“Concrete slump test”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The concrete slump test measures the consistency of fresh concrete before it sets. It is performed to check the workability of freshly made concrete, and therefore the ease with which concrete flows. It can also be used as an indicator of an improperly mixed batch. The test is popular due to the simplicity of apparatus used and simple procedure. The slump test is used to ensure uniformity for different loads of concrete under field conditions.^[1]

A separate test, known as the flow table, or slump-flow, test, is used for concrete that is too fluid (non-workable) to be measured using the standard slump test, because the concrete will not retain its shape when the cone is removed.

Procedure

The test is carried out using a metal mould in the shape of a conical frustum known as a slump cone or Abrams cone, that is open at both ends and has attached handles. The tool typically has an internal diameter of {{convert|100|mm|in}} at the top and of {{convert|200|mm|in}} at the bottom with a height of {{convert|305|mm|in}}.The cone is placed on a hard non-absorbent surface. This cone is filled with fresh concrete in three stages. Each time, each layer is tamped 25 times with a 2 ft (600 mm)-long bullet-nosed metal rod measuring {{sfrac|5|8}} in (16 mm) in diameter.^[2] At the end of the third stage, the concrete is struck off flush with the top of the mould. The mould is carefully lifted vertically upwards, so as not to disturb the concrete cone.

The concrete then slumps (subsides). The slump of the concrete is measured by measuring the distance from the top of the slumped concrete to the level of the top of the slump cone.^[3]^[4]

Interpretation of results

The slumped concrete takes various shapes and according to the profile of slumped concrete, the slump is termed as true slump, shear slump or collapse slump. If a shear or collapse slump is achieved, a fresh sample should be taken and the test repeated.

Only a true slump is of any use in the test. A collapse slump will generally mean that the mix is too wet or that it is a high workability mix, for which the slump test is not appropriate.^[1]^[3] Very dry mixes having slump 0 – 25 mm are typically used in road making, low workability mixes having slump 10 – 40 mm are typically used for foundations with light reinforcement, medium workability mixes with slump 50 – 90 mm, are typically used for normal reinforced concrete placed with vibration, high workability concrete with slump > 100 mm is typically used where reinforcing has tight spacing, and/or the concrete has to flow a great distance.^[5]{{rp|68}}

Limitations of the slump test

The slump test is suitable for slumps of medium to low workability, slump in the range of 5 – 260 mm, the test fails to determine the difference in workability in stiff mixes which have zero slump, or for wet mixes that give a collapse slump. It is limited to concrete formed of aggregates of less than 38 mm (1.5 inch).^[1]

Differences in standards

The slump test is referred to in several testing and building codes, with minor differences in the details of performing the test.

United States

In the United States, engineers use the ASTM standards and AASHTO specifications when referring to the concrete slump test. The American standards explicitly state that the slump cone should have a height of 12-in (300 mm), a bottom diameter of 8-in (200 mm) and an upper diameter of 4-in (100 mm). The soft SI conversions provided in the standard allow using the same dimension slump cones as those described in other standards. The ASTM standards also regulate the rigidity of the cone. It states in the procedure that when the cone is removed, it should be lifted up vertically, without any rotational movement at all.^[6] The concrete slump test is known as "Standard Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement Concrete" and carries the code (ASTM C 143) or (AASHTO T 119).

United Kingdom and mainland Europe

In the United Kingdom, the standards specify a slump cone height of 300 mm, a bottom diameter of 200 mm and a top diameter of 100 mm. The British Standards do not explicitly specify that the cone should only be lifted vertically. The slump test in the British standards was first (BS 1881–102) and is now replaced by the European Standard (BS EN 12350-2).^[7] The test should be carried out by filling the slump cone in three equal layers with the mixture being tamped down 25 times for each layer.

Other tests

There are many tests for evaluating slump in concrete: the flow table test (DIN 1048-1) uses similar, but differently-sized, apparatus, but the table on which the slump cone is placed is dropped several times after the slump cone is removed, and the measurement is of the diameter of the sample, not the height.^[8] one example is the K-Slump Test (ASTM International C1362-09

Standard Test Method for Flow of Freshly Mixed Hydraulic Cement Concrete).^[9] Other tests evaluating consistency are the British compacting factor test,^[10] the Vebe consistometer for roller-compacted concrete (ASTM C1170),^[11]

Another way of determining slump is to use an automated slump meter. Sensors and controls enable the meters to measure and display slump. Their reliability has by now earned them acceptance in various standard codes such as ASTM International. Some automated slump meters, such as the one by Verifi also can add water to the concrete mix in the delivery truck while in transit. In 2013 ASTM C94/C94M was revised to allow water additions during transit for trucks equipped with automated slump monitoring and measurement systems.

See also

References

1. ^¹²³{{cite book |title=Concrete technology |last=Gambhir |first=M. L. |year=2004 |publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill |pages= 127, 128|url=https://books.google.com/?id=brO7ltRSA4wC&dq=history+of+concrete+slump+test |accessdate=2010-12-11|isbn=9780070583740 }}
2. ^{{cite book|author1=W.B. Mckay|author2=J.M. Mckay|title=Building Construction Vol. Ii (Fourth Edition)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=InJhA63RCAcC&pg=PA32|accessdate=9 June 2012|date=1 January 1971|publisher=Orient Longman Private Limited|isbn=978-81-250-0941-2|page=32}}
3. ^¹²³⁴{{cite web |url=http://www.concrete.org.uk/services/fingertips_nuggets.asp?cmd=display&id=559 |title=Slump test |publisher=The Concrete Society |accessdate=2010-12-11}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/esc/ctms/pdf/CT_556Jun2010.pdf|title=California Test 555, Method of Test for Slump of Fresh Portland Cement Concrete|date=June 2010}}
5. ^{{cite book |title=Materials for architects and builders |last=Lyons |first=Arthur |year=2007 |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann |location= |isbn= 9780750669405|page= |pages= |url=https://books.google.com/?id=kGG46mbkDsoC&dq=water+cement+ratio+slump+test |accessdate=2010-12-11}}
6. ^{{cite book |author=Tattersall, G.H. |title=Workability and quality control of concrete |publisher=E & FN Spon |location=London |year=1991 |pages= |isbn=978-0-419-14860-9 |oclc= |doi=}}
7. ^qpa.org; QPA BRMCA Committee Bulletin 3
8. ^{{cite book |author1=Panarese, William C. |author2=Kosmatka, Steven H. |author3=Kerkhoff, Beatrix |title=Design and control of concrete mixtures |publisher=Portland Cement Association |location=[Skokie, Ill.] |year=2002 |pages= |isbn=978-0-89312-217-1 |oclc= |doi=}}
9. ^ASTM Complete Set. 2013{{ISBN|9781622042715}}
10. ^CSN EN 12350-4 - Testing fresh concrete - Part 4: Degree of Compactability
11. ^ASTM C1170/C1170M-08 October 2008 Standard Test Method for Determining Consistency and Density of Roller-Compacted Concrete Using a Vibrating Table