“Hormizd IV”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Hormizd IV ({{lang-pal|𐭠𐭥𐭧𐭥𐭬𐭦𐭣}}; New Persian: {{lang|fa|هرمز چهارم}}), was king of the Sasanian Empire from 579 to 590.^[1] He was the son and successor of Khosrow I.

Family

Hormizd IV is called a Torkzad in the Shahnameh, meaning son of Turk, according to some sources his mother was the daughter of the Turkish khagan, this, however, has been rejected by Encyclopædia Iranica, which states that the marriage with the daughter of the Turkish khagan is impossible, and says that Hormizd was born in 540, thirty years before Khosrow's marriage.^[2]

Policies

Khosrow I had appointed Hormizd IV as his heir since he was aware that Hormizd had showed himself as qualified leader.^[2] Hormizd IV came to the throne in 579, he seems to have been imperious and violent, but not without some kindness of heart. Some very characteristic stories are told of him by al-Tabari.^[3] His father's sympathies had been with the nobles and the priests. Hormizd IV protected the common people and introduced a severe discipline in his army and court.

When the priests demanded a persecution of the Christians, he declined on the ground that the throne and the government could only be safe if it gained the goodwill of both concurring religions. The consequence was that Hormizd IV raised a strong opposition in the ruling classes, which led to many executions and confiscations. These even included the famous Karenid vizier of his father, Bozorgmehr;^[4] the latter's brother Simah-i Burzin; the Mihranid Izadgushasp; the spahbed Bahram-i Mah Adhar, and the Ispahbudhan Shapur, who was the father of Vistahm and Vinduyih. According to al-Tabari, Hormizd is said to have ordered the death of 13,600 nobles and religious members.^[5] When Bacurius III of Iberia died in 580, Hormizd IV quickly took the opportunity and replaced the monarchy in Iberia with a Sasanian governor. The reason for this was because the native rulers of Iberia had caused much trouble to the Sasanians.^[6]

War against the Byzantines

From his father, Hormizd had inherited an ongoing war against the East Roman (Byzantine) Empire and against the Turks in the east. Negotiations of peace had just begun with the Emperor Tiberius II, but Hormizd IV haughtily declined to cede anything of the conquests of his father. Therefore the accounts given of him by the Byzantine authors, Theophylact Simocatta (iii.16 ff), Menander Protector and John of Ephesus (vi.22), who give a full account of these negotiations, are far from favourable.

Determined to teach the Sasanian king a lesson, the Roman General Maurice crossed the frontier and invaded Kurdistan. The next year, he even planned to penetrate into Media and Southern Mesopotamia but the Ghassanid king al-Mundhir allegedly betrayed the Roman cause by informing Hormizd IV of the Roman Emperor's plans. Maurice was forced to retreat in a hurry, but during the course of his retreat to the Roman frontier, he drew the Persian general Adarmahan into an engagement and defeated him.

In 582, the Sasanian general Tamkhosrau crossed the Perso-Roman frontier and attacked Constantina, but was defeated and killed. However, the deteriorating physical condition of the Roman Emperor Tiberius II forced Maurice to return to Constantinople immediately. Meanwhile John Mystacon, who had replaced Maurice, attacked the Sasanians at the junction of the Nymphius and the Tigris but was defeated and forced to withdraw. Another defeat brought about his replacement by Philippicus.

Philippicus spent the years 584 and 585 making deep incursions into Iranian territory.^[7] The Iranians retaliated by attacking Monocartium and Martyropolis in 585. Philippicus inflicted a heavy defeat on them at Solachon in 586 and besieged the fortress of Chlomaron. After an unsuccessful siege, Philippicus retreated and made a stand at Amida. Soon, however, he relinquished command to Heraclius in 587.

In the year 588, the Roman troops mutinied and taking advantage of this mutiny, Sasanian troops once again attacked Constantina but were repulsed. The Romans retaliated with an equally unsuccessful invasion of Arzanene, but defeated another Sasanian offensive at Martyropolis.

In 589, the Sasanians attacked Martyropolis and captured it after defeating Philippicus twice. Philippicus was recalled and was replaced by Comentiolus under whose command the Romans defeated the Sasanians at Sisauranon. The Romans now laid siege to Martyropolis but at the height of the siege news circulated in Iran about a Turkic invasion.

War in the East

In 588, the Sasanian Empire was in chaos; The Arabs had started pillaging the western provinces, while the Khazars ravaged the northern provinces, and now the Turks had occupied Balkh and were penetrating into the heart of Iran. Hormizd IV, under the advice of Nastuh, called upon father of the latter, who was named Mihransitad. According to Ferdowsi, Mihransitad told the Sasanian king that the astrologers had predicted that a certain Bahram Chobin would be the savior of Iran. He then suggested that Bahram Chobin should be summoned to the Sasanian court. The aged Mihransitad is said to have immediately died after that.^[8]

Hormizd did as he advised and finally dispatched a contingent under the general Bahram Chobin to fight them back. Bahram's army supposedly consisted of 12,000 hand-picked horsemen.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1988|pp=514–522}} His army ambushed a large army of Turks and Hephthalites in April 588, at the battle of Hyrcanian rock,{{sfn|Jaques|2007|p=463}} and again in 589, re-conquering Balkh, where Bahram captured the Turkic treasury and the golden throne of the Khagan.{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|p=178}} He then proceeded to cross the Oxus river and won a decisive victory over Turks, personally killing Bagha Qaghan with an arrowshot.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1988|pp=514–522}}{{sfn|Litvinsky|Dani|1996|pp=368-369}} He managed to reach as far as Baykand, near Bukhara, and also contain an attack by the son of the deceased Khagan, Birmudha, whom Bahram had captured and sent to the Sasanian capital of Ctesiphon.{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|p=178}} Birmudha was well received there by Hormizd, who forty days later had him sent back to Bahram with the order that the Turkic prince should get sent back to Transoxiana.{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|p=178}} The Sasanians now held suzerainty over the Sogdian cities of Chach and Samarkand, where Hormizd minted coins.{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|p=178}}{{efn|The Sasanians only managed to retain Chach and Samarkand for a few years, until it was re-captured by the Turks, who seemingly also conquered the eastern Sasanian province of Kadagistan.{{sfn|Rezakhani|2017|p=178}}}} After Bahram's great victory against the Turks he was sent to Caucasus to repel an invasion of nomads, possibly the Khazars, where he was victorious. He was later made commander of the Sasanian forces against the Byzantines once again, and successfully defeated a Byzantine force in Georgia. However, he afterwards suffered a minor defeat by a Byzantine army on the banks of the Aras. Hormizd, who was jealous of Bahram, used this defeat as an excuse to dismiss him from his office, and had him humiliated.{{sfn|Martindale|Jones|Morris|1992|p=167}}{{sfn|Shahbazi|1988|pp=514-522}}

According to another source, Bahram was the subject of jealousy after his victory against the Turks. Hormizd's minister Azen Gushnasp, who was reportedly jealous of Bahram, accused him of having kept the best part of the booty for himself and only sending a small part to Hormizd.{{sfn|Tafazzoli|1988|p=260}} According to other sources, however, it was Birmudha or the courtiers that raised Hormizd's suspicion.{{sfn|Tafazzoli|1988|p=260}} Regardless, Hormizd could not tolerate the rising fame of Bahram, and thus had him disgraced and removed from the Sasanian office for supposedly having kept some of the booty for himself. Furthermore, Hormizd also sent him a chain and a spindle to show that he considered him as a lowly slave "as ungrateful as a woman".{{sfn|Shahbazi|1988|pp=514–522}} Enraged, Bahram, who was still in the east, rebelled against Hormizd.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1988|pp=514–522}} The version of Bahram rebelling after his defeat against the Byzantines was supported by Nöldeke in 1879. However, a source found ten years later confirmed Bahram's rebellion took in fact place while he was still in the east.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1988|pp=514–522}}

Overthrow and death

After hearing about Bahram's rebellion, Hormizd tried to organize an effective resistance against him by trying to sideline with Vistahm and Vinduyih along with other Sasanian nobles, but was dissuaded, according to Sebeos, by his son, Khosrow II. Hormizd responded by having Vinduyih and many other nobles imprisoned, but Vistahm apparently managed to flee; soon after, however, the two brothers appear as the leaders of a palace coup that deposed, blinded and killed Hormizd, raising his son Khosrow to the throne.^[9]

Notes

References

1. ^Beate Dignas, Engelbert Winter, Rome and Persia in late antiquity: neighbours and rivals, (Cambridge University Press, 2007), 42.
2. ^¹SASANIAN DYNASTY – Encyclopaedia Iranica
3. ^Theodor Nöldeke, Geschichte d. Perser und Araber unter den Sasaniden, 264 ff.
4. ^{{cite encyclopedia|title=BOZORGMEHR-E BOḴTAGĀN|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica|volume= Vol. 4|year=1990|first=Djalal|last=Khaleghi Motlagh|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bozorgmehr-e-boktagan}}
5. ^Pourshariati (2008), p. 118
6. ^Suny, Ronald Grigor (1994), The Making of the Georgian Nation: 2nd edition, p. 23. Indiana University Press, {{ISBN|0-253-20915-3}}
7. ^{{cite book |title=The Cambridge Ancient History |last=Edwards |first=Iorwerth Eiddon Stephen |year=1970 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location= |isbn=0-521-32591-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qf8mrHjfZRoC&pg=PA102&lpg=PA102&dq=Philippicus+-711+general&source=web&ots=1c2UWgahNy&sig=C5CR_qG_iv07z8TUNFZ8LPwzHNY&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result |pages=102}}
8. ^Pourshariati (2008), p. 124
9. ^Pourshariati (2008), pp. 127–128, 131–132