“Cream-spot ladybird”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The cream-spot ladybird, Calvia quatuordecimguttata, is a species of ladybird in the family Coccinellidae. Its distribution is holarctic, it being found in Europe and through the East Palearctic to Japan.It is introduced to North America. This ladybird is generally {{convert|4|to|5|mm|in}} in length and varies in appearance depending on the geographical location. It usually lives in hedgerows and deciduous trees.

Taxonomy

This ladybird was first described by Linnaeus in 1758 as Coccinella 14-guttata. As ladybirds were further studied, it was transferred to the genus Calvia which was erected in 1873 by the French entomologist Étienne Mulsant.^[2] The specific name comes from quatuordecim, the Latin for "fourteen" and guttata, the Latin for "spotted".^[1]

This ladybird is also sometimes known as the cream-spotted ladybird, the polkadot ladybird or the eighteen spot ladybird and may be confused with another beetle also known as the eighteen-spot ladybird (Myrrha octodecimguttata). The latter is usually found on pine trees and is smaller and a paler brown colour and has a characteristic M-shaped white mark on its pronotum.^[3]

Description

The cream-spot ladybird measures {{convert|4|to|5.5|mm}} long and {{convert|3.2|to|4.5|mm}} broad. It is very variable in colouration in North America. In Europe the species is consistently maroon-brown with fourteen cream-coloured spots, but in North America and parts of eastern temperate Asia it occurs in several other colour forms. It may be black with white spots (similar to the European form but darker), or anywhere from yellow to pink with 18 large blotches. An excessively melanistic version exists that is all black with a large red-orange patch on each elytron. It always has a glossy pronotum and the underside of the beetle has a thin red rim to the otherwise black abdominal segments.^[1]^[4]

The larvae are black with white markings, have six legs and several blunt conical spines on each segment of the abdomen, similar to larvae of Cycloneda but with shorter legs.^[1]

Distribution

The cream-spot ladybird has a holarctic distribution. In North America the range extends from Alaska and Labrador south to California and New Jersey.^[1] where it is introduced. The Palearctic range is Europe, North Africa, Cyprus, European Russia, the Caucasus, Siberia, the Russian Far East, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Transcaucasia, Kazakhstan, Western Asia, Pakistan, Mongolia, China, and Japan.^[5]^[6]^[7] It is present throughout Britain and Ireland though more common in England than further west and north.^[8]

Ecology

The species occurs in a wide variety of habitats - deciduous and mixed forests for instance in Western European broadleaf forests , in ruderal areas, in parks, gardens, and meadows on grasses, bushes, and trees. It is also found in forest litter, on brushwood, in moss, in coarse woody debris and compost^[9] It is entomophagous feeding on aphids, Aleyrodidae, coccids, Coccoidea and on larvae and eggs of some beetles and butterflies.^[10]^[11]

In a study it was found that their preferred prey aphids included the aspen leaf aphid Chaitophorus tremulae, the angelica aphid Cavariella konoi, the small willow aphid Aphis farinosa, the lime-tree aphid Eucallipterus tiliae, the birch aphid Euceraphis betulae and the mugwort aphid Macrosiphoniella artemisiae.^[12] They overwinter in leaf litter, crevices in the bark of trees and other similar protective locations.^[4]

References

1. ^¹²³⁴{{cite web |url= http://bugguide.net/node/view/26792 |title=Species Calvia quatuordecimguttata - Cream-spotted Lady Beetle |author=Kits, Joel |date=2011 |publisher=BugGuide |accessdate=2013-01-15}}
2. ^{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/stream/speciesdescolo00muls#page/143/ |title=Species des coléoptères trimères sécuripalpes, p.143 |author=Mulsant |date=1850 |language=French |accessdate=2013-01-15}}
3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.eakringbirds.com/eakringbirds3/insectinfocus18spotladybird.htm |title=18-spot Ladybird Myrrha octodecimguttata |author=Trevor and Dilys Pendleton |date=2004 |publisher=Eakringbirds.com |accessdate=2013-01-15}}
4. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://www.ladybird-survey.org/species_desc.aspx?species=6455+59901 |title=Cream-spot ladybird (Calvia 14-guttata) |work=UK Ladybird Survey |accessdate=2013-01-15}}
5. ^N. B. Nikitsky and А. S. Ukrainsky , 2016 The Ladybird Beetles (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) of Moscow Province ISSN 0013–8738, Entomological Review, 2016, Vol. 96, No. 6, pp. 710–735 ISSN 0013–8738 [https://www.zin.ru/animalia/coleoptera/pdf/nikitsky_ukrainsky_2016_coccinellidae_of_moscow_province.pdf online pdf ]
6. ^Fauna Europaea
7. ^{{cite book |title=Der Kosmos Käferführer, Die mitteleuropäischen Käfer |last=Harde |first=Severa|year=2000 |publisher=Franckh-Kosmos Verlags |isbn=3-440-06959-1 }}
8. ^{{cite web |url=https://data.nbn.org.uk/imt/?mode=SPECIES&species=NBNSYS0000008329 |title=Interactive map of Cream-spot Ladybird (Calvia quattuordecimguttata) |work=NBN Gateway |publisher=National Biodiversity Network |accessdate=2013-01-15}}
9. ^Koch, K., Die Käfer Mitteleuropas, Ökologie. Vol. 2 (Goecke und Evers Verlag, Krefeld, 1989).
10. ^Dyadechko, N.P., The Coccinellidae of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, Kiev, 1954) [in Russian].
11. ^Savoiskaya, G.I., Coccinellid Larvae (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) of the Fauna of the USSR (Nauka, Leningrad Branch, Leningrad, 1983) (Keys to the Fauna of the USSR, Published by the Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, No. 137) [in Russian].
12. ^{{cite journal |author=Kalushkov P, Hodek I. |title=New essential aphid prey for Anatis ocellata and Calvia quatuordecimguttata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) |journal=Biocontrol Science and Technology |year=2001 |volume=11 |issue=1 | doi=10.1080/09583150020029727 |pages=35–39}}