| 词条 | Howrah | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
{{Infobox settlement | name = Howrah | native_name = | native_name_lang = | other_name = Haora | settlement_type = Metropolitan City / Urban Agglomeration | image_skyline = HOWRAH BRIDGE from howrah station.jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = Howrah Bridge | image_size = 300px | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India#Asia#Earth | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_mapsize = 300 | coordinates = {{coord|22|35|04|N|88|15|59|E}} | nickname = Sheffield of India[1] | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_type2 = Division | subdivision_type3 = District | subdivision_type4 = Region | subdivision_name1 = West Bengal | subdivision_name2 = Presidency | subdivision_name3 = Howrah | subdivision_name4 = Greater Kolkata | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | named_for = | government_type = Municipal Corporation | governing_body = Howrah Municipal Corporation | leader_party = TMC | leader_title1 = Mayor | leader_name1 = Rathin Chakraborty | leader_title2 = Police commissioner | leader_name2 = Shri Devendra Prakash Singh | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 95 | area_rank = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 12 | population_total = 1,077,075 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_footnotes = [2] | population_density_km2 = auto | population_rank = | population_demonym = | demographics_type1 = Languages | demographics1_title1 = Official | timezone1 = IST | utc_offset1 = +5:30 | postal_code_type = PIN | postal_code = 711101 to 711119 | area_code = +91 33 | area_code_type = Telephone code | iso_code = IN-WB | registration_plate = WB-11 to WB-14 | blank1_name_sec1 = Sex ratio | blank1_info_sec1 = 904 ♂/♀ | website = {{URL|www.howrah.gov.in}} | footnotes = | demographics1_info1 = Bengali, Hindi, English | blank2_name_sec1 = Lok Sabha constituency | blank2_info_sec1 = Howrah | blank3_name_sec1 = Vidhan Sabha constituency | blank3_info_sec1 = Howrah Uttar, Howrah Madhya, Howrah Dakshin, Shibpur }} Howrah or Haora is a metropolitan city and a municipal corporation of Howrah district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is the headquarters of the Howrah Sadar subdivision. Howrah is located on the western bank of the Hooghly River. It is a part of the area covered by Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA). Howrah is an important transportation hub of West Bengal and a major gateway for Kolkata. EtymologyThe name came from the word Haor—Bengali word for a fluvial swampy lake, which is sedimentologically a depression where water, mud and organic debris accumulate.{{citation-needed|date=February 2018}} The word itself was rather used in eastern part of Bengal (now Bangladesh), as compared to the western part (now West Bengal).[3] HistoryThe history of the city of Howrah dates back over 500 years, but the district is situated in an area historically occupied by the ancient Bengali kingdom of Bhurshut. Venetian explorer Cesare Federici, who travelled in India during 1565–79, mentioned a place called Buttor in his journal circa 1578.[4] As per his description, this was a location into which large ships could travel (presumably the Hoogli River) and perhaps a commercial port.[4] This place is identifiable with the modern day neighbourhood of Bator.[4] Bator was also mentioned in the Bengali poetry Manasamangal written by Bipradas Pipilai in 1495.[7] In 1713, the Bengal Council of the British East India Company, on the accession of the Emperor Farrukhsiyar, grandson of Aurangzeb, to the throne of Delhi, sent a deputation to him with a petition for a settlement of five villages on west bank of Hooghly river along with thirty-three villages on the east bank.[1] The list of villages appeared in the Consultation Book of the Council dated 4 May 1714. The five villages on the west bank on Hooghly river were: 'Salica' (Salkia), 'Harirah' (Howrah), 'Cassundeah' (Kasundia), 'Ramkrishnopoor' (Ramkrishnapur), and 'Battar' (Bator): all identifiable with localities of modern-day Howrah city.[9] The deputation was successful except for these five villages.[9] By 1728, most of the present-day Howrah district was part of either of the two zamindaris: Burdwan or Muhammand Aminpur.[9] After Battle of Plassey, as per the treaty signed with the Nawab of Bengal, Mir Qasim, on 11 October 1760, Howrah district (then part of Burdwan) came under control of East India Company.[2] In 1787, the Hooghly district was formed, and till 1819, the whole of the present day Howrah district was added to it.[3] The Howrah district was separated from the Hooghly district in 1843.[4] DemographicsDependent on definitions and geographical boundaries Howrah is measured as either the 2nd or 3rd largest city in West Bengal (behind Kolkata, and perhaps Asansol). {{As of|2011}} Indian census, Howrah had a population of {{#statements:population}} with {{#statements:number of households}} households.[2] [5] In the 1896 census of British India, Howrah had a population of {{formatnum:84069}}, which grew up to {{formatnum:157594}} in the 1901 census.[17][18] This rapid growth was due to abundance of job opportunities, which effected in a 100% increase in male population during this period, whereas the female population grew up only by 60%.[17]
IndustryBurn Standard Company (BSCL, established in 1781), a major company in heavy engineering industry, which is now part of Bharat Bhari Udyog Nigam Limited (BBUNL), has its oldest manufacturing unit located in Howrah.[7] In 1823, Bishop Reginald Heber described Howrah as the place "chiefly inhabited by shipbuilders".[8] The Howrah plant of Shalimar Paints (established in 1902) was the first large-scale paint manufacturing plant to be set up not only in India but in entire South East Asia.[9] Jute industry suffered during the Partition of Bengal (1947), when the larger jute production area became part of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). The foundry industry saw a decline in demand due to growth in steel industry. Often termed as Sheffield of the East[1], Howrah is known as an engineering hub, mainly in the area of light engineering industry.[1] There are small engineering firms all over Howrah, particularly around Belilios Road area near Howrah station.[10] However these businesses are declining in the 21st century.[1] Even though it is the second largest city in the state, it did not undertake appropriate infrastructure development in the last century. As a result, Howrah is continuing to face its perennial problems like traffic congestion, population explosion and pollution. The ratio of roadspace to the population is too low in this city, even comparatively smaller towns like Baharampur enjoy a better ratio. The emigrant labour force from the rest of the state's rural areas and neighbouring states take refuge in the cheaper quarters in Howrah, bringing the already poor infrastructure to the brink of collapse. Many times such migrations reduce a locality to a poor-infrastructure slum. The name of the novel City of Joy, which has been often the name the Kolkata metropolis been called, is actually based on one such slum of Howrah. However, recently, work has been done on broadening the national highways and several towns roads. These activities are expected to help in improvement of traffic conditions. Of late, Howrah has seen a lot of new industrial proposals like the Kona Truck Terminus, Kolkata West International City and relocation of the old smoky foundry plants. Civic administrationHowrah Municipality was established in 1862.[11] From 1896, it started supplying filter water across the city.[12] During 1882–83, Bally Municipality was formed separating it out from Howrah.[17] As per the Howrah Municipal Corporation Act of 1980, Howrah became a municipal corporation,[13] in 1984. The corporation area is divided into fifty wards, each of which elects a councillor.[34] The Mayor-in-council, which is led by Mayor and supported by Commissioner and officers, is responsible for administration of the corporation area.[34] As of August 2015, the Trinamool Congress is controlling the municipal board. The Howrah Police Commissionerate is responsible for law enforcement in the city. {{clear|left}}TransportHowrah can be accessed from its many rail links, as well as its transport connections to Kolkata. Apart from the bridges connecting the cities, there are also ferry services between various jetties. RailHowrah Junction, more commonly referred to as Howrah Station, is the major railway station serving Howrah, Kolkata and the neighbouring districts. It was established in 1854 when a railway line was constructed connecting the city to the coalfields of the Bardhaman. Howrah Station serves as a terminal for two railway zones of India: the Eastern Railway and the South Eastern Railway, and it is connected to most of the major cities of India. It is the only station in Eastern India connecting the entire Eastern India with the rest of India. From Howrah both Eastern Railway and South Eastern Railway operates connecting various stations of the districts of Howrah, Hooghly, Bardhaman, East Midnapore and West Midnapore. Within Howrah city, there are six other stations: Tikiapara, Dasnagar, Ramrajatala, Santragachhi, Padmapukur and Shalimar Station, all serving the South Eastern Railway.[36] ====Metro rail==== {{see also|Kolkata Metro Line 2}}Howrah is planned to be served by the Kolkata Metro Line 2. Stations are being built at Howrah station and Howrah Maidan. As of March 2019 these stations are not operational. RoadsThe total road length in Howrah is approximately {{convert|300|km|mile}}.[14] Howrah hosts a branch of the Grand Trunk Road – this was built, starting 1804, by the Public Works Department of the British administration.[38] The road starts at the Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden[15] and connects to the main road near Chandannagar.[38] Howrah also connects the metropolitan region to the national highways – NH 2 and NH 6 are connected to Vidyasagar Setu via the Kona Expressway. BridgesHowrah and Kolkata are separated by the Hooghli River, and connected by four bridges on the river Ganges. These are the:
The cantilever style Howrah Bridge and the cable-stayed Vidyasagar Setu are counted among the longest bridges in the world within their types.[16] Other transportThere are ferry services available, between various jetties in Howrah and Kolkata, which was introduced in the 1970s.[17] The jetties on Howrah side are at Howrah Station, Ramkrishnapur, Shibpur, Shalimar, Bandhaghat and Nazirganj. The Kolkata metropolitan region is also served by Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport. Neighbourhoods{{OSM Location map| coord = {{coord|22.6|88.3}} | zoom = 11 | width = 250 | height = 200 | caption = Neighbourhoods of Howrah | title = Neighbourhoods of Howrah | label1 = Shibpur | mark-coord1 = {{coord|22.566667|88.3}} | mark1 = Red pog.svg | label-pos1 = right | label-size1 = 11 | label-color1 = hard grey | mark-title1 = Shibpur | mark-image1 = |mark-description1= | label2 = Santragachi | mark-coord2 = {{coord|22.58017|88.26963}} | mark2 = Red pog.svg | label-pos2 = right | label-size2 = 11 | label-color2 = hard grey | mark-title2 = Santragachi | mark-image2 = |mark-description2= | label3 = Belur | mark-coord3 = {{coord|22.6325|88.356389}} | mark3 = Red pog.svg | label-pos3 = right | label-size3 = 11 | label-color3 = hard grey | mark-title3 = Belur | mark-image3 = |mark-description3= | label4 = Ramrajatala | mark-coord4 = {{coord|22.588333|88.296111}} | mark4 = Red pog.svg | label-pos4 = right | label-size4 = 11 | label-color4 = hard grey | mark-title4 = Ramrajatala | mark-image4 = |mark-description4= | label5 = Bally | mark-coord5 = {{coord|22.65|88.34}} | mark5 = Red pog.svg | label-pos5 = right | label-size5 = 11 | label-color5 = hard grey | mark-title5 = Bally | mark-image5 = |mark-description5= | label6 = Salkia | mark-coord6 = {{coord|22.5972|88.3377}} | mark6 = Red pog.svg | label-pos6 = right | label-size6 = 11 | label-color6 = hard grey | mark-title6 = Salkia | mark-image6 = |mark-description6= | label7 = Liluah | mark-coord7 = {{coord|22.62106|88.33941}} | mark7 = Red pog.svg | label-pos7 = right | label-size7 = 11 | label-color7 = hard grey | mark-title7 = Liluah | mark-image7 = |mark-description7= }}{{see also|:Category:Neighbourhoods in Howrah}} Howrah has many famous neighbourhoods, most notable being Shibpur, Santragachi, Belur and Ramrajatala. Shibpur hosts the Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden, containing the Great Banyan tree, and the Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur. Santragachi has a large railway station as well as the Santragachhi Jheel is a large lake that attracts migratory birds during winter. Belur is a suburb that contains Belur Math, the headquarters of the Ramakrishna Math and Mission. Ramrajatala hosts a famous Rama Temple. Near Howrah Station is the slum of Pilkhana which was the basis of the famous book and film "City of Joy". Education{{Main article|Education in Howrah}}{{see also|List of High Schools in Howrah}}{{see also|Category:Education in Howrah}}The Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur is a public engineering and research institution. It is the second oldest engineering institution in India, and is an Indian institute of national importance.{{citation-needed|date=April 2018}} Howrah's schools are either run by the state government or by private institutions. The medium of instruction is Bengali, English or Hindi. Schools are affiliated to the West Bengal Board of Secondary Education (WBBSE), West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education (WBCHSE), the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE), National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) and Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE).{{citation-needed|date=April 2018}} Howrah Zilla School, the oldest school in Howrah founded in 1845, is the only Governmental school in Howrah.{{citation-needed|date=September 2018}} Howrah's first vernacular Bengali medium school was established in 1857 by Kedarnath Bhattacharya, first Indian chairman of Howrah Municipal Corporation. In 1870 it was named Santragachi Minor School. Currently it is named Santragachi Kedarnath Institution, Howrah.[18] Weather and climateHowrah has a Tropical wet-and-dry climate (Köppen climate classification Aw). The summers here have a good deal of rainfall, while the winters have very little. The temperature here averages 26.3 °C. Precipitation are here averages 1744 mm.[19] {{climate chart|Howrah |12|26|19.2 |16|29|39.4 |21|33|38 |24|36|49.5 |25|36|132.7 |26|34|245.9 |26|33|347.6 |26|33|322.4 |26|33|291.2 |24|32|163.6 |19|30|27.9 |14|27|5.7 |source= World Weather Online[20] |float=right }} Notable people{{Main article|List of people from Howrah}}{{See also|:Category:People from Howrah}}GalleryFootnotes1. ^{{Harvnb|O'Malley|Chakravarti|1909|p=22}} 2. ^{{Harvnb|O'Malley|Chakravarti|1909|p=25}} 3. ^{{Harvnb|O'Malley|Chakravarti|1909|p=26}} 4. ^{{Harvnb|O'Malley|Chakravarti|1909|p=27}} 5. ^Census data of Howrah can be difficult to compare as the city is sometimes grouped together with the Kolkata and other settlements as the Kolkata metropolitan area. Further care needs to taken to distinguish Howrah town from Howrah district. 6. ^Note that Howrah town census area was not stable until 1981 7. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.bbunl.com/co_burn.html | title = Group Companies: Burn Standard Co. Ltd. | publisher = Bharat Bhari Udyog Nigam Limited | accessdate = 29 December 2008 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081225160816/http://www.bbunl.com/co_burn.html | archivedate = 25 December 2008 | df = dmy-all }} 8. ^{{Harvnb|O'Malley|Chakravarti|1909|p=165}} 9. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.shalimarpaints.com/about_fac.html | title = Shalimar Paints:About us – Manufacturing Facilities | accessdate = 29 December 2008 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090115152538/http://www.shalimarpaints.com/about_fac.html | archivedate = 15 January 2009 | df = dmy-all }} 10. ^Mark Holmström, p.137 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://wbdma.gov.in/htm/DIS%5CMUNI_COR_Howrah.htm |title=Howrah Municipal Corporation |publisher=Official website of Department of Municipal Affairs, Government of West Bengal |accessdate=29 December 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317203441/http://www.wbdma.gov.in/HTM/DIS/MUNI_COR_Howrah.htm |archivedate=17 March 2012 }} 12. ^{{Harvnb|O'Malley|Chakravarti|1909|p=28}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wbdma.gov.in/htm/MUNI_Legislation_OtherMunicipalCorporationActs.htm |title=Other Municipal Corporation Acts |publisher=Official website of Department of Municipal Affairs, Government of West Bengal |accessdate=29 December 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810200753/http://wbdma.gov.in/htm/MUNI_Legislation_OtherMunicipalCorporationActs.htm |archivedate=10 August 2009 }} 14. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.hmc.org.in/home/engineering.php | title = Engineering Department | publisher = Official website of the Howrah Municipality | accessdate = 31 December 2008 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081006123707/http://www.hmc.org.in/home/engineering.php | archivedate = 6 October 2008 | df = dmy-all }} 15. ^http://www.bsienvis.nic.in/PDF/Newsletter%2015(1).pdf 16. ^{{Cite journal|url=http://www.aisc.org/Content/ContentGroups/Documents/NSBA5/20_NSBA_LongestSpans.PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020601114245/http://www.aisc.org/Content/ContentGroups/Documents/NSBA5/20_NSBA_LongestSpans.PDF |dead-url=yes |archive-date=1 June 2002 |title=National Steel Bridge Alliance: World's Longest Bridge Spans |last=Durkee |first=Jackson |publisher=American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc |date=24 May 1999 |accessdate=4 January 2009 |ref=harv }} 17. ^1 {{cite web | format = PDF | url = http://www.wbgov.com/e-gov/admin/newgovtpublications/upload/Chap-Chapt2.pdf | title = East-West Kolkata Metro Corridor: EIA and SIA (Chapter 2) | publisher = Government of West Bengal | accessdate = 21 March 2009}} 18. ^{{cite book|last= Alok Kumar Mukherjee|first=|title=Howrah, a Study in Urbanization|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Howrah_a_Study_in_Urbanization.html?id=cGZPAAAAMAAJ|year=1991|publisher=|page=99}} 19. ^https://en.climate-data.org/location/969448/ 20. ^{{cite web|title=Howrah Weather|url=http://www.worldweatheronline.com/Howrah-weather-averages/West-Bengal/IN.aspx|publisher=World Weather Online|accessdate=31 May 2012}} 21. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news |title=Sheffield of India dying an untimely death - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Sheffield-of-India-dying-an-untimely-death/articleshow/336158732.cms |accessdate=11 October 2018 |work=The Times of India |publisher=The Times of India |date=20 September 2001}} 22. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – West Bengal – DDW_PCA1915_2011_MDDS with UI|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/DDW_PCA1915_2011_MDDS%20with%20UI.xlsx|website=Census of India|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=3 April 2018}} 23. ^1 {{Harvnb|O'Malley|Chakravarti|1909|p=169}} 24. ^1 2 3 Donald Frederick Lach, p.473 25. ^1 {{Harvnb|O'Malley|Chakravarti|1909|p=19}} 26. ^1 2 3 {{Harvnb|O'Malley|Chakravarti|1909|p=23}} 27. ^1 2 3 {{Harvnb|O'Malley|Chakravarti|1909|p=31}} 28. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=A −4 : Towns and Urban Agglomerations Classified by Population Size Class in 2001 With Variation Since 1901|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/DigitalLibrary/MFTableSeries.aspx|website=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=3 April 2018}} 29. ^1 2 {{cite web | url = http://www.hmc.org.in/home/aboutus.php | title = About us page | publisher = Howrah Municipal Corporation | accessdate = 29 December 2008 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081208193802/http://www.hmc.org.in/home/aboutus.php | archivedate = 8 December 2008 | df = dmy-all }} 30. ^1 2 {{Harvnb|O'Malley|Chakravarti|1909|p=119}} References{{reflist|30em |refs=[21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] }} Bibliography
External links{{commons category|Howrah}}
5 : Cities and towns in Howrah district|Howrah|Neighbourhoods in Kolkata|Kolkata Metropolitan Area|Howrah district |
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