| 词条 | Cymothoidae |
| 释义 |
| image = Anilocra capensis on Lithognathus aureti.jpg | image_caption = Anilocra capensis on Lithognathus aureti | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Arthropoda | subphylum = Crustacea | classis = Malacostraca | ordo = Isopoda | subordo = Cymothoida | familia = Cymothoidae | familia_authority = Leach, 1818 [1] | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = c. 40; see text }} The Cymothoidae are a family of isopods in the suborder Cymothoida and are found in both marine and freshwater environments. Cymoithoids are ectoparasites, usually of fish, and among their number they include the bizarre "tongue-biter" (Cymothoa exigua) which attaches to a fish's tongue causing it to atrophy, and replaces the tongue with its own body.[1] Around 40 genera and more than 380 species of cymothoid are recognised.[2] CharacteristicsCymothoids exhibit various adaptations to their carnivorous or parasitic lifestyles. As juveniles, they are not specific in their requirements and attach themselves temporarily to the skin of any fish. They produce anticoagulants and suck the fish's blood. They detach from their first host and later find another host. When they have found the correct species of fish for their adult development, they attach more permanently. As adults, most species require a particular host species and are also site-specific. Locations for attachment chosen by different species of parasite include the skin, the fins, the gills, and the mouth, while some species bore into muscle.[2] However, cymothoids aren't truly parasitic in nature. Many of the reef-dwelling species exhibit a state of phoresy. BiologyCymothoids are protandrous hermaphrodites. This means that each juvenile develops first into a male, but if there are no females nearby, the male will later become a female and attach permanently to the host. This female is able to secrete pheromones which prevent male cymothoids in the vicinity from becoming female. These parasites can cause serious damage to their hosts, ranging from slow growth rate, through tissue damage and anaemia, to death. Many host fish have mutualistic arrangements with certain shrimps such as Ancylomenes pedersoni, whereby the fish visits a "cleaning station" and the shrimps remove and feed on the cymothoid parasites.[3] ClassificationAccording to the World Register of Marine Species, the family contains the following genera:[4] {{div col|colwidth=20em}}
References1. ^{{cite journal |author1=R. C. Brusca |author2=M. R. Gilligan |year=1983 |title=Tongue replacement in a marine fish (Lutjanus guttatus) by a parasitic isopod (Crustacea: Isopoda) |journal=Copeia |volume=3 |pages=813–816 |doi=10.2307/1444352 |issue=3 |jstor=1444352}} 2. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://bioteaching.com/tongue-biters-and-deep-sea-giants-the-cymothoida-crustacea-isopoda/ |title=Tongue Biters and Deep Sea Giants: The Cymothoida (Crustacea: Isopoda) |author=Srour, Marc |date=2012-07-13 |work=Teaching Biology |accessdate=2014-06-03}} 3. ^{{cite journal |author1=Bunkley-Williams, Lucy |author2=Williams, Ernest H. Jr. |year=1998 |title=Ability of Pederson Cleaner Shrimp to Remove Juveniles of the Parasitic Cymothoid Isopod, Anilocra haemuli, from the Host |journal=Crustaceana |volume=71 |issue=8 |pages=862–869 |jstor=20106067 |doi=10.1163/156854098x00888 }} 4. ^1 {{cite WoRMS |author=Niel L. Bruce & Marilyn Schotte |year=2011 |title=Cymothoidae |db=Isopod |id=118274 |accessdate=December 9, 2011}} 5. ^{{cite journal |journal=Mun. Ent. Zool. |volume=4 |issue=2 |year=2009 |pages=611–612 |title=A new name, Smenispa for the preoccupied isopod genus Enispa Schioedte & Meinert, 1884 (Isopoda: Cymothoidae) |author=Hüseyin Özdikmen |url=http://www.munisentzool.org/yayin/vol4/issue2/611-612.pdf |format=PDF}} Further reading
External links
1 : Cymothoida |
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