| 词条 | Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques |
| 释义 |
| name = Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques World Underwater Federation Confederacion Mundial De Actividades Subacuaticas | image = Confederation Mondiale des Activites Subaquatiques logo.svg | image_border = | size = 300 | alt = CMAS Logo | caption = CMAS Logo | map = | msize = | malt = | mcaption = | map2 = | abbreviation = CMAS | motto = Quality in Diving | predecessor = CIPS, Comité des Sports Sous-Marins | successor = | formation = {{Start date and years ago|1959|01|11}} at Monaco | extinction = | type = {{ubl | Sports federation | INGO | Diver training organization }} | status = | purpose = Underwater sports & sciences, and diver training | headquarters = Rome, Italy | location = Viale Tiziano, 74 00196 Roma Italy | coords = | region_served = International | membership = National Federations | language = French, English, Spanish | general = | leader_title = | leader_name = Anna Arzhanova | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | key_people = Jacques-Yves Cousteau | main_organ = General assembly | parent_organization = | affiliations = {{ubl | SportAccord | ARISF | IWGA | IUCN }} | budget = | num_staff = 5 | num_volunteers = | website = http://www.cmas.org/ | remarks = | former name = }}Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) is an international federation that represents underwater activities in underwater sport and underwater sciences, and oversees an international system of recreational snorkel and scuba diver training and recognition. It is also known by its English name, the World Underwater Federation, and its Spanish name, Confederacion Mundial De Actividades Subacuaticas. Its foundation in Monaco during January 1959 makes it one of the world's oldest underwater diving organisations.[1] OriginsAn international congress of diving federations representing all underwater disciplines met in Brussels on 28 September 1958. National delegates attended from following countries: Belgium, Brazil, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Italy, Monaco, Portugal, Switzerland, the United States of America and the former Yugoslavia. Following a decision at that congress, a meeting was held in Monaco on 9–11 January 1959, which officially established the World Underwater Federation, with an acronym based on its French title as CMAS. A founding member and key proponent of CMAS was the French underwater explorer and diving pioneer Jacques-Yves Cousteau who was chosen to be the inaugural president with Luigi Ferraro, Italian underwater pioneer, appointed as vice-president. CMAS succeeded the Comité des Sports Sous-Marins (Underwater Sports Committee) of the Confédération Internationale de la Pêche Sportive (CIPS) (International Confederation of Sport Fishing), which was founded on 22 February 1952. OrganisationCMAS consists of three major committees - sport, technical and scientific.[6][7][8] These committees are overseen by a board of directors (BoD) elected periodically at the annually convened general assembly. The BoD, the sport committee and the scientific committee oversee sub-committees known as commissions. Day-to-day operation is overseen by a steering committee appointed from the BoD. Its headquarters is currently located in Rome. The steering committeeThe steering committee consists of seven members. As of 2013, the members were:[9] {{div col |colwidth=30em}}
Sport committeeThe sports committee consists of commissions representing the following underwater sports - apnoea, aquathlon, finswimming, spearfishing, sport diving, underwater hockey, underwater orienteering, underwater rugby and underwater target shooting.[10][11][12][2] An additional commission known as "visual" represents the sports of underwater photography and underwater video.[3] All of those sports are governed at the international level uniquely by CMAS with exception of apnoea in which competition and governance is also provided by a rival organisation, AIDA International.[4] Technical committeeRoleThe role of the technical committee is the provision of "safe diving for CMAS members" and seeks to achieve this by "promoting world class standards for all aspects of Scuba Diving and ensuring adherence of them by member federations and dive providers".[16] Its officers who are elected from persons nominated at the CMAS General Assembly by affiliated national diving federations include the following positions - president, secretary, standards director, education director, technical director, diving security director, special tasks director and a number of general members. It oversees the two following systems - a diver training standards system known as the "CMAS International Diver Training Standards" and a certification system known as "CMAS International Diver Certificates".[16][18] Since CMAS effectively started as a volunteer organisation for hobbyists, its courses tend to reflect the full range of European and world diving standards. Compared to other diving organisations which may be more geared towards holiday and tropical water diving. While organisations like PADI or SSI tend to bring divers into the water immediately, CMAS entry-level training is more extensive, featuring more "classroom" delivered theory.[19] QualificationsStandards, certification and training deliveryThe CMAS Technical Committee has developed a qualification system currently known as the "CMAS International Diver Training Standards" which consists of published universal standards for recreational diving, technical diving and leadership diver grades. The CMAS Technical Committee has also developed a diving certification system called the "CMAS International Diver Training Certification System" for most of its diver training standards and which permits divers that have been trained in accordance with the CMAS International Diver Training Standards, to have their training recognised worldwide particularly in countries where CMAS affiliated federations exist. The system includes a double sided certification card format where one side depicts the achieved CMAS standard while the other side has details of the issuing organisation and the diver.[18][22] CMAS itself does not provide training or conduct the issuing of certifications - this is available from two sources. Firstly, from national diving federations affiliated to the CMAS Technical Committee using their member diving clubs, their member instructors where the federation is exclusively an instructor organisation or by agreement with independent underwater diving training organizations operating in the countries where those federations are based.[23][24][25] Secondly, from specially accredited dive centres known as "CMAS Dive Centers" (CDC) who use dedicated CMAS training materials.[26] Recreational diver training programmesStandards are offered for recreational diver training for the following grades of snorkel and scuba divers. {{div col |colwidth=40em}}
Speciality diver training programmesStandards are provided for the following speciality training for recreational divers: {{div col |colwidth=30em}}
Technical diver training programmesStandards are provided for the following technical diver training grades: {{div col |colwidth=30em}}
Leadership diver training programmesStandards are provided for the training of the following grades of recreational snorkel and scuba instructors: {{div col |colwidth=40em}}
Instructor speciality gradesStandards are provided for speciality training of assistants, dive supervisors, snorkel instructors and scuba instructors: {{div col |colwidth=30em}}
Scientific committeeRoleThe committee considers its main task is to bring to the attention of the world underwater diving community, the important issues concerning the marine environment and how divers can play a major role in protecting it by serving as frontline observers of its overall health, particularly in respect to invasive species, coastal ecosystems and biodiversity.[45] Its officers who are elected from persons nominated at the CMAS General Assembly by affiliated national diving federations include the following positions - president, secretary, a number of general members and presidents of the following commissions - marine biology, marine archaeology, geology and professional relationships.[8] Scientific diving codesOver a 10-year period from 1977, it was responsible for the development of the "Code of Practice for Scientific Diving" for UNESCO[47] in cooperation with Sea Grant. {{citation needed| date=March 2013}} QualificationsThe CMAS Scientific Committee oversees a system of diving standards and certification that operates in parallel to the CMAS International Diver Training Certification System. The system was developed to which recognize the status of a diver who is qualified to dive in the course of research whilst employed. This internationally recognized standard of competence is a distinct advantage for working scientists who wish to travel between laboratories and institutes in different countries. Known as the CMAS Scientific Diver Standard, the system consists of the following diver and instructor grades:
A programme of specialist courses both at entry and advanced levels in underwater archaeology, freshwater biology, marine biology, marine geology and oceanology is also offered. Training and certification (also known as brevets) for the above qualifications is available from organisations known as CMAS Scientific Centres (CSC).[48] Recognitions, agreements and affiliationsRecognitionsOrganisations which recognise CMAS as the international federation for underwater sport and activities include: {{Colbegin}}
Agreements
Affiliations
Member federationsCMAS membership consists of at least 130 national federations from five continents including the following:[6] {{div col|colwidth=30em}}
See also{{Portal bar|Diver organisations|Diver training|Underwater sports}}{{div col |colwidth=40em}}General
Key people
International organisations
Organisations
Sport
References1. ^The Cave Diving Group (CDG) was founded in 1946 in the UK. The British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC) was founded in 1953. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]2. ^{{cite web|title=About Target Shooting|url=http://www.cmas.org/target-shooting/about-target-shooting|publisher=Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques|accessdate=16 May 2013}} 3. ^{{cite web|title=About Underwater Photography & News of the Visual Commission|url=http://www.cmas.org/visual|publisher=Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques|accessdate=4 August 2013}} 4. ^{{cite web|title=Aida International|url=http://www.aidainternational.org/|publisher=AIDA International|accessdate=29 July 2013}} 5. ^{{cite web|title=OVERVIEW OF RESCUE DIVER'S CERTIFICATION|url=http://www.ilsf.org/sites/ilsf.org/files/filefield/APP%2016%20ILS%20Overview%20Rescue%20Diver%27s%20Certification.pdf|publisher=International Life Saving Federation|accessdate=17 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101123240/http://www.ilsf.org/sites/ilsf.org/files/filefield/APP%2016%20ILS%20Overview%20Rescue%20Diver%27s%20Certification.pdf|archive-date=1 November 2012|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}} 6. ^{{cite web|title=Federations|url=http://www.cmas.org/federation-list|publisher=Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques|accessdate=31 March 2018}} 7. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.cmas.org/technique |title=The Technical Committee |publisher=Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques |accessdate=30 November 2010}} 8. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.cmas.org/sport |title=The Sport Committee |publisher=Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques |accessdate=30 November 2010}} 9. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.cmas.org/science |title=Scientific Committee |publisher=Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques |accessdate=30 November 2010}} 10. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.cmas.org/cmas/the-board-of-directors |title=The Steering Committee |publisher=Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques |accessdate=23 April 2013}} 11. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.cmas.org/aquathlon/about-aquatlon |title=About Aquathlon |publisher=Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques |accessdate=1 September 2012}} 12. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.cmas.org/orienteering/about-2012032627 |title=About Orienteering |publisher=Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques |accessdate=1 September 2012}} 13. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.cmas.org/sport-diving/about-2012032624 |title=About Sport Diving |publisher=Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques |accessdate=1 September 2012}} 14. ^1 {{cite manual |title=C.M.A.S. Diver *, **, ***, ****Training Program Diver |publisher=Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques |date=7 February 2008 |version=Version 2007/01}} 15. ^1 {{Citation| editor-last = Flemming| editor-first = N. C.| editor2-last = Max| editor2-first = M. D.| others = Scientific Committee of Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques| publication-date =1988| title = Code of Practice for Scientific Diving: Principles for the Safe Practice of Scientific Diving in Different Environments. UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine Science 53| publisher = United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Div. of Marine Sciences| publication-place = Paris (France)| issn =0503-4299| oclc = 18056894| url = http://www.jodc.go.jp/info/ioc_doc/UNESCO_tech/080632eb.pdf| accessdate =8 February 2013}} 16. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.olympic.org/content/the-ioc/recognised-sport-federations/federation9/ |title=World Underwater Federation |publisher=IOC |accessdate=1 September 2012}} 17. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.arisf.org/members/Underwater |title=Members: CMAS - World Underwater Federation |publisher=Association of IOC Recognised International Sports Federations (ARISF) |accessdate=1 September 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714190236/http://www.arisf.org/members/Underwater |archivedate=14 July 2014 |df= }} 18. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://ngo-db.unesco.org/r/or/en/1100067200 |title=World Underwater Federation |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |accessdate=1 September 2012}} 19. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.sportaccord.com/en/members/index.php?idContent=644&idIndex=32 |title=List of International Sports Federations |year=2012 |publisher=SportAccord |accessdate=1 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507073823/http://www.sportaccord.com/en/members/index.php?idContent=644&idIndex=32 |archive-date=7 May 2012 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} 20. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.theworldgames.org/the-sports/sports/trend-sports/underwater-sports-fin-swimming |title=Underwater Sports: Fin Swimming |year=2012 |publisher=International World Games Association (IWGA) |accessdate=1 September 2012}} 21. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://wada-ama.org/en/Resources/List-of-International-Federations/ |title=List of International Federations |year=2012 |publisher=World Anti-Doping Agency |accessdate=1 September 2012}} 22. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.luigiferraro.it/en/cmas |title= Luigi Ferraro; C.M.A.S. |year=2012 |publisher= Luigi Ferraro's official site |accessdate=4 September 2012}} 23. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.iucn.org/about/union/members/who_members/members_database/|title=Members' database, International NGO|publisher= International Union for Conservation of Nature |accessdate=1 September 2012}} 24. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.ndf.no/getfile.php/1068/cmaspadi_a.PDF|title= C.M.A.S. / PADI Agreement |publisher= Norges Dykkeforbund |accessdate=1 September 2012}} 25. ^1 2 {{cite web |url= http://www.cmas.org/learn-to-dive/|title=Learn To Dive|publisher= Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques|accessdate=28 January 2013}} 26. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.cmas.org/technique/cmas-international-diver-training-standards-and-procedures-manual/|title=CMAS International Diver Training Standards and Procedures Manual|publisher= Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques|accessdate=28 January 2013}} 27. ^1 {{cite web|title=CMAS Diving Centers|url=http://www.cmas.org/cmas/diving-centers|publisher=Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques|accessdate=27 October 2012}} 28. ^1 {{cite web|title=Federations affiliated to the CMAS Technical Committee|url=http://www.cmas.org/technique/federations?comme=2|publisher=Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques|accessdate=27 October 2012}} 29. ^1 {{cite web|title=Welcome to CMAS Instructors South Africa|url=http://www.cmas.co.za/AboutUs.aspx|publisher=CMAS Instructors South Africa|accessdate=28 October 2012}} 30. ^1 {{cite web|title=ORGANIZATIONAL STANDARDS|url=http://www.seidiving.org/about-us/organizational-standards/|publisher=Scuba Educators International|accessdate=28 October 2012}} 31. ^1 {{Citation | title= CMAS International Diver Training Standards and Procedures Manual| url= http://www.cmas.org/document?sessionId=&fileId=2212&language=1/| accessdate = 28 January 2013| publisher = Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques| pages=2–3| chapter= Chapter 1 Universal Standards and Procedures}} 32. ^1 2 {{cite web|title= About the Technical Committee|url=http://www.cmas.org/technique/about-tec/|publisher= Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques |accessdate=28 January 2013}} 33. ^{{cite book| title= Snorkel Diver Standards| url= http://www.cmas.org/document?sessionId=&fileId=2166&language=1/| accessdate = 29 January 2013| publisher = Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques| chapter= Definition of Snorkel diver and Snorkel diver Instructor grades}} 34. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite book |author=dernp |title= Standards & Requirements Diver and Instructor (Version 2002/00 ) |url= http://www.metropolis2.co.uk/Bish/Diver_Instructor_St_et_Rs_V_2002_00_A.pdf |accessdate=18 May 2017 |publisher=Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques |page=3 |chapter=Definitions of Diver and Instructor}} 35. ^{{cite book| title= CMAS International Diver Training Standards and Procedures Manual| url= http://www.cmas.org/document?sessionId=&fileId=2155&language=1/ | accessdate = 29 January 2013| publisher = Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques| page= 1| chapter = CMAS Introductory SCUBA Experience Training Programme}} 36. ^1 {{cite web|title=Standards of Scientific Committee|url=http://www.cmas.org/science/about-sci|publisher=Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques|accessdate=8 February 2013}} 37. ^1 {{Citation| author = Scientific Committee of CMAS| editor-last = Norro| editor-first = Dr Alain| publication-date = 2000| title = CMAS Standard for Scientific Diver| publisher = Scientific Committee of Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques| url = http://www.geo.tu-freiberg.de/hydro/vorl_portal/wiss_tauchen/CMAS_ESD_AESD.pdf| accessdate = 29 January 2013| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071212100047/http://www.geo.tu-freiberg.de/hydro/vorl_portal/wiss_tauchen/CMAS_ESD_AESD.pdf| archive-date = 12 December 2007| dead-url = yes| df = dmy-all}} }} External links
13 : IOC-recognised international federations|Sports governing bodies by sport|Underwater sports organizations|Finswimming|Freediving|Underwater hockey governing bodies|Underwater orienteering|Underwater photography (sport)|Underwater rugby|Underwater diving training organizations|Sports organizations established in 1959|1950s establishments in Monaco|Diver organisations |
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