“House of Borgia”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The House of Borgia ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɔr|ʒ|ə}}; Italian: Borgia {{IPA-it|ˈbɔrdʒa|}}; Spanish and {{lang-an|Borja}} {{IPA-es|ˈboɾxa|}}; {{lang-ca-valencia|Borja}} {{IPA-ca|ˈbɔɾʒa|}}) was an Italo-Spanish noble family, which rose to prominence during the Italian Renaissance. They were from Aragon, the surname being a toponymic from the town of Borja, then in the Crown of Aragon, in Spain.

The Borgias became prominent in ecclesiastical and political affairs in the 15th and 16th centuries, producing two popes: Alfons de Borja, who ruled as Pope Callixtus III during 1455–1458, and Rodrigo Lanzol Borgia, as Pope Alexander VI, during 1492–1503.

Especially during the reign of Alexander VI, they were suspected of many crimes, including adultery, incest, simony, theft, bribery, and murder (especially murder by arsenic poisoning).^[1] Because of their grasping for power, they made enemies of the Medici, the Sforza, and the Dominican friar Savonarola, among others. They were also patrons of the arts who contributed to the Renaissance.

The Borgia family stands out in history as being steeped in sin and immorality, yet there is evidence to suggest that perhaps they weren’t quite the one-dimensional evil-doers they first appear to have been.^[2]^[3]

History

Early history

The Borja (spelled in Italian as Borgia) was a noble house with origin in the town of Borja (Zaragoza) in the then Crown of Aragon. There were numerous unsubstantiated claims that the family was of Jewish origin. These underground rumours were propagated by, among others, Giuliano della Rovere, and the family was frequently described as marranos by political opponents. The rumours have persisted in popular culture for centuries, listed in the Semi-Gotha of 1912.^[4]^[5]^[6] The family themselves propagated a spurious genealogical descent from a 12th-century claimant to the crown of the Kingdom of Aragon, Pedro de Atarés, Lord of Borja, who actually died childless.^[7]

Alfons

Alfons de Borja (1378–1458) was born to Francina Llançol and Domingo de Borja in La Torreta, Canals, which was then situated in the Kingdom of Valencia.

Alfons de Borja was a professor of law at the University of Lleida, then a diplomat for the Kings of Aragon before becoming a cardinal. At an advanced age, he was elected Pope Callixtus III in 1455 as a compromise candidate and reigned as Pope for just 3 years.

Rodrigo

Rodrigo Borgia (1431–1503) was born in Xàtiva, also in the Kingdom of Valencia, to Isabel de Borja i Cavanilles and Jofré Llançol i Escrivà. He studied law at Bologna and was appointed as cardinal by his uncle, Alfons Borgia, Pope Callixtus III. He was elected Pope in 1492, taking the regnal name Alexander VI. While a cardinal, he maintained a long-term illicit relationship with Vannozza dei Cattanei, with whom he had four children: Giovanni; Cesare; Lucrezia; and Gioffre. Rodrigo also had children by other women, including one daughter with his mistress, Giulia Farnese.

As Alexander VI, Rodrigo was recognized as a skilled politician and diplomat, but was widely criticized during his reign for his over-spending, sale of Church offices (simony), lasciviousness, and nepotism. As Pope, he struggled to acquire more personal and papal power and wealth, often ennobling and enriching the Borgia family directly. He appointed his son, Giovanni, as captain-general of the papal army, his foremost military representative, and established another son, Cesare, as a cardinal. Alexander used the marriages of his children to build alliances with powerful families in Italy and Spain. At the time, the Sforza family, which comprised the Milanese faction, was one of the most powerful in Europe, so Alexander united the two families by marrying Lucrezia to Giovanni Sforza. He also married Gioffre, his youngest son from Vannozza, to Sancha of Aragon of the Crown of Aragon and Naples. He established a second familial link to the Spanish royal house through Giovanni's marriage during what was a period of on-again/off-again conflict between France and Spain over the Kingdom of Naples.

It is reported that under Alexander VI's rule the Borgia hosted orgies in the Vatican palace. The "Banquet of Chestnuts" is considered one of the most disreputable balls of this kind. Johann Burchard reports that fifty courtesans were in attendance for the entertainment of the banquet guests.^[8] It is alleged not only was the Pope present, but also two of his children, Lucrezia and Cesare. Other researchers however, such as Monsignor Peter de Roo (1839–1926), have rejected the rumors of the "fifty courtesans" as being at odds with Alexander VI's essentially decent but much maligned character.^[9]

Pope Alexander VI died in Rome in 1503 after contracting a disease, generally believed to have been malaria. Two of Alexander's successors, Sixtus V and Urban VIII, described him as one of the most outstanding popes since St. Peter.^[10]

Cesare

Cesare was Rodrigo Borgia's second son with Vannozza dei Cattanei. Cesare's education was precisely planned by his father: he was educated by tutors in Rome until his 12th birthday. He grew up to become a charming man skilled at war and politics.^[11] He studied law and the humanities at the University of Perugia, then went to the University of Pisa to study theology. As soon as he graduated from the university, his father made him a cardinal.

Cesare was suspected of murdering his brother Giovanni, but there is no clear evidence to confirm this. However, Giovanni’s death cleared the path for Cesare to become a layman and gain the honors his brother received from their father, Pope Alexander VI.^[12] Although Cesare had been a cardinal, he left the holy orders to gain power and take over the position Giovanni once held: a condottiero. He was finally married to French princess Charlotte d'Albret.

After Alexander’s death in 1503, Cesare affected the choice of a next Pope. He needed a candidate who would not threaten his plans to create his own principality in Central Italy. Cesare’s candidate (Pius III) did become Pope, but he died a month after the selection. Cesare was then forced to support Giuliano della Rovere. The cardinal promised Cesare that he could keep all of his titles and honors. Later, della Rovere betrayed him and became his fiercest enemy.

Cesare died in 1507, at Viana Castle in Navarre, Spain, while besieging the rebellious army of Count de Lerín. The castle was held by Louis de Beaumont at the time it was besieged by Cesare Borgia and King John's army of 10,000 men in 1507. In order to attempt to breach the extremely strong, natural fortification of the castle, Cesare counted on a desperate surprise attack. He was killed during the battle, in which his army failed to take the castle.

Lucrezia

Lucrezia was born in Subiaco, Italy to Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia and Roman mistress Vannozza dei Catanei. Before the age of 13, she was engaged to two Spanish princes. After her father became Pope she was married to Giovanni Sforza in 1493 at the age of 13. It was a typical political marriage to improve Alexander's power; however, when Pope Alexander VI no longer needed the Sforzas, the marriage was annulled in 1497 on the dubious grounds that it had never been consummated.

Shortly afterwards she was involved in a scandal involving her alleged relationship with a Pedro Calderón, a Spaniard generally known as Perotto. His body was found in the Tiber on February 14, 1498, along with the body of one of Lucrezia's ladies. It is likely that Cesare had them killed as an affair would have damaged the negotiations being conducted for another marriage. During this time rumors were also spread suggesting that a child born at this time, Giovanni Borgia, also known as the Infans Romanus (child of Rome) was Lucrezia's.^[13]

Lucrezia’s second marriage, to wealthy young Prince Alfonso of Aragon, allowed the Borgias to form an alliance with another powerful family. However, this relationship did not last long either. Cesare wished to strengthen his relations with France and completely break with the Kingdom of Naples. As Alfonso's father was the ruler of the Kingdom of Naples, the young husband was in great danger. Although the first attempt at murder did not succeed, Alfonso was eventually strangled in his own quarters.

Lucrezia's third and final husband was Alfonso I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara. After her father died in 1503, she lived a life of freedom in Ferrara with her husband and children.^[14] Unfortunately, her pregnancies were difficult and she lost several babies after birth. She died in 1519, 10 days after the birth and death of her last child, Isabella Maria. She was buried in a tomb with Isabella and Alfonso.

Lucrezia was rumored to be a notorious poisoner and she became famous for her skill at political intrigue. However, recently historians have started to look at her in a more sympathetic light: she is often seen as a victim of her family’s deceptions.^[16]

Family tree

Other notable members of the house of Borja

Gallery

In popular culture

The Borgias were infamous in their time, and have inspired numerous references in popular culture. They include novels, such as City of God: A Novel of the Borgias (1979) by Cecelia Holland,^[18] plays, operas, comics, films, television series like The Borgias (2011) on Showtime,^[19] and video games the likes of Brotherhood (2010) by Ubisoft.^[20]

See also

Notes

1. ^Arsenic: A Murderous History. Dartmouth Toxic Metals Research Program, 2009
2. ^{{cite web|title=Were the Borgias Really so Bad?|author=Alexander Lee|url=https://www.historytoday.com/history-matters/were-borgias-really-so-bad|website=History Today|date=1 Oct 2013|language=en}}
3. ^{{cite web|title=In a nutshell: the Borgias|url=https://www.historyrevealed.com/eras/medieval/in-a-nutshell-the-borgias/|website=History Revealed|date=Oct 2015|language=en}}
4. ^The Menorah journal, Volumes 20-23, Intercollegiate Menorah Association, 1932, page 163
5. ^The Borgias: or, At the feet of Venus, Vicente Blasco Ibáñez, P. Dutton & Co. Inc., 1930, pages 242, 313
6. ^Lucrezia Borgia: Life, Love and Death in Renaissance Italy, by Sarah Bradford
7. ^{{Cite journal |last=Nadal Cañellas|first=Juan |title= La permanencia de Rodrigo de Borja (Alejandro VI) en el estudio de Bolonia, según documentos originales |year= 2006|journal=Acta histórica et archaeologica mediaevalia|number= 27–28|publisher= Universidad de Barcelona. Departamento de Historia Medieval|location = Barcelona|language= ES|pages = 173–205|issn = 0212-2960|url = http://www.raco.cat/index.php/ActaHistorica/article/view/188984/262408|ref=harv}}
8. ^Johann Burchard, Pope Alexander VI and His Court: Extracts from the Latin Diary of Johannes Burchardus, 1921, F.L. Glaser, ed., New York, N.L. Brown, pp. 154-155.[https://books.google.com/books?id=yU8bAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA154]
9. ^In 5 volumes totaling nearly 3 thousand pages, and including many unpublished documents,* Msgr. de Roo labors to defend his thesis that pope Alexander, far from being a monster of vice (as he has so often been portrayed) was, on the contrary, "a man of good moral character and an excellent Pope." Material, vol. 1, preface, xi. [https://books.google.com/books?id=y2Q2AAAAMAAJ&q=%22+a+man+of+good+moral+character+and+an+excellent+Pope%22&dq=%22+a+man+of+good+moral+character+and+an+excellent+Pope%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=K0sMT_2sCojU2AWsh8moBw&ved=0CEEQ6AEwAw]
* "[Peter de Roo] must have devoted to his task many years of research among the Vatican archives and elsewhere. As he tells us himself in a characteristic passage: "We continued our search after facts and proofs from country to country, and spared neither labour nor money in order to thoroughly investigate who was Alexander VI., of what he had been accused, and especially what he had done." Whether all this toil has been profitably expended is a matter upon which opinions are likely to differ. But we must in any case do Mgr. de Roo the justice of admitting that he has succeeded in compiling from original and often unpublished sources a much more copious record of the pontiff's creditable activities than has ever been presented to the world before." -- Pope Alexander VI and His Latest Biographer, in The Month, April, 1925, Volume 145, p. 289.[https://www.google.com/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=%22election+as+Pope,+and+nepotism+In+providing+lavishly+for+his+offspring.%22&num=10#sclient=psy-ab&hl=en&tbm=bks&source=hp&q=%22+succeeded+in+compiling+from+original+and+often+unpublished+sources+a+much+more+copious+record+of+the+pontiff%27s+creditable+activities+than+has+ever+been+presented+to+the+world+before.%22&pbx=1&oq=%22+succeeded+in+compiling+from+original+and+often+unpublished+sources+a+much+more+copious+record+of+the+pontiff%27s+creditable+activities+than+has+ever+been+presented+to+the+world+before.%22&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_sm=s&gs_upl=51746l54051l3l54496l2l1l0l0l0l0l129l129l0.1l1l0&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.,cf.osb&fp=91f960342228ac50&biw=1045&bih=617]
10. ^Mallett, M. The Borgias (1969) Granada edition. 1981. p. 9.
11. ^{{cite book|chapter=Francis Borgia (1510–1572)|title=The Thames & Hudson Dictionary of the Italian Renaissance |location=London |publisher=Thames & Hudson |year=2006}}
12. ^{{cite book|last1=Najemy|first1=John|title=Machiavelli and Cesare Borgia: A Reconsideration of Chapter 7 of The Prince.|date=September 2013|publisher=Review of politics|pages=539–556|edition=Volume 75 Issue 4}}
13. ^{{cite book |last=Bradford |first=Sarah |title=Lucrezia Borgia: Life, Love and Death in Renaissance Italy |year=2005 |edition=Reprint |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0143035954 |pages=67–68}}
14. ^{{cite book|chapter=Borgia, Lucrezia (1480–1519)|title=The Penguin Biographical Dictionary of Women |location=London |publisher=Penguin |year=1998}}
15. ^{{cite journal |last=Ghirardo |first=Diane Yvonne |title=Lucrezia Borgia as Entrepreneur |journal=Renaissance Quarterly |date=Spring 2008 |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=53–91 |doi=10.1353/ren.2008.0029 }}
16. ^Lucrezia Borgia: A Biography. Rachel Erlanger, 1978
17. ^{{cite book|chapter=Francis Borgia (1510–1572)|title=Who's Who in Christianity |location=London |publisher=Routledge |year=2001}}
18. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.historicalnovels.info/City-of-God.html |title=City of God by Cecelia Holland |first=David |last=Maclaine |website=Historicalnovels.info |accessdate=September 5, 2014}}
19. ^{{cite news|last1=Donahue|first1=Deirdre|title=Back in time and in crime with Borgias|publisher=Life|date=24 March 2011}}
20. ^{{cite news|last1=Snider|first1=Mike|title='Assassin' is back with 'Brotherhood'|publisher=USA Today}}