| 词条 | Conformal map projection |
| 释义 |
In cartography, a conformal map projection is one in which any angle on Earth (a sphere or an ellipsoid) is preserved in the image of the projection, i.e. the projection is a conformal map in the mathematical sense. PropertiesWe can define a conformal projection as one that is locally conformal at any point on the earth. Thus, any small figure on the earth is nearly similar to its image on the map. The projection preserves the ratio of two lengths in the small domain. All Tissot's indicatrices of the projections are circles. Conformal projections preserve only small figures. Large figures are distorted, even by conformal projections. In a conformal projection, any small figure is similar to the image, but the ratio of similarity (scale) varies by location. This explains the distortion of the conformal projection. In a conformal projection, parallels and meridians cross rectangularly on the map. The converse is not necessarily true. The counterexamples are equirectangular and equal-area cylindrical projections (of normal aspects). These projections expand meridian-wise and parallel-wise by different ratios respectively. Thus, parallels and meridians cross rectangularly on the map, but these projections do not preserve other angles; i.e. these projections are not conformal. List of conformal projections
ApplicationsLarge scaleMany large-scale maps use conformal projections because figures in large-scale maps can be regarded as small enough. The figures on the maps are nearly similar to their physical counterparts. A non-conformal projection can be used in a limited domain such that the projection is locally conformal. Glueing many maps together restores roundness. To make a new sheet from many maps or to change the center, the body must be re-projected. Seamless online maps can be very large Mercator projections, so that any place can become the map's center, then the map remains conformal. However, it is difficult to compare lengths or areas of two far-off figures using such a projection. The Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system and the Lambert system in France are projections that support the trade-off between seamlessness and scale variability. For small scaleMaps reflecting directions, such as a nautical chart or an aeronautical chart, are projected by conformal projections. Maps treating values whose gradients are important, such as a weather map with atmospheric pressure, are also projected by conformal projections. Small scale maps have large scale variations in a conformal projection, so recent world maps use other projections. Historically, many world maps are drawn by conformal projections, such as Mercator maps or hemisphere maps by stereographic projection. Conformal maps containing large regions vary scales by locations, so it is difficult to compare lengths or areas. However, some techniques require that a length of 1 degree on a meridian = 111 km = 60 nautical mile In Mercator or stereographic projections, scales vary by latitude, so bar scales by latitudes are often appended. In complex projections such as of oblique aspect. Contour charts of scale factors are sometimes appended. Sources{{cite book| last = Snyder | first = John P. | title = An Album of Map Projections, Professional Paper 1453 | publisher = US Geological Survey | url = http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1453/report.pdf | year = 1989 }}{{cite website |last = Furuti |first = Carlos A. |title = Map Projections: Conformal Projections |publisher = www.progonos.com |url = http://www.progonos.com/furuti/MapProj/Normal/ProjConf/projConf.html2005 |year = 2005 }} References1. ^https://www.jasondavies.com/maps/modified-stereographic/miller/ 1 : Cartography |
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