“Consumer Protection Act 1987”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Consumer Protection Act 1987 (c 43) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that made important changes to the consumer law of the United Kingdom. Part 1 implemented European Community (EC) Directive 85/374/EEC, the product liability directive, by introducing a regime of strict liability for damage arising from defective products. Part 2 created government powers to regulate the safety of consumer products through Statutory Instruments. Part 3 defined a criminal offence of giving a misleading price indication.

The Act was notable in that it was the first occasion that the UK government implemented an EC directive through an Act of Parliament rather than an order under the European Communities Act 1972.^[3]

Product liability

Section 2 imposes civil liability in tort for damage caused wholly or partly by a defect in a product. Liability falls on:

Liability is strict, and there is no need to demonstrate fault or negligence on behalf of the producer. Liability cannot be "written out" by an exclusion clause (s.7)

— but damage to the product itself is excluded, as are other forms of pure economic loss.^[4]

Product

A product is any goods or electricity and includes products aggregated into other products, whether as component parts, raw materials or otherwise (s.1(2)(c)) though a supplier of the aggregate product is not liable simply on the basis of that fact (s.1(3)). Buildings and land are not included though construction materials such as bricks and girders are. Information and software are not included though printed instructions and embedded software are relevant to the overall safety of a product.^[5]

The original Act did not apply to unprocessed game or agricultural produce (s.2(4)) but this exception was repealed on 4 December 2000 to comply with EU Directive 1999/34/EC which was enacted because of fears over BSE.^[6]^[7]^[8]

Defect

Section 3 defines a defect as being present when "the safety of the product is not such as persons generally are entitled to expect". Safety is further defined as to apply to products that are component parts or raw materials in other products, and to risks to property as well as risks of death and personal injury (s.3(1)).

The standard of safety that "persons generally are entitled to expect" is to be assessed in relation to all the circumstances, including (s.3(2)):

— but the fact that older products were less safe than newer ones does not, of itself, render the older products defective.

Limitation

Schedule 1 amends the Limitation Act 1980. Claims under the Act are barred three years after the date when damage occurred or when it came to the knowledge of the claimant. However, no claim can be brought more than 10 years after the date the product was put into circulation.^[9]

Development risks defence

Section 4(1)(e) states that, in civil proceedings, it is a defence to show that:

This defence was allowed to member states as an option under the Directive.^[10] {{As of|2004}}, all EU member states other than Finland and Luxembourg had taken advantage of it to some extent.^[11] However, the concept had been criticised and rejected by the Law Commission in 1977, particularly influenced by the thalidomide tragedy,^[12] and by the Pearson Commission in 1978.^[13]^[14]

The UK implementation differs from the version of the defence in Art.7(e) of the Directive:

The directive seems to suggest that discovery of the defect must be impossible while the UK implementation seems to broaden the defence to situations where, while it would have been possible to discover the defect, it would have been unreasonable to expect the producer to do so. This difference led the Commission of the European Union to bring legal action against the UK in 1989.^[15] As there was at that time no UK case law on the defence, the European Court of Justice found that there was no evidence that the UK was interpreting the defence more broadly than the wording of the directive. This is likely to ensure that the UK legislation is interpreted to be consistent with the directive in the future, as was the case in A & Others v. National Blood Authority^[16] where the judge referred to the directive rather than the UK legislation.^[17]

Other defences

Impact of the Act

The UK was one of only a few EU member states that implemented Directive 85/374 within the three-year deadline.^[3] There is a view that the Act "probably represents the truest implementation" of the directive among member states. The UK did not take the option of applying a ceiling on claims for personal injury and in certain respects it goes further than the directive.^[18]

The first claim under the Act was not brought to court until 2000, 12 years after the Act came into force and, {{As of|2004|lc=on}}, there have been very few court cases. This pattern is common in other EU member states and research indicates that most claims are settled out of court. Exact information on the impact of the Act is difficult to obtain as there is no reporting requirement similar to that under the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Act.^[19]^[20]

Consumer safety

Section 10 originally imposed a general safety requirement on consumer products but this was repealed when its effect was superseded by the broader requirements of the General Product Safety Regulations 2005.^[21]

Section 11 gives the Secretary of State, {{As of|2008|lc=on}} the Secretary of State for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform, the power to make, after consultation, regulations by way of Statutory Instrument to ensure that:

Enforcement authorities

Every weights and measures authority in England, Wales and Scotland and every Northern Ireland district council has a duty to enforce, as an enforcement authority, the safety provisions in addition to the law on misleading price indications though these duties can be delegated by the Secretary of State (s.27). Enforcement authorities have the power to make test purchases (s.28) and have powers of entry and search (ss.29-30). Further, a customs officer can detain goods (s.31). There are criminal offences of obstructing an officer of an enforcement authority or giving false information, punishable with a fine (s.32) and recovery of the costs of enforcement (s.35).

Appeal against detention of goods is to the Magistrates' Court, or in Scotland the Sheriff (s.33) and compensation can be ordered (s.34). There is a further right of appeal to the Crown Court in England and Wales, the County Court in Northern Ireland (s.33(4)).

Breach of regulations

Breach of regulations is a crime, punishable on summary conviction by up to 6 months' imprisonment and a fine of up to level 5 on the standard scale (s.12).

Prohibition notices, notices to warn and suspension notices

An enforcement authority can serve a suspension notice prohibiting supply of a product for up to 6 months (s.14). The supplier can appeal a suspension notice to the Magistrates' Court, or in Scotland the Sheriff (s.15).

Breach of any such notice is a crime, punishable on summary conviction by up to 3 months' imprisonment and a fine of up to level 5 on the standard scale (ss.13(4), 14(6)).

Seizure and forfeiture

In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, an enforcement authority may apply to a Magistrates' Court for a forfeiture order to seize unsafe products where (s.16):

In Scotland a sheriff may make an order for forfeiture where there has been a contravention of safety regulations (s.17):

Appeal against forfeiture is to the Crown Court in England and Wales, the County Court in Northern Ireland (s.16(5)), or the High Court of Justiciary in Scotland (s.17(8)).

Provision of information

The Secretary of State may require information of any person in order to (s.18):

Failure to provide information is a crime, punishable on summary conviction by a fine of up to level 5 on the standard scale. Provision of false information is a crime, punishable on summary conviction by a fine of up to the statutory maximum and on indictment in the Crown Court of an unlimited fine (s.18(4)).

Misleading price indications

The Act created a crime of giving a misleading price indication in Part III where a person, in the course of business gives, by any means whatever, to a consumer an indication that is misleading as to the price at which any of the following is available (s.20)[note that Part III of the Act was repealed by the Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations 2008]:

An offender can be sentenced, on summary conviction to a fine of up to the statutory maximum for Magistrates' Courts or, on conviction on indictment in the Crown Court to an unlimited fine (s.20(4)).

Misleading

A price indication is misleading if it conveys, or if consumers might reasonably be expected to infer, that (s.21):