| 词条 | Dance of the Forty-One |
| 释义 |
The Dance of the Forty-One or the Ball of the Forty-One (Spanish: El baile de los cuarenta y uno) was a society scandal in early 20th-century Mexico, during the presidency of Porfirio Díaz.[1][2][3][4] The incident revolved around an illegal police raid[5] carried out on 17 November 1901 against a private home on Calle de la Paz (since renamed Calle Ezequiel Montes) in Colonia Tabacalera of Mexico City, the site of a dance attended by a group of men, of whom 19 were dressed in women's clothing. The press was keen to report the incident, in spite of the government's efforts to hush it up, since the participants belonged to the upper echelons of society including Ignacio de la Torre y Mier, son-in-law of the incumbent President of Mexico, Porfirio Diaz. The list of the detainees was never published.[1][4] The scandal was called by prominent writer Carlos Monsiváis "the invention of the homosexuality in Mexico", due was the first time was spoken openly about it in the Mexican media.[6] DetailsIn the early 20th century in Mexico performing dances where only men or only women attended was done frequently, albeit in a clandestine way due to discrimination and public condemnation of sexual diversity at the time. Several sources reported the celebration of parties and public events as parades with transvestite men and women, although they were justified as costume parties.[2] The presumed organizers of the party would have been the son-in-law of then-President Porfirio Diaz, Ignacio de la Torre and Mier, married with his daughter Amada Díaz, and Antonio Adalid, nicknamed "Toña la Mamonera"[2], godson of Maximilian I of Mexico and Carlota of Mexico[6]; Other sources quoted the journalist Jesús "Chucho" Rábago and the landowner Alejandro Redo as frequent organizers. The party began the night of November 17 secretly in a house rented for that purpose in what were the limits of Mexico City, the Colonia Tabacalera. Media cite the fourth street of La Paz (current Ezequiel Montes or Jesus Carranza) where the guests had gathered in different carriages. The party included, in addition, the "Raffle of Pepito", a contest where the prize would be a sex worker.[2] Around three o'clock on the morning of November 18, the police raided the house after a transvestite opened the door. This was stated in a journalistic note of the time:{{quote|On Sunday night, at a house on the fourth block of Calle la Paz, the police burst into a dance attended by 41 unaccompanied men wearing women's clothes. Among those individuals were some of the dandies seen every day on Calle Plateros. They were wearing elegant ladies' dresses, wigs, false breasts, earrings, embroidered slippers, and their faces were painted with highlighted eyes and rosy cheeks. When the news reached the street, all forms of comments were made and the behaviour of those individuals was subjected to censure. We refrain from giving our readers further details because they are exceedingly disgusting.|Contemporary press report.[4]}} A rumour, neither confirmed nor denied, soon emerged, claiming that there were in reality 42 participants, with the forty-second being Ignacio de la Torre, Porfirio Díaz's son-in-law, who was allowed to escape. Although the raid was illegal and completely arbitrary, the 41 were convicted and conscripted into the army and sent to Yucatán where the Caste War was still being fought: {{quote|The derelicts, petty thieves, and crossdressers sent to Yucatán are not in the battalions of the Army fighting against the Maya Indians, but have been assigned to public works in the towns retaken from the common enemy of civilization.|El Popular, 25 November 1901[1]}}On 4 December 1901 there was a similar raid on a group of lesbians in Santa María, but that incident received far less attention.[7] Impact on popular cultureAs a result of the scandal, the numbers 41 and 42 were adopted by Mexican popular parlance to refer to homosexuality, with 42 reserved for passive homosexuals.[7] The incident and the numbers were spread through press reports, but also through engravings, satires, plays, literature, and paintings; in recent years, they have even appeared on television, in the historical telenovela El vuelo del águila, first broadcast by Televisa in 1994. In 1906 Eduardo A. Castrejón published a book titled Los cuarenta y uno. Novela crítico-social. José Guadalupe Posada's engravings alluding to the affair are famous, and were frequently published alongside satirical verses:[4] {{cita|Hace aún muy pocos díasQue en la calle de la Paz, Los gendarmes atisbaron Un gran baile singular. Cuarenta y un lagartijos Disfrazados la mitad De simpáticas muchachas Bailaban como el que más. La otra mitad con su traje, Es decir de masculinos, Gozaban al estrechar A los famosos jotitos. Vestidos de raso y seda Al último figurín, Con pelucas bien peinadas Y moviéndose con chic.|Anónimo[4][8]}} Such was the impact of the affair that the number 41 became taboo, as described by the essayist Francisco L. Urquizo in 1965: {{cita|In Mexico, the number 41 has no validity and is offensive... The influence of this tradition is so strong that even officialdom ignores the number 41. No division, regiment, or battalion of the army is given the number 41. From 40 they progress directly to 42. No payroll has a number 41. Municipal records show no houses with the number 41; if this cannot be avoided, 40 bis is used. No hotel or hospital has a room 41. Nobody celebrates their 41st birthday, going straight from 40 to 42. No vehicle is assigned a number plate with 41, and no police officer will accept a badge with that number.|Francisco L. Urquizo[4]}}See also{{Portal|LGBT|Mexico}}
References1. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2001/11/08/ls-monsivais.html|title=La Gran Redada|author=Carlos Monsiváis|first=|date=November 2001|website=|publisher=La Jornada|language=Spanish|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=2007-12-16}} 2. ^1 2 3 {{Cite book|url=http://www2.cmq.edu.mx/libreria/index.php/publicaciones/distribucion-gratuita/documentos-de-investigacion/item/192-cronica-de-un-baile-clandestino|title=Crónica de un baile clandestino (Chronicle of a clandestine dance)|last=Bazant|first=Milada|publisher=El Colegio Mexiquense A.C.|year=2005|isbn=|location=|pages=}} 3. ^{{Cite journal|last=Gavito|first=Barrón|last2=Ángel|first2=Miguel|date=June 2010|title=El baile de los 41: la representación de lo afeminado en la prensa porfiriana (The dance of the 41: the representation of the effeminate in the Porfirian press)|url=http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1405-09272010000100003&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es|journal=Historia y grafía|volume=|issue=34|pages=47–73|issn=1405-0927|via=}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web|title=Los "cuarenta y uno", cien años después |publisher=Isla ternura |year=2002 |url=http://www.islaternura.com/APLAYA/HOMOenHISTORIA/HomoHistoria2005/Los%2041%20en%20mexico/En%20el%20centenario%20de%20los%2041%20Diciembre2005.htm |accessdate=2007-12-16 |language=Spanish |author=Miguel Hernandez Cabrera |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071130032556/http://www.islaternura.com/APLAYA/HOMOenHISTORIA/HomoHistoria2005/Los%2041%20en%20mexico/En%20el%20centenario%20de%20los%2041%20Diciembre2005.htm |archivedate=November 30, 2007 }} 5. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-38563731|title=¿Por qué en México el número 41 se asocia con la homosexualidad y sólo ahora se conocen detalles secretos de su origen?|last=Najar|first=Alberto|date=2017|work=BBC Mundo|access-date=2017-12-28|language=en-GB}} 6. ^1 {{Cite news|url=http://www.letraslibres.com/mexico/los-41-y-la-gran-redada|title=Los 41 y la gran redada (The 41 and the great police raid)|last=Monsiváis|first=Carlos|date=2002-04-30|work=Letras Libres|access-date=2017-12-28|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=es}} 7. ^1 {{cite web | author = Stephen O. Murray | año = | url = http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/mexico.html | title = Mexico | work = glbtq | accessdate = 2007-11-07 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071102132531/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/mexico.html | archivedate = 2007-11-02 | df = }} 8. ^A possible translation of the poem might be: It was a few days ago that the policemen managed to see a curious great dance forty one male lizards clothed in costumes half of them of beautiful young women dancing as much as they could the other half had their suit that is to say, masculine They took pleasure in hugging the famous jotitos clothed in silk to the last of them with carefully brushed hair do's and moving with chic 6 : LGBT rights in Mexico|1901 in Mexico|Political scandals in Mexico|Porfiriato|1900s in LGBT history|November 1901 events |
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