1. Criticism of the Kyoto Protocol
    Base year as 1990 controversy  James Hansen's criticism  Green organizations' criticism   Exemption of Developing Countries    Long-Term Impact  

2. Criticism of Carbon Trade

3. See also

4. References
    Notes 

5. External links
    James Hansen 

Although it is a worldwide treaty, the Kyoto Protocol has received criticism.

Criticism of the Kyoto Protocol

Some also argue the protocol does not go far enough to curb greenhouse emissions and avoid dangerous climate change^[1] (Niue, The Cook Islands, and Nauru added notes to this effect when signing the protocol).^[2]

Some environmental economists have been critical of the Kyoto Protocol.^[3][4][5] Many see the costs of the Kyoto Protocol as outweighing the benefits, some believing the standards which Kyoto sets to be too optimistic, others seeing a highly inequitable and inefficient agreement which would do little to curb greenhouse gas emissions.^[6] There are also economists who believe that an entirely different approach needs to be followed than the approach suggested by the Kyoto Protocol.^[7]

Base year as 1990 controversy

Further, there is controversy surrounding the use of 1990 as a base year^[8]{{Citation needed|date=February 2008}}, as well as not using per capita emissions as a basis. Countries had different achievements in energy efficiency in 1990. For example, the former Soviet Union and eastern European countries did little to tackle the problem and their energy efficiency was at its worst level in 1990, the year just before their communist regimes fell. On the other hand, Japan, as a big importer of natural resources, had to improve its efficiency after the 1973 oil crisis and its emissions level in 1990 was better than most developed countries. However, such efforts were set aside, and the inactivity of the former Soviet Union was overlooked and could even generate big income due to the emission trade. There is an argument that the use of per capita emissions as a basis in the following Kyoto-type treaties can reduce the sense of inequality among developed and developing countries alike, as it can reveal in activities and responsibilities among countries.

James Hansen's criticism

"So, for example, in the Kyoto Protocol, that was very ineffective. Even the countries that took on supposedly the strongest requirements, like Japan for example—if you look at its actual emissions, its actual fossil fuel use, you see that their CO2 emissions actually increased even though they were supposed to decrease. Because their coal use increased and they used offsets to meet their objective. Offsets don’t help significantly. That’s why the approach that Copenhagen is using to specify goals for emission reductions and then to allow offsets to accomplish much of that reduction is really a fake. And that has to be exposed. Otherwise, just like in the Kyoto Protocol, we’ll realize 10 years later, oops, it really didn’t do much." ^[10]

Green organizations' criticism

Rising Tide North America claims:

"Emission limits do not include emissions by international aviation and shipping, but are in addition to the industrial gases, chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs, which are dealt with under the 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. The benchmark 1990 emission levels were accepted by the Conference of the Parties of UNFCCC (decision 2/CP.3)"

Exemption of Developing Countries

There has been criticism (especially from the United States) over the exemption of developing countries, such as China and India, from having to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions under the Kyoto Protocol.^[11] The Bush Administration has criticized the Kyoto Protocol on the basis that 80 percent of the world is exempt from emissions reduction standards as well as the potential of economic harm to the United States.^[12] Further argument is that developing countries at the time of the creation of the treaty and now have been large emitters of greenhouse gases.^[13] Greenhouse gases do not remain in the area in which they are emitted, but rather move throughout the atmosphere of Earth. Therefore, some say that even if the world’s largest greenhouse gas emitter tackled the issue of climate change, there will be minimal impact in the atmosphere if other countries around the world didn’t work on reducing their emission levels as well.^[14] There is also criticism over the true impact of the Kyoto Protocol in the long run on reduction of greenhouse gas emissions because it is questioned how much developed countries can offset their emissions while developing countries continue to emit these greenhouse gases.^[15]

Long-Term Impact

There is criticism that the Kyoto Protocol does not do enough to address the issue of climate change and pollution in the long run. One criticism is that climate change is an unique environmental issue, but the Kyoto Protocol followed the format of the other international treaties (not necessarily useful for environmental issues) instead of promoting innovation in approaching the issue of global warming.^[16] Another criticism is that the Kyoto Protocol focuses too much on carbon emissions and doesn’t address other pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, which either do direct harm to human health and/or can be addressed using technology.^[17] Some also claim that the Kyoto Protocol does not promote long-term solutions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, but rather short-term solutions in having countries try to meet emission reduction standards (either by lowering emissions or find ways to obtain trading credits).^[18] In the same way, there has been criticism that the Kyoto Protocol does not address the concentration of atmospheric greenhouse gases, but rather greenhouse gas emissions, focusing on the short-term over the long-term.^[8]

Criticism of Carbon Trade

There are a large number of critics of carbon trading as a control mechanism. Critics include environmental justice nongovernmental organizations,^[19] economists, labor organizations and those concerned about energy supply and excessive taxation. Some see carbon trading as a government takeover of the free market.^[20] They argue that trading pollution allowances should be avoided because they result in failures in accounting, dubious science and the destructive impacts of projects upon local peoples and environments.^[21] Instead, they advocate making reductions at the source of pollution and energy policies that are justice-based and community-driven.^[22] Many argue that emissions trading schemes based upon cap and trade will necessarily reduce jobs and incomes.^[23] Most of the criticisms have focused on the carbon market created through investment in Kyoto Mechanisms. Criticism of cap-and-trade emissions trading has generally been more limited to lack of credibility in the first phase of the EU ETS.^[24]

Critics argue that emissions trading does little to solve pollution problems overall, since groups that do not pollute sell their conservation to the highest bidder. Overall reductions would need to come from a sufficient reduction of allowances available in the system.

Regulatory agencies run the risk of issuing too many emission credits, diluting the effectiveness of regulation, and practically removing the cap. In this case, instead of a net reduction in carbon dioxide emissions, beneficiaries of emissions trading simply pollute more.^[25] The National Allocation Plans by member governments of the European Union Emission Trading Scheme were criticised for this when it became apparent that actual emissions would be less than the government-issued carbon allowances at the end of Phase I of the scheme. Certain emissions trading schemes have been criticised for the practice of grandfathering, where polluters are given free allowances by governments, instead of being made to pay for them.^[26] Critics instead advocate for auctioning the credits. The proceeds could be used for research and development of sustainable technology.^[27]

Critics of carbon trading, such as Carbon Trade Watch, argue that it places disproportionate emphasis on individual lifestyles and carbon footprints, distracting attention from the wider, systemic changes and collective political action that needs to be taken to tackle climate change resulting from global warming.^[20] Groups such as the Corner House have argued that the market will choose the easiest means to save a given quantity of carbon in the short term, which may be different from the pathway required to obtain sustained and sizable reductions over a longer period, and so a market-led approach is likely to reinforce technological lock-in. For instance, small cuts may often be achieved cheaply through investment in making a technology more efficient, where larger cuts would require scrapping the technology and using a different one. They also argue that emissions trading is undermining alternative approaches to pollution control with which it does not combine well, and so the overall effect it is having is to actually stall significant change to less polluting technologies.

The corresponding uncertainty under a tax is the level of emissions reductions achieved.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}

The Financial Times published an article about cap-and-trade systems which argued that "Carbon markets create a muddle" and "...leave much room for unverifiable manipulation".^[28]

More recent criticism of emissions trading regarding implementation is that old growth forests, which have slow carbon absorption rates, are being cleared and replaced with fast-growing vegetation, to the detriment of the local communities.^[29]

Recent proposals for alternative schemes to avoid the problems of cap-and-trade schemes include Cap and Share, which was being actively considered by the Irish Parliament in May 2008, and the Sky Trust schemes.^[19] These schemes state that cap-and-trade or cap-and-tax schemes inherently impact the poor and those in rural areas, who have less choice in energy consumption options.

See also

• Carbon emission trading

References

Notes

• https://web.archive.org/web/20100727230956/http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/globallaborinstitute/projects/climate/retreat/upload/ClimateFederalSweeney.pdf list of various NGOs that opposes carbon trade and claim Kyoto Protocol is not enough
• Stop Climate Chaos coalition of NGOs that argues Kyoto is not enough
• Carbon Trade Watch http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6132826.stm BBC
• Transnational Institute http://www.tni.org/archives/reports_ctw_sky full report
• Transnational Institute http://www.tni.org/carbon-trade-fails full report published by Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation
• The Corner House (organisation) http://www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/item.shtml?x=51982 report
• http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/blogs/beltway-confidential/Scientists-urge-Merkel-to-change-global-warming-view--52513912.html Scientists urge Merkel to change global warming view
• https://web.archive.org/web/20110701145855/http://epw.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=Files.View&FileStore_id=83947f5d-d84a-4a84-ad5d-6e2d71db52d9 Minority Report from US Senate
• http://pubs.acs.org/cen/letters/87/8730letters.html Letter of the chemistry scientist repudiating the chief editor of their scientific magazine

External links

James Hansen

• http://www.treehugger.com/files/2009/12/nasa-climate-change-scientist-to-boycott-copenhagen-climate-summit.php TreeHugger
• https://www.theguardian.com/science/2009/mar/18/nasa-climate-change-james-hansen The Guardian
• http://www.thestar.com/sciencetech/Environment/article/285582 Toronto Star
• https://web.archive.org/web/20091207233524/http://www.ecofactory.com/news/top-nasa-climate-scientist-copenhagen-must-fail-120309

Hansen quotes over

//climate change">climate change at British scientific journal Nature (journal)

• http://www.nature.com/climate/2009/0912/full/climate.2009.127.html nature.com
• http://www.nature.com/climate/2009/0912/full/climate.2009.124.html
• http://www.nature.com/climate/2009/0905/full/climate.2009.42.html
• http://www.nature.com/climate/2009/0905/full/climate.2009.41.html
• http://www.nature.com/climate/2009/0905/full/climate.2009.34.html
• http://www.nature.com/climate/2009/0903/full/climate.2009.19.html
• http://www.nature.com/climate/2009/0902/full/climate.2009.3.html
• http://www.nature.com/climate/2008/0812/full/climate.2008.122.html
• http://www.nature.com/climate/2008/0802/full/climate.2008.3.html
• http://www.nature.com/climate/2007/0709/full/climate.2007.41.html
• http://www.nature.com/climate/2009/0901/full/climate.2008.142.html
• A graphical representation of the protocol's failures & achievements

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