“Covering: The Hidden Assault on Our Civil Rights”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Covering: The Hidden Assault on Our Civil Rights, published in 2006 is both an analysis on society's views on race and sexuality and a collection of autobiographical anecdotes. Kenji Yoshino, the author, is the Chief Justice Earl Warren Professor of Constitutional Law at the NYU School of Law.^[1] He wrote an article in the Yale Law Journal called Covering in 2002, but went into more extensive detail on the subject of covering using legal manifesto and poetic memoirs.^[2] The preface of the book best tells the meaning of covering:

An uncovered self

Yoshino, writing in a poetic tone, shares personal anecdotes to help frame the larger, societal issues he covers later in the book. He explores the idea and concept of a "normal" sexuality, with most conflict occurring as an adolescent and college student. His internal struggle to accept and embrace his identity inform the beginning of covering. Afterwards, when a colleague cautions him to be "a homosexual professional" instead of "a professional homosexual",^[4] Yoshino begins to reflect on the concept of muting different identities.

Yoshino's main source of activism concerns gay rights, and argues that the idea and need for assimilation is inherently damaging, using the gay concepts of assimilation and closeted behavior as ways to frame the conversation on civil rights.

Part One

Part One deals with the “conversion,” “passing” and “covering” of homosexuality.

Gay Conversion

Homosexuality was not a very accepted trait. During the 1960s there were “voluntarily” embraced conversion therapy for the homosexual. This process created by Katz was said to “fix” someone's “problem” of homosexuality. In 1952, the first edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders classified homosexuality as a psychopathologic problem. Though conversion therapy is scarce today, conversion therapists feel that Americans have been brainwashed into accepting homosexuality after such strong thoughts against the sexuality during the mid-late 1990's. To sum up the first chapter:

Gay Passing

While in Oxford, Yoshino had fallen in love. The person he loved was not a woman. He had to tell his dad this. He then came out to his mom. Though they were both supportive, he knew that this was not what they wanted. Passing is best defined through the “Don’t ask, don’t tell” policy, which has been in effect since the Congress and the Department of Defense put it in place in 1993. Rather than trying to change a gay person's perspective and likings, they would just ignore the fact that a person was gay. The shift from conversion to passing was gradual and did not necessary represent an advance in society's acceptance of homosexuals, because of their overlapping. Passing was an act that his parents demonstrated. Though they accepted the fact that Kenji was gay, it was not something talked about, and more ignored from their thought of their son.

Gay Covering

It was in 1995 that Yoshino met his first boyfriend. Through the act of covering, Yoshino never brought his boyfriend to work events or talked about his boyfriend in public, when around straight people. Homosexuals see this as "acting-straight" as heterosexuals see flamboyant acts as "acting-gay." Acting "normal" or "acting-straight" is seen as covering. Though you do not doubt the fact you are homosexual, you also do not radically protest for it and show the world that you are gay.

Yoshino gives further evidence to his position through the Shahar case. This involved a lesbian losing her job deputy personnel because of her sexuality and the boss finding out of her marriage to her partner.

Part Two

Racial Covering

As a first generation Japanese American, Yoshino would go back to Japan every summer, which was his parents' attempt to preserve the Japanese culture in their children. He was taught to “Be one hundred percent American in America, and one hundred percent Japanese in Japan.”^[10] For Yoshino, he could not fit into either the Japanese or American. He was unsure where he was from and felt like an outcast in both situations. The most dreaded question he was asked was "Where are you from, really?” ^[11]

Racial covering is very commonly seen as “acting-white.” There are laws that promote the act of racial covering. In the case Rogers vs. American Airlines, Renee Rogers sued because as an airport operation agents, her job prohibited her from wearing an all-braided hairstyle. This policy “disproportionately burden African-American women, with whom cornrows are strongly associated.” ^[12]

Sex-Based Covering

In sex-based covering there is both covering and reverse covering, being masculine when expected, while you are feminine, and vice versa. For certain jobs women were asked to be more masculine to show that they are rough, aggressive and forceful. In many workforces, women earn the respect of her co-workers by acting masculine. Sex discrimination surfaces in the courts, like the case in which Ann Hopkins sued Price Waterhouse. She was asked to both cover and reverse cover but when she could not deliver, her nomination for the partnership was taken away. She later went on to win this case and was the first person admitted into the partnership by court order.

Part Three

The End of Civil Rights

The Civil Rights are ending as laws are being created to protect religion and disabilities by required accommodation. Though these civil rights were protected, minorities and sexuality were still required to be “normal,” whether it was “acting straight” or “acting white.” Yoshino uses the example of the Muslim being required to take off her headscarf to take a Driver's ID photograph to show the current situation with Civil Rights. Also, a student in Oklahoma was suspended for wearing a headscarf in a public school. Yoshino thought that this should be changed. That there is no reason for groups to cover:

The New Civil Rights

In the new civil rights, it is the people that are covering that must use their freedom and start to uncover themselves. The new civil rights harnesses authenticity and sees a characteristic less in a group but more in terms of our common humanity. Evidence of the shift is shown through the Supreme Court rulings in 2003's Lawrence v. Texas and 2004's Tennessee v. Lane dealing with, respectively, gay rights and disabilities.

Controversies and Reviews of the Book

One assumption made by this book is the fact that all minorities try to “cover” their identities. This assumes that all minorities are not proud of their identities and feel that they must hide it from society. Many reviews do point out the fact that it is something a lot of people do go through because society wants them to fit in a certain mold. Yoshino not only picks out the obvious but opens eyes to topics that are not well looked at and “exploring how the cultural demand to cover is different than those to pass or assimilate.”^[15]

The New York Times' review was titled “The Conformist.” This review sums up how Kenji Yoshino lived his life. The reviews goes through the events in the book but does bring up the fact that racial covering is another strong approach to showing methods of covering:

The NY Times also believe that the book showed a personal search that can motivate all others to find their true selves. The review in O Magazine continued to praise this book:

Russell K. Robinson, an acting professor at UCLA School of Law, could personally relate to Yoshino's situation: he did not think the people close to him accepted his homosexuality. Throughout “Uncovering Covering,“ published in Northwestern University Law Review, Robinson has published his positive thoughts on Yoshino's definition and interpretation of “covering.” ^[18]

The book was chosen as the 2008 University of North Carolina Summer Reading Program Book. This program “is designed to provide a common experience for incoming students, to enhance participation in the intellectual life of the campus through stimulation discussion and critical thing around a current topic, and to encourage a sense of community between students, faculty and staff.” ^[19]

The book won the Randy Shilts Award for Gay Non-Fiction from Publishing Triangle in 2007.

References

1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.kenjiyoshino.com/kenji_yoshino.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2008-11-17 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130040720/http://kenjiyoshino.com/kenji_yoshino.htm |archivedate=2009-01-30 |df= }}
2. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.kenjiyoshino.com/covering.htm | title=Covering | Kenji Yoshino}}
3. ^Yoshino, Kenji. Covering: The Hidden Assault on Our Civil Rights. New York: Random House, 2006. p. ix.
4. ^Yoshino, Kenji, p. 17
5. ^Yoshino, Kenji. pp 22 - 23.
6. ^Yoshino, Kenji. (pg 6-7)
7. ^Yoshino, Kenji. (pg.77)
8. ^Yoshino, Kenji. (pg 49)
9. ^Yoshino, Kenji. (pg 91)
10. ^Yoshino, Kenji (pg 188)
11. ^Yoshino, Kenji (pg 120)
12. ^Yoshino, Kenji (pg 131)
13. ^Yosino (pg 183)
14. ^Yosino, Kenji (pg 184)
15. ^Bronski, Michael. "COVERING." Lambda Book Report 14, no. 1 (Spring2006 2006): 10-10. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed November 14, 2008)
16. ^{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/22/books/review/22altho.html | title=The Conformist| newspaper=The New York Times| date=2006-01-22| last1=Althouse| first1=Ann}}
17. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.kenjiyoshino.com/reviews.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2008-11-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907124859/http://www.kenjiyoshino.com/reviews.htm |archivedate=2008-09-07 |df= }}
18. ^Robinson, Russell K. "UNCOVERING COVERING." Northwestern University Law Review 101, no. 4 (Fall2007 2007): 1809-1849. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed November 14, 2008).
19. ^http://www.unc.edu/srp/