| 词条 | Crossover voting |
| 释义 |
In primary elections in the United States, crossover voting refers to a behavior in which voters cast ballots for a party with which they are not traditionally affiliated.[1][2] Even in the instance of closed primary elections, in which voters are required to receive a ballot matching their own political party, crossover voting may still take place, but requires the additional step of voters to change their political affiliation ahead of the primary election. RationaleThe motives for crossover voting take on many forms. Crossover votes are often strategic, though not necessarily so.[3] It has been proposed that "mischievous" crossover voting is limited.[3][4] StrategyInsuranceInsurance-purposed crossovers occur when voters see the results of their own party's primary as a foregone conclusion; for example, a candidate belonging to their own party is greatly favored or running unopposed, so their best strategy is to cast a ballot for an opposing party. Two types of insurance-purposed crossover voters exist:
Raiding"Raiders"[3] have the intention of sabotaging an opposing party's primary by voting for an opposing candidate they do not see as standing a chance against their preferred candidate. GenuineIn some instances, crossover voting may occur when voters feel the grass is greener on the other side. These crossover voters are referred to as "True Supporters",[3] and are not casting their votes for purposes of insurance or sabotage. In some instances, crossover voting may also occur because no candidate registered with a voter's relevant party filed; therefore if they prefer not to abstain from voting, they must back a candidate from a party other than their own. This form of crossover voting has been referred to as "No Option".[5] References1. ^{{cite web |url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/2mz0z9c2.pdf |title=The Causes and Consequences of Crossover Voting in the 1998 California Elections |series=Working Papers |author=John M. Sides |author2=Jonathan Cohen |author3=Jack Citrin|authorlink3=Jack Citrin |publisher=University of California, Berkeley |date=31 December 1999 |accessdate=21 April 2014}} 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.fairvote.org/research-and-analysis/presidential-elections/congressional-and-presidential-primaries-open-closed-semi-closed-and-top-two/ |title=Congressional and Presidential Primaries: Open, Closed, Semi-Closed, and "Top Two" |publisher=The Center for Voting and Democracy |accessdate=21 April 2014}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web |url=http://polmeth.wustl.edu/media/Paper/alvar99b.pdf |title=Analysis of Crossover and Strategic Voting |author=R. Michael Alvarez |author2=Jonathan Nagler |publisher=Society for Political Methodology (American Political Science Association; Washington University in St. Louis) |date=1999 |accessdate=21 April 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625234325/http://polmeth.wustl.edu/media/Paper/alvar99b.pdf |archivedate=25 June 2010 |df= }} 4. ^{{cite journal |url=http://apr.sagepub.com/content/19/2/229.abstract |title=Why Crossover Voters Are Not "Mischievous Voters": The Segmented Partisanship Hypothesis |author=Gary D. Wekkin |journal=American Politics Research |volume=19 |number=2 |pages=229–247 |date=April 1991 |accessdate=21 April 2014}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://cho.pol.illinois.edu/wendy/papers/history.pdf |title=Crossover Voting Before the Blanket: Primaries Versus Parties in California History |author=Brian J. Gaines |author2=Wendy K. Tam Cho |volume=Explorations at the Political Fault Line: California's Blanket Primary Experiment |author3=Bruce E. Cain |author4=Elisabeth Gerber |publisher=University of California Press |accessdate=21 April 2014}} 1 : Elections in the United States |
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