“Contribution to global warming by Australia”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Australia has one of the highest per capita emissions of carbon dioxide in the world, with 0.3% of the world's population it produces 1.3% of the world's greenhouse gases.^[1] It was 18.3 tonnes per year per person and the 11th highest in the world per capita in 2009. Australia uses principally coal power (70%) for electricity, with the remainder mainly gas, with no nuclear, low levels of hydro power, and low, but increasing, levels of solar, wind and wave power.

Total contribution

The Australian government estimates that Australia's net emissions in 2017 were 556.4 million tonnes {{CO2}}-equivalent, to which the sectoral contributions were approximately as follows: electricity, 33%; transport, 18%; stationary energy(excluding electricity), 17%; agriculture, 13%; fugitive emissions, 10%; industrial processes 6%; waste, 3%.^[2]

Cumulative historical contribution

The World Resources Institute estimates that Australia was responsible for 1.1% of all CO₂ emissions between 1850 and 2002.^[3] This is about 3 times larger than Australia's share of global population, roughly a third of a percent as of 2013.

Projected contribution

According to the no-mitigation scenario in the Garnaut Climate Change Review, Australia's share of world emissions, at 1.5% in 2005, declines to 1.1% by 2030, and to 1% by 2100.^[4]

There is currently no policy framework for reducing emissions at a national level in Australia, with the Deputy PM Michael McCormack describing a recent IPCC special report as "just...some sort of report" ^[5].

Measuring production vs consumption of carbon products

The import and export of goods confounds equitable measurements of emissions, particularly in the context of endeavouring to reach a global agreement on emissions reduction based on contraction and convergence. Australian emissions are monitored on a production rather than a consumption basis. This means that the emissions from the manufacture of goods imported into and consumed within Australia, for example many motor vehicles, are allocated to the country of manufacture. Similarly, Australia produces aluminium for export which requires substantial amounts of electricity which is produced by greenhouse gas emitting coal-fired power stations. While the aluminium is mainly consumed overseas, the emissions of its production are allocated to Australia. Geoff Carmody argues we need a consumption based emissions trading scheme.^[6]

Hydrocarbon Exports

Coal is forecast to be Australia’s largest export earner at $58.1 billion in 2018-19, according to the latest commodity forecast from the Department of Industry’s Office of the Chief Economist.^[7] Globally, Australia ranks #15 on the country list of greenhouse gas emissions (1.28%). ^[8]

See also

References

1. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/climate-change/publications/final-report-review-of-climate-change-policies-2017|title=Review of Climate Change policies 2017|last=p. 5|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=15 December 2018}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.climatecouncil.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/CC_MVSA0143-Briefing-Paper-Australias-Rising-Emissions_V8-FA_Low-Res_Single-Pages3.pdf |title=AUSTRALIA’S RISING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS |publisher=Climate Council of Australia |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-925573-58-9 |page=5 |access-date=13 March 2019}}
3. ^Navigating the Numbers: Greenhouse Gas Data and International Climate Policy, Chapter 6, Figure 6.1.
4. ^Garnaut Climate Change Review, Chapter 3, Table 3.2.
5. ^https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/oct/09/australian-government-backs-coal-defiance-ipcc-climate-warning
6. ^It's no contest - we need an ETS based on consumption, Geoff Carmody Director, Geoff Carmody & Associates, Retrieved 27 December 2008.
7. ^http://www.minerals.org.au/news/coal-overtakes-iron-ore-government-forecasts-australia%E2%80%99s-largest-export-2018-19
8. ^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_greenhouse_gas_emissions