“Alberto Hurtado”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Saint Alberto Hurtado Cruchaga, S.J. ({{IPA-es|alˈβeɾto uɾˈtaðo|am}}; born Luis Alberto Hurtado Cruchaga on January 22, 1901 in Viña del Mar, Chile – August 18, 1952 in Santiago, Chile), popularly known in Chile as Padre Hurtado ({{lang-es|Father Hurtado}}), was a Chilean Jesuit priest, lawyer, social worker, and writer, of Basque ancestry. He founded the Hogar de Cristo foundation. He was canonized on October 23, 2005, by Pope Benedict XVI, becoming his country's second saint.

Early life and education

Alberto Hurtado Cruchaga was born in Viña del Mar, Chile, on January 22, 1901, to an aristocratic family. After the death of his father when Alberto was four years old, his mother, with just two small sons, decided to sell their large estate. Unfortunately the buyer defrauded her. The family, now impoverished, was forced to live with a succession of relatives.^[1]

From an early age, Hurtado experienced what it meant to be poor and without a home. Thanks to a scholarship, he was able to attend the prestigious all-boys Jesuit school of St. Ignacio, Santiago, Chile (1909–17). During this time, he volunteered at the Parroquia Nuestra Señora de Andacollo, Santiago, a Catholic parish and school in a poor neighborhood of Santiago,^[2] where he assisted in the office and was librarian. From 1918 to 1923, he attended the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, studying in its law school and writing his thesis on labour law. After interrupting his studies for obligatory military service, he earned his degree in August 1923.

Hurtado entered the Jesuit novitiate in 1923. In 1925 he went to Córdoba, Argentina, where he studied humanities. In 1927 he was sent to Barcelona, Spain, to study philosophy and theology. When the Jesuits were suppressed in Spain in 1931, he continued his studies in theology at Louvain, Belgium. He was ordained a priest there on August 24,1933, and in 1935 he obtained a doctorate in pedagogy and psychology.^[1]

Educator

Before returning to Chile, Hurtado visited social and educational centers in Germany, France, Belgium, and the Netherlands. He returned to Chile in January 1936 and took up his post as professor of religion at Colegio San Ignacio and of Pedagogy at the Catholic University of Santiago. He was entrusted with the Sodality of Our Lady for the students, and he involved them in teaching catechism to the poor.^[1]

Conservative Catholics in Chile had difficulty accepting the Church's social teachings. As late as 1931, the official organ of the party aligned with the church hierarchy refused to publish the papal encyclical Quadragesimo anno. When a group of clergy petitioned Archbishop José Horacio Campillo Infante to remove the editors, he refused, saying it was "necessary to protect Catholics from the imprudent acts of the pope".^[3]

In 1936, Hurtado authored an article entitled The Priesthood Crisis In Chile, which addressed the problem of the shortage of priests in Chile; his analysis was criticized as 'exaggerated'.^[3] He criticized the quality of catechism instruction offered in Chile and wrote that young men often signed up as catechists but lacked the necessary certificate.

Social apostolate

In 1940, Hurtado was appointed diocesan director of the Catholic Action youth movement and he served as its national director from 1941 to 1944. Also in 1941, Hurtado authored Is Chile a Catholic Country? The book published statistics demonstrating a lack of priests assigned to the working class and rural populations, and it reported on parishes that had one priest assigned to 10,000 laypeople spread across huge geographic areas. He advocated an increase in the number of priests and better education for them. Almost half of Chile's clergy were foreigners, including missionaries from the United States and Canada, who rode circuits of towns to administer the sacraments. Most Chileans regarded devotion to the Virgin and the saints as more important than attending Mass or receiving the Eucharist, which they could not do regularly.^[3]

In the book Hurtado published the results of a 1939 survey of Chilean religious practices and reported that only 9% of Chilean women and 3.5% of Chilean men regularly attended Mass.^[3] The book was heavily criticised by more conservative Catholics, who accused Hurtado of being a Communist.^[4]

Keeping in mind his own origins, and ever grateful for the help he and his family had received when they were in great difficulties, Hurtado was led to active social involvement. His strong faith was transformed into action with his founding of an organization similar to Boys Town in the United States. His shelters, called Hogar de Cristo (Home of Christ), took in all children in need of food and shelter, abandoned or not. He also purchased a 1946 green pickup truck and monitored the streets at night to help those in need that he could reach. His own charisma brought him many collaborators and benefactors. The movement was a huge success. The shelters multiplied throughout Chile and it is estimated that between 1945 and 1951 more than 850,000 children received some help from the movement.^[4]

Labor movement and social doctrine of the Church

In 1947, Hurtado entered the labor movement. Inspired by the social teaching of the Church he founded the Chilean Trade Union Association, meant to train leaders and instill Christian values in the labor unions.^[5] He wrote three books: Social Humanism (1947), The Christian Social Order (1947) and Trade Unions (1950). He served as a confessor to the Falange Nacional, the precursor to the modern Christian Democratic Party. To disseminate the social teaching of the Church and help Christians reflect and act on the serious social problems faced by Chile, he founded in 1951 the periodical Mensaje ("Message"). He published numerous articles and books on labor issues in relation to the Roman Catholic faith.^[4]

Death

Deeply spiritual, Hurtado was untiring in his work for the workers and the youth combining intellectual reflection and practical actions. Ever optimistic and joyful he had also an attractive personality that brought many people to Christ and the Church, young and old, intellectuals and manual workers.^[4]

In 1952, Hurtado was stricken with intense pain and rushed to hospital. He was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. Day after day the media kept the country informed of Hurtado's state of health. Before his death he had become a national hero. After a brief battle with the illness, he died in Santiago.^[6]

Veneration

Hurtado was beatified on October 16, 1994, by Pope John Paul II and canonized by Pope Benedict XVI on October 23, 2005.^[6] St. Alberto was one of the first people to be elevated to sainthood during the papacy of Pope Benedict XVI; he was also the second Chilean saint, after Saint Teresa of Los Andes.

Hurtado is one of the most popular and cherished saints in his country, Chile. An indication of his lasting popularity was the presence in Saint Peter's Square, on the day of Hurtado's canonization, of a very large contingent of Chilean people, led by the highest authorities of the country, starting with President Ricardo Lagos and some high-ranking Chilean politicians who actually had been Father Hurtado's students during his school teacher time, like Senator Gabriel Valdés.

Legacy

Criticism

Members of the Conservative Party denounced what they saw as Hurtado's endorsement of the National Falange, a party founded after young social Catholics split from the conservative party. There were also attacks from the left. An anonymous article published in Policarpo in 1982 called Hurtado "the last prophet of the bourgeoisie" while it contrasts him unfavorably with the figure of Enrique Alvear who is hailed as the "first Pastor of the Church of the poor in Chile". Clotario Blest, who like Hurtado was also intellectually indebted to Fernando Vives, is reported to have distanced himself from Hurtado.^[11]

Media

During the 1990s there was a short TV series dedicated to him, named Crónica de un Hombre Santo (English: Chronicles of a Holy Man). Four actors portrayed Hurtado, from his childhood to his last years; popular telenovela actor Cristián Campos played the adult Hurtado during his ministry.

Hurtado remains very popular in Chile to this day. His Facebook fan page has more than 50,000 followers.^[6]

Main works

See also

References

1. ^¹²{{Cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/ns_lit_doc_20051023_cruchaga_en.html|title=Alberto Hurtado Cruchaga (1901–1952) – Biography|website=www.vatican.va|access-date=2018-08-22}}
2. ^Hurtado, S.J., Alberto, "Cartas E Informes del Padre Alberto Hurtado, S.J.," Santiago: Ediciones Universidad Catolica de Chile, 2005, pp. 13–29.
3. ^¹²³Gertrude M. Yeager. In the Absence of Priests: Young Women as Apostles to the Poor, Chile 1922–1932. The Americas, Vol. 64, No. 2 (October 2007), pp. 207–242
4. ^¹²³{{Cite web|url=http://livingspace.sacredspace.ie/F0818S/|title=Living Space Saint Alberto Hurtado {{!}} Sacred Space|website=livingspace.sacredspace.ie|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-22}}
5. ^"A Saint For Our Times", The British Jesuits {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828121737/http://www.jesuit.org.uk/features/hurtado1.htm |date=2008-08-28 }}
6. ^¹²{{Cite news|url=http://www.ignatianspirituality.com/ignatian-voices/20th-century-ignatian-voices/st-alberto-hurtado-sj-1901-1952/|title=St. Alberto Hurtado, SJ (1901–1952)|last=|first=|date=|work=Ignatian Spirituality|access-date=2018-08-22|language=en-US}}
7. ^"Christ Stumbles through Our Streets", Ignatian Spirituality
8. ^"Gertrude M. Yeager 1932. pp. 207–242
9. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.clubprensa.cl/wordpress/?m=200610 |title=Premio de Periodismo 'Alberto Hurtado Cruchaga' |trans-title='Alberto Hurtado Cruchaga' Journalism Award |publisher=Press Club of Chile |language=Spanish |date=7 October 2006 |access-date=5 January 2018}}
10. ^{{Cite magazine |url=http://www.revistagua.cl/2007/10/30/minera-los-pelambres-recibe-premio-alberto-hurtado-cruchaga/ |title=Minera Los Pelambres recibe premio 'Alberto Hurtado Cruchaga' |trans-title=Minera Los Pelambres Receives 'Alberto Hurtado Cruchaga' Award |work=Revista Agua |language=Spanish |date=30 October 2007 |access-date=5 January 2018}}
11. ^{{cite book |last=Berríos |first=Fernando |editor-last=Berríos |editor-first=Fernando |editor-last2=Costadoat S.J. |editor-first2=Jorge |editor-last3=García |editor-first3=Diego |date= |title=Catolicismo social chileno: Desarrollo, crisis y actualidad |url=https://books.google.cl/books?id=2p4BCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT83& |publisher=Ediciones Universidad Alberto Hurtado |page= |isbn=978-956-8421-28-1 |chapter=El catolicismo social: Inculturación del Evangelio en Chile |language=Spanish}}

Bibliography

External links