“Crime in Jamaica”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Some areas of Jamaica, particularly cities such as Kingston, Montego Bay and Spanish Town, experience high levels of crime and violence.^[1] Jamaica has had one of the highest murder rates in the world for many years, according to United Nations estimates.^[2] Former Prime Minister P. J. Patterson described the situation as "a national challenge of unprecedented proportions".^[3]

Jamaica gained independence in 1962, the murder rate was 3.9 per 100,000 inhabitants, one of the lowest in the world.^[4] In 2005, Jamaica had 1,674 murders for a murder rate of 58 per 100,000 people.^[5] That year, Jamaica had the highest murder rate in the world.^[2] In November 2008, the Jamaican Parliament voted to retain the death penalty, which is performed by hanging.^[6]

There were 1,682 reported murders in 2009 and 1,428 in 2010. Since 2011 the murder rate has continued to fall following the downward trend started in 2010, with increases in police patrols, curfews, and more effective anti-gang activities.^[7] In 2012, the Ministry of National Security reported a 30 percent decrease in murders.^[8] Many of the murders in Jamaica are connected to organized crime in the country's urban centers, and most of this organized crime involves the illegal drug trade.

Annual Murder Totals

Jamaica recorded 1,680 murders in 2009.^[9] In 2010, there were 1,428. In 2011, 1,125. 2012 saw 1,097; 2013 1,200. 2014 totaled 1,192; 2015 1,450 and 2016 1,350.

Violence against homosexuals

The U.S. Department of State reported that brutality with homosexuals, mainly by private citizens, was widespread in 2008.^[11] Homosexuality per se is not illegal in Jamaica; however the Offenses Against the Person Act criminalizes buggery (anal sex) as well as "acts of gross indecency" between men. Many Jamaicans are hostile toward LGBT and intersex people, and several mob attacks against gay people have been reported.^[12]^[13]^[14] International human rights groups, the local LGBT rights organization, Jamaica Forum for Lesbians, All-Sexuals and Gays (JFLAG) and many Jamaicans have called on the government to take measures to protect LGBT people, including repealing the buggery law.^[15]^[16]^[17]

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web | title =North and Central America and Caribbean Jamaica | work = Travel advice by country | publisher = United Kingdom, Foreign & Commonwealth Office | date = 2009-03-20 | url = http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travelling-and-living-overseas/travel-advice-by-country/north-central-america/jamaica# | accessdate = 2009-03-20}}
2. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/cri_mur_percap-crime-murders-per-capita |title=Nationmaster Crime Stats |publisher=.com |date= |accessdate=2009-07-04}}
3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nisat.org/murder%20madness%20in%20jamaica.htm |title=Washington Post Foreign Service |publisher=Nisat.org |date= |accessdate=2009-07-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515155857/http://www.nisat.org/murder%20madness%20in%20jamaica.htm |archivedate=15 May 2008 |df=dmy-all }}
4. ^http://www.focal.ca/en/publications/focalpoint/307-september-2010-don-robotham
5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/Caribbean-study-en.pdf |title=Crime, violence and development: trends, costs, and policy opons in the Caribbean |accessdate=2007-12-26 |format=PDF |pages=37 |publisher=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime}}
6. ^{{cite news | title = Jamaica votes for death penalty | publisher = BBC | date = 2008-11-25 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7749207.stm | accessdate = 2009-06-04}}
7. ^{{cite web|title=Prime Minister Golding Speaks on Crime Reduction|url=http://go-jamaica.com/news/read_article.php?id=29278}}
8. ^Pachico, Elyssa (2012-3-30). "Jamaica Murder Rate Dropped 30% in 2012". InSightCrime: Organized Crime in the Americas. Retrieved 2012-12-1.
9. ^https://www.caribbeanlifenews.com/stories/2017/12/2017-12-22-bw-murders-in-jamaica-cl.html
10. ^http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/spiralling-murder-rate-must-be-number-one-priority-in-2018_124980?profile=1096
11. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/wha/119165.htm |title=2008 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, 2008 Human Rights Report: Jamaica |accessdate=2009-03-19 | date = 2009-02-25 |publisher=United States, Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor}}
12. ^.{{cite news | last = Lacey | first = Marc | title = Attacks Show Easygoing Jamaica Is Dire Place for Gays | publisher = New York Times | date = 2008-02-24 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/24/world/americas/24jamaica.html?pagewanted=1&_r=2 | accessdate = 2009-03-19}}
13. ^{{cite web | title = Jamaica: Shield Gays from Mob Attacks | publisher = Human Rights Watch | date = 2008-01-31 | url = https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/01/31/jamaica-shield-gays-mob-attacks | accessdate = 2009-03-19}}
14. ^{{cite press release | title = Document - Jamaica: Amnesty International condemns homophobic violence | publisher = Amnesty International | date = 2007-04-15 | url = https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/jamaica-amnesty-international-condemns-homophobic-violence | accessdate = 2009-03-19}}
15. ^{{cite news | last = Padgett | first = Tim | title = The Most Homophobic Place on Earth? | publisher = Time Magazine | date = 2006-05-12 | url = http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1182991,00.html | accessdate = 2009-11-26}}
16. ^Henry, Paul (2013-6-26) Court to Hear Motion Challenging Buggery Law Today. The Jamaica Observer. Retrieved 2013-6-26.
17. ^Blanket Anti-Buggery Law is Archaic (2013-7-3). The Jamaica Observer. Retrieved 2013-7-2.