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词条 Dagur language
释义

  1. Distribution

  2. Phonology

     Vowels  Consonants 

  3. Grammar

      Table of personal pronouns [15]  

  4. Lexicon

     Numerals 

  5. Notes

  6. Bibliography

  7. External links

{{Infobox language
|name=Dagur
|states=China, Mongolia
|region=Inner Mongolia, Hailar District; Heilongjiang Province, Qiqihar Prefecture; Xinjiang, Tacheng Prefecture
|speakers={{sigfig|96,100|2}} in China
|date=1999
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Altaic
|fam1=Mongolic
|script= Latin script, Mongol script (Historically)
|iso3=dta
|glotto=daur1238
|glottorefname=Dagur
|notice=IPA
}}

The Dagur or Daghur language is a Mongolic language primarily spoken by members of the Dagur ethnic group.

Distribution

Dagur is a Mongolic language consisting of four dialects:[1]

  • Amur Dagur in the vicinity of Heihe (original homeland). About 400 people.
  • Nonni Dagur on the west side of the Nonni River from south of Qiqihaer up to Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner. Subdivisions are:
    • Morin Daba Dagur, in Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner (Moli Daba) of Hulun Buir League, Inner Mongolia
    • Butha (Buteha) Dagur, immediately south of Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner
    • Tsitsikar Dagur, in Tsitsikar (Qiqihaer) City and surrounding areas
    • Mergen Dagur or Nenjiang Dagur, in Nenjiang County (formerly Mergen County) of Heilongjiang Province
  • Hailar Dagur to the south-east of Hailar in Ewenki Autonomous Banner
  • Sinkiang Dagur in Xinjiang in the vicinity of Tacheng

There is no written standard in use, although a Pinyin-based orthography has been devised; instead the Dagur make use of Mongolian or Chinese, as most speakers know these languages as well.[2] During the time of the Qing dynasty, Dagur was written with the Manchu alphabet.[3]

Phonology

Dagur phonology is peculiar in that some of its dialects have developed a set of labialized consonants (e.g. {{IPA|/sʷar/}} 'flea' vs. {{IPA|/sar/}} 'moon'),[4] while it shares palatalized consonants[5] with most Mongolian dialects that have not been developed in the other Mongolic languages. It also has {{IPA|/f/}}, which is, however, limited to loan words.[6] Word-final short vowels were lost[7] and historically short vowels in non-initial syllables have lost phoneme status.[8] Dagur is the only Mongolic language to share this development with Mongolian (i.e. Mongolian proper, Oirat, Buryat). Due to the merger of {{IPA|/ɔ/}} and {{IPA|/ʊ/}} with {{IPA|/o/}} and {{IPA|/u/}}, vowel harmony was lost [9]. According to Tsumagari (2003), vowel harmony is still a productive synchronic phonotactic aspect of Dagur in which initial syllable long vowels are divided into "masculine" (back), "feminine" (front), and neutral groups. Likewise, suffixal long vowels must agree in harmonic group with the root.

Vowels

Dagur vowels (Tsumagari 2003)
FrontCentralBack
Short Long Short Long Short Long
Closei}}iː}}u}}uː}}
Close-Midə}}əː}}
Open-midɔ}}ɔː}}
Opena}}aː}}

Consonants

Dagur consonants (Chuluu 1994)
LabialLabiodentalAlveolarPalatalVelar
plainlab.pal.plainlab.pal.plainlab.plainlab.pal.
Stopvoicelessp}}t}}tʷ}}tʲ}}k}}kʷ}}kʲ}}
voicedb}}bʲ}}d}}dʷ}}dʲ}}ɡ}}ɡʲ}}
Affricatevoicelesstʃ}}tʃʷ}}
voiceddʒ}}dʒʷ}}
Fricativefs}}sʷ}}ʃ}}x}}xʷ}}xʲ}}
Nasalm}}mʷ}}mʲ}}n}}nʲ}}ŋ}}
Trillr}}rʲ}}
Laterall}}lʲ}}
Semivowelj}}w}}

Grammar

Dagur has a pronominal system that distinguishes between first person plural inclusive {{IPA|/bed/}} and exclusive {{IPA|/baː/}} and, even more archaic, it distinguishes between third person singular {{IPA|/iːn/}} and plural {{IPA|/aːn/}}.[10] While the phoneme {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} (< {{IPA|*t͡ʃʰ}}) has been retained, the second person singular pronoun has become {{IPA|/ʃiː/}} nevertheless,[11] resembling a more thorough sound change in Khorchin Mongolian. The second person plural is retained as {{IPA|/taː/}}.[11] The genitive and accusative have fused in some variants, becoming –ji, and the ablative may assume the form of the instrumental case. The old comitative has been lost, while the innovated comitative is the same as in Mongolian.[12] In addition, several other cases have been innovated that are not shared by Mongolian, including a new allative, -maji.[13]

Dagur has a fairly simple tense-aspect system consisting of the nonpast markers -{{IPA|/bəi/}} and (marginally) -{{IPA|/n/}} and the past forms -{{IPA|/sən/}} and (marginally) {{IPA|/la/}} and the non-finite imperfective marker {IPA|/d͡ʒa/}. These may be inflected for person. The attributive particle forms are limited to –{{IPA|/ɡʷ/}} (< Written Mongolian -γ-a) for imperfective aspect and future tense, -sən (< -γsan) for perfective aspect, -{{IPA|/ɡat͡ʃ/}} (< -gči) for habituality (instead of -daγ which used to fulfil this function) and -{{IPA|/mar/}} for potential and probable actions. It has acquired a highly complex converbal system containing several innovations. Notably, -mar which is a participle in Mongolian serves as a converb as well.[14]

Table of personal pronouns [15]

{{clear}}
SingularPlural
Case 1st Person 2nd Person 3rd Person 1st Person (exclusive) 1st Person (inclusive) 2nd Person 3rd Person
Nominative bii šii ing biede baa taa aang
Genitive minii šinii inii biednii (maanii) taanii aanii
Dative namd šamd yamd (ind) biedende maande taande aande
Accusative namii šamii yamii biednii (maanii) taanii aanii
Ablative namaase šamaase yamaas biedenaas maanaas taanaas aanaas
Instrumental namaare šamaare yamaar biedenaar maanaar taanaar aanaar
Comitative namtij šamtij yamtij biedentij maantij taantij aantij

Lexicon

Dagur has 50% common Mongolic vocabulary, while it has borrowed 5[16] to 10% of its words from Chinese, 10% of its words from Manchu and also some vocabulary from Evenki and Russian – leaving about 20% vocabulary that is specific to Dagur only.[17]

Numerals

All basic numerals are of Mongolic origin.

EnglishClassical MongolianDagur
1OneNigenNyk
2TwoQoyarXoyir
3ThreeGhurbanGwarbyn
4FourDorbenDurbun
5FiveTabunTaawyn
6SixJirghughanJirgoo
7SevenDologhanDoloo
8EightNaimanNaimyn
9NineYisunIsyn
10TenArbanHarbin

Notes

1. ^Tsumagari 2003: 129, Sengge 2004: 616
2. ^Tsumagari 2003: 129
3. ^Engkebatu 2001
4. ^Chuluu 1994: 5, but for example not the Tacheng dialect, see Yu et al. 2008: 25-26
5. ^Sengge 2004a, Tsumagari 2003: 133
6. ^Namcarai and Qaserdeni 1983: 66-67, cp. Tsumagari 2003: 131
7. ^Tsumagari 2003: 131
8. ^cp. Namcarai and Qaserdeni 1983: 84
9. ^Tsumagari 2003: 131 basically in agreement with Sengge 2004a; in contrast, Namcarai and Qaserdeni 1983: 37 give a pretty standard Mongolian vowel harmony system with the pharyngeal vowels {{IPA|/ɑ/}}, {{IPA|/ɔ/}}, {{IPA|/ʊ/}} contrasting with the non-pharyngeal vowels {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/o/}}, {{IPA|/u/}}, while {{IPA|/i/}} is neutral.
10. ^Namcarai and Qaserdeni 1983: 211-126, cp. Tsumagari 2003: 141
11. ^1 Sengge 2004c: 621
12. ^Namcarai and Qaserdeni 1983: 110-121, Sengge 619-620
13. ^Sengge 2004c: 620
14. ^Tsumagari 2003: 144-148 supplemented with Sengge 2004c. The exact form of the plosive in -{{IPA|/ɡat͡ʃ/}} is unclear as these two sources and Namcarai and Qaserdeni 1983 give different phones.
15. ^Tsumagari 2003: 141
16. ^Sengge 2004b
17. ^Tsumagari 2003: 151-152

Bibliography

  • {{citation|last=Chuluu|first=Üjiyediin|year=1994|url=http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp056_dagur_language.pdf|title=Introduction, Grammar, and Sample Sentences for Dagur|series=Sino-Platonic Papers|publication-place=Philadelphia|publisher=University of Pennsylvania|series-editor=}}
  • Engkebatu (2001): Cing ulus-un üy-e-dü dagur kele-ber bicigdegsen jokiyal-ud-un sudulul. Kökeqota: Öbür monggol-un yeke surgaguli-yin keblel-ün qoriy-a.
  • {{citation|author=Namcarai|author2=Qaserdeni|year=1983|title=Daγur kele ba mongγul kelen-ü qaričaγulul|publisher=Öbür mongγul-un arad-un keblel-ün qoriy-a|oclc=45024952}}
  • {{citation|editor=Oyunčimeg|year=2004|title=Mongγul sudulul-un nebterkei toli|publication-place=Kökeqota|publisher=Öbür mongγul-un arad-un keblel-ün qoriy-a|isbn=978-7-204-07745-8|oclc=67279589}}
  • Sengge (2004): Daγur kele. In: Oyunčimeg 2004: 616-617.
  • Sengge (2004a): Daγur kelen-ü abiy-a. In: Oyunčimeg 2004: 618.
  • Sengge (2004b): Daγur kelen-ü üges. In: Oyunčimeg 2004: 619.
  • Sengge (2004c): Daγur kelen-ü kele ǰüi. In: Oyunčimeg 2004: 618-622.
  • Tsumagari, Toshiro (2003): Dagur. In: Janhunen, Juha (ed.) (2003): The Mongolic languages. London: Routledge: 129-153.
  • Yu, Wonsoo, Jae-il Kwon, Moon-Jeong Choi, Yong-kwon Shin, Borjigin Bayarmend, Luvsandorj[iin] Bold (2008): A study of the Tacheng dialect of the Dagur language. Seoul: Seoul National University Press.

External links

  • Unicode Manchu/Sibe/Dagur Fonts and Keyboards
  • Learning Dagur (in Chinese)
{{Languages of China}}{{Mongolic languages}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Dagur Language}}

3 : Agglutinative languages|Mongolic languages|Languages of China
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