia River Crossing ballooned|url=http://www.wweek.com/portland/article-18141-the_runaway_bridge_budget.html?current_page=1|accessdate=February 5, 2013|newspaper=Willamette Week|date=October 26, 2011}} 6. ^{{cite news|last=Rivera|first=Dylan|title=I-5 bridge studies span $65 million and counting|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/news/index.ssf/2009/07/i5_bridge_studies_cost_65_mill.html|accessdate=May 6, 2013|newspaper=Oregonian|date=July 23, 2009}} 7. ^{{cite news | last =Florip | first =Eric | title =Report gives new CRC cost picture: Decrease to $2.8B from $3.5B reflects decision to build in phases | newspaper =The Columbian | date =April 23, 2013 | page=A1 | url = | format = | accessdate = }} 8. ^{{cite news|last=Florip|first=Eric|title=Highway money uncertain for CRC; If federal funding, part of the plans for years, falls through, states get the bill|url=http://www.columbian.com/news/2013/jan/19/highway-money-uncertain-for-crc/|accessdate=January 28, 2013|newspaper=The Columbian|date=January 19, 2013}} 9. ^{{cite news|last=Rose|first=Joseph|title=New study warns Columbia River Crossing could cost $10 billion|url=http://blog.oregonlive.com/commuting/2010/10/new_study_warns_columbia_river.html|accessdate=January 23, 2013|newspaper=The Oregonian|date=October 15, 2010}} 10. ^{{cite news|last=Manning|first=Jeff|title=Traffic estimates on Columbia River Crossing further muddy the financial picture|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2011/07/traffic_estimates_on_columbia.html|accessdate=January 28, 2013|date=July 19, 2011|work=The Oregonian}} 11. ^{{cite news|last=Jaquiss|first=Nigel|title=BREAKING: Treasurer's Report Blows Major Hole in CRC Finance Plan|url=http://wweek.com/portland/blog-27408-breaking_treasurers_report_blows_major_hole_in_crc_finance_plan.html|accessdate=January 28, 2013|newspaper=Willamette Week|date=July 20, 2011}} 12. ^{{cite news|last=Rose|first=Joseph|title=Most Portland, Vancouver drivers would dodge Columbia River Crossing's Interstate 5 tolls, poll finds|url=http://blog.oregonlive.com/commuting/2012/11/most_portland_vancouver_driver.html|accessdate=January 28, 2013|newspaper=The Oregonian|date=November 30, 2012}} 13. ^{{cite news|last=Jaquiss|first=Nigel|title=The Toll Under the Bridge; Seattle's experience shows the CRC's projections are flimsier than ever.|url=http://www.wweek.com/portland/article-19349-the_toll_under_the_bridge.html|accessdate=January 28, 2013|newspaper=Willamette Week|date=June 20, 2012}} 14. ^{{cite news|last=Maus|first=Jonathan|title=CRC update: Kitzhaber drops "CRC" moniker, activists heat up|url=http://bikeportland.org/2013/01/24/crc-update-kitzhaber-drops-crc-project-moniker-activists-heat-up-82214|accessdate=January 29, 2013|newspaper=BikePortland.org|date=January 24, 2013}} 15. ^{{cite news|last=Jaquiss|first=Nigel|title=Pay Up or Shut Up; Lawmakers' first order of business: Find $450 million for a rebranded CRC project|url=http://www.wweek.com/portland/article-20182-pay_up_or_shut_up.html|accessdate=January 29, 2013|newspaper=Willamette Week|date=January 23, 2013}} 16. ^{{cite news|last=Schmitt|first=Angie|title=Portland Mega-Highway Backers Resort to "Rebranding"|url=http://streetsblog.net/2013/01/25/portland-mega-highway-backers-resort-to-rebranding/|accessdate=January 29, 2013|newspaper=StreetsBlog|date=January 25, 2013}} 17. ^{{cite news|title=Hayden Island residents sue Columbia River Crossing|url=http://www.columbian.com/news/2012/jul/14/hayden-island-residents-sue-columbia-river-crossin/|accessdate=January 29, 2013|newspaper=The Columbian|date=July 14, 2012}} 18. ^{{cite news|last=Manvel|first=Evan|title=Breaking: Neighbors, Environmentalists Bring Lawsuit Against Costly, Risky CRC Mega-Project|url=http://www.blueoregon.com/2012/07/breaking-neighbors-environmentalists-bring-lawsuit-against-costly-risky-crc-mega-project/|accessdate=January 29, 2013|newspaper=BlueOregon|date=July 2, 2012}} 19. ^{{cite news|last=Manning|first=Jeff|title=At Hayden Island interchange, the Columbia River Crossing will cast a huge footprint|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2011/09/at_hayden_island_interchange_t.html|accessdate=January 30, 2013|newspaper=The Oregonian|date=September 24, 2011}} 20. ^{{cite news | last =Read | first =Richard | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =Bridge Funds to Nowhere: Some of the $175 million in work for the now-defunct Columbia River Crossing might be useful someday, but much of it is just gone | newspaper =The Oregonian | page= A1 | date =July 5, 2013 | url =http://www.oregonlive.com/business/index.ssf/2013/07/columbia_river_crossing_spends.html#incart_m-rpt-2 | accessdate = July 5, 2013}} 21. ^{{cite news | last =Mathieu | first =Steve | title =Officials adjust focus to a future bridge replacement | newspaper =The Columbian | date =July 1, 2013 | url =http://www.columbian.com/news/2013/jul/01/officials-adjust-focus-to-a-future-bridge-replacem/ | accessdate = July 2, 2013}} 22. ^{{cite news | last =Mapes | first =Jeff | title =What killed the Columbia River Crossing? A razor-thin Senate election last November | newspaper =The Oregonian | date =July 2, 2013 | url =http://www.oregonlive.com/mapes/index.ssf/2013/07/what_killed_the_columbia_river.html | accessdate = July 2, 2013}} 23. ^{{cite web | last =Florip | first =Eric | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =Slimmer CRC Plan Sent to Governors | work =page A1 | publisher =The Columbian | date =August 8, 2013 | url =http://www.columbian.com/news/2013/aug/07/crc-supporters-send-governors-their-plan-revive-pr/ | accessdate = August 8, 2013}} 24. ^{{cite news | last =Gaston | first =Christian | title =Oregon would set tolls for Washington under revived Columbia River Crossing | publisher =The Oregonian | date =September 25, 2013 | url =http://www.oregonlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2013/09/oregon_would_set_tolls_for_was.html | accessdate = September 27, 2013}} 25. ^{{cite news | last =Gaston | first =Christian | title =Attorney General: Oregon-led Columbia River Crossing would pass legal muster | publisher =The Oregonian | date =September 13, 2013 | url =http://www.oregonlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2013/09/attorney_general_oregon-led_co.html | accessdate = September 27, 2013}} 26. ^{{cite news | last =Gaston | first =Christian | title =Oregon Treasurer says more work needed to revive Columbia River Crossing | publisher =The Oregonian | date =September 26, 2013 | url =http://www.oregonlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2013/09/oregon_treasurer_says_more_wor.html | accessdate = September 27, 2013}} 27. ^{{cite web | last =Florip | first =Eric | title =C-Tran board approves light rail financing plan | publisher =The Columbian | date =September 26, 2013 | url =http://www.columbian.com/news/2013/sep/26/c-tran-board-approves-light-rail-financing-plan/ | accessdate = September 27, 2013}} 28. ^{{cite web | last =Florip | first =Eric | title =Coast Guard approves CRC bridge permit | publisher =The Columbian | date =September 27, 2013 | url =http://www.columbian.com/news/2013/sep/27/coast-guard-approves-crc-bridge-permit/ | accessdate = September 27, 2013}} 29. ^{{cite web | last =Brown | first =Craig | title =Oregon leaders appoint CRC hearings panel | publisher =The Columbian | date =October 26, 2013 | url =http://www.columbian.com/news/2013/oct/26/oregon-leaders-appoint-crc-hearings-panel/ | accessdate = October 28, 2013}} 30. ^{{cite web|title=ODOT announces plans to close down Columbia River Crossing Project|date =March 7, 2014|url=http://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/COMM/Pages/nr03071401.aspx}} External links
10 : Bridges over the Columbia River|Cancelled bridge projects in the United States|Bridges in Oregon|Bridges in Washington (state)|Interstate 5|Bridges on the Interstate Highway System|2005 establishments in Oregon|2005 establishments in Washington (state)|2014 disestablishments in Oregon|2014 disestablishments in Washington (state) |
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