| 词条 | Huilliche people |
| 释义 |
| group = Huilliches, Mapuche-Huilliche | image = | population = 17,000 in Chiloé Archipelago[1] | popplace = Futahuillimapu and Chiloé Archipelago, Chile | langs = Spanish, Huilliche | religions = Christianity (mainly Roman Catholic) | related = Mapuche people, Chono people, Picunche people, Chilean people }} The Huilliche, Huiliche or Huilliche-Mapuche are the southern partiality of the Mapuche macroethnic group of Chile.[2] The Huilliche are the principal indigenous population of Chile from Toltén River to Chiloé Archipelago.[3] According to Ricardo E. Latcham the term Huilliche started to be used in Spanish after the second founding of Valdivia in 1645, adopting the usage of the Mapuches of Araucanía for the southern Mapuche tribes.[2] Huilliche means 'southerners' (Mapudungun willi 'south' and che 'people'.) The majority of Huilliche speak Spanish, while a minority, dominated by older adults, speaks the Huilliche language.[1] The Huilliche calls the territory between Bueno River and Reloncaví Sound Futahuillimapu, meaning "great land of the south".[2] History{{see also|Parliament of Las Canoas}}In the 1540s Spanish conquereros led by Pedro de Valdivia arrived to Central Chile from newly conquered Peru. Between 1549 and 1553 the Spanish founded several cities in Mapuche territory and one in Huilliche territory: Valdivia.[4] Albeit the death of Pedro de Valdivia in 1553 halted the Spanish conquests for a while Osorno and Castro were established in Huilliche territory in 1558 and 1567 respectively.[4][5] The Spanish defeat by Mapuches in the battle of Curalaba in 1598 triggered a general uprising that led to the destruction of all Spanish cities in Huilliche territory except Castro.[2][6] The portion of Futahuillimapu south of Maipué River became large depulated following a period of pillaging by the Spanish and loyalist Huilliches that had relocated from Osorno to the forts of Carelmapu and Calbuco.[2][7] After Valdivia was refounded in 1645 the Spanish struggled to establish a land route to the vacinities of Chiloé Archipelago across independent Huilliche territory.[2][8]{{efn-ua|The idea behind this road was to provide a provide pathway for reciprocal military aid in case of an invasion by a foreign power, likely Britain.[9]}} In 1792 the Huilliches were defeated by a Spanish army.[10] A peace parliament and treaty was signed in 1793.[10] In the treaty Huilliche property was recognized by the Spanish.[10] Sociedad Stuttgart, a society established in the 19th century to bring German settlers, purchased about 15 000 km2 under fraudulent conditions from Huilliches in the Precordillera east of Osorno.[11] This purchase was later ratified by in Chilean courts and serves to illustrate how Chilean authorities ignored its own legal order that guaranteed Huilliche property.[11] As result of the establishment of Chilean and European settlers, including Germans, around Bueno River and Osorno Huilliches living in the Central Valley migrated to the coastal region of Osorno.[11] The economy of Osorno turned in the 1920s towards cattle farming, with land ownership concentrated among German immigrants, and many Huilliches became peasants of haciendas.[12] See also
Notes{{notelist-ua}}References1. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/huh |title=Huilliche |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |website=Ethnologue |publisher= |accessdate=28 December 2013}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{Cite journal |last=Alcamán |first=Eugenio |title=Los mapuche-huilliche del Futahuillimapu septentrional: Expansión colonial, guerras internas y alianzas políticas (1750-1792)|language=Spanish |chapter= |url=http://200.10.23.169/trabajados/alcaman.pdf |date=1997 |publisher= |journal=Revista de Historia Indígena |issue=2 |pages=29–76 |accessdate= | oclc= }} 3. ^Villalobos et al. 1974, p. 49. 4. ^1 Villalobos et al. 1974, p. 99. 5. ^{{cite book|last=Hanisch|first=Walter|title=La Isla de Chiloe, Capitana de Rutas Australes|year=1982|language=Spanish |publisher=Academia Superior de Ciencias Pedagógicas de Santiago|pages=11–12}} 6. ^Villalobos et al. 1974, p. 109. 7. ^{{Citation |last=Mansilla Almonacid |first=José D. |title=La Población de Calbuco Evolución de las Cifras. Siglos XVII-XX |journal=Revista Austral de Ciencias Sociales |volume=6 |issue= |language=Spanish |year=2002 |pages=125–134 |url=http://mingaonline.uach.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0718-17952002000100010&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es |doi=10.4206/rev.austral.cienc.soc.2002.n6-10 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231001129/http://mingaonline.uach.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0718-17952002000100010&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es |archivedate=2013-12-31 |df= }} 8. ^Montt 1971, pp. 25-28. 9. ^{{cite journal |last=Couyoumdjian |first=Juan Ricardo |date=2009 |title=Reseña de "La frontera de arriba en Chile colonial. Interacción hispano-indígena en el territorio entre Valdivia y Chiloé e imaginario de sus bordes geográficos, 1600-1800" de MARÍA XIMENA URBINA CARRASCO |url=http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/334/33411422021.pdf |journal=Historia |publisher= |volume=I |issue=42 |pages=281–283 |doi= |access-date=30 January 2016}} 10. ^1 2 {{cite journal |last=Foerster |first=Rolf G. |language=Spanish |date=1998 |title=Tratado de Paz de 1793. Una aproximación a la gramática de la memoria mapuche-huilliche |url=http://mingaonline.uach.cl/pdf/racs/n2/art06.pdf |journal=Revista Austral de Ciencias Sociales |publisher= |volume= |issue=2 |pages=59–68 |doi= 10.4206/rev.austral.cienc.soc.1998.n2-06|accessdate=25 December 2013}} 11. ^1 2 {{Cite thesis |last=Concha Mathiesen |first=Martín |language=Spanish |title=Una mirada a la identidad de los grupos huilliche de San Juan de la Costa |type= |chapter= |url= |author= |year=1998 |publisher=Universidad Arcis |accessdate= |docket= |oclc= }} 12. ^{{cite journal |last=Vergara |first=Jorge Iván |last2=Gundermann |first2=Hans |date=2012 |title=Constitution and internal dynamics of the regional identitary in Tarapacá and Los Lagos, Chile |url= |journal=Chungara |language=Spanish |publisher=University of Tarapacá |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=115–134 |doi= 10.4067/s0717-73562012000100009}} Bibliography
2 : Huilliche|Indigenous peoples of the Southern Cone |
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