“Dark stain”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

A dark stain is often associated with fossils of the Burgess Shale, representing decay fluids that were squashed out of the organism during the taphonomic process.

Occurrence

It is most famously known in (and most commonly associated with) Marrella,^[1] and is also known in other organisms: for example, Aysheaia, where it protrudes from the anterior (and in one case posterior) end of the animal;^[2] Hallucigenia,^[3] Naraoia,^[3] and Alalcomeneaus.^[4] It is also present in other Lagerstätten, for example in Carboniferous crustacea from Ireland.^[5]

Formation

The formation of this stain is the subject of ongoing research. It was originally speculated that it represented body contents forced out by the pressure of overlying rocks,^[2] although decay contents would form more quickly and thus be a more likely interpretation.^[6] This is supported by their presence around organisms whose external wall apparently ruptured; dark stains are also found in Carboniferous fish, and oily liquids have been seen to ooze out of the mouths and anuses of decaying seals.^[6] A high abundance of elemental copper has been taken to suggest that it represents "blood" (i.e. the haemocoel of arthropods and molluscs).^[7] Although copper was not analyzed in the canonical work on Elemental Mapping of Burgess Shale organisms, the dark stain was higher in silicon and lower in aluminum and potassium than elsewhere.^[8]

References

1. ^{{Cite journal| first=H. B.|last= Whittington| title = The Burgess Shale: history of research and preservation of fossils| journal = North Am. Paleont. Convention, Chicago, 1969, Proc. I, Allen, Lawrence, Kansas| pages = 1170–1201| year = 1971}}
2. ^¹{{Cite journal | last1 = Whittington | first1 = H. B. | title = The Lobopod Animal Aysheaia pedunculata Walcott, Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia | pages = 165–197 | journal = Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B | volume = 284| issue = 1000| doi = 10.1098/rstb.1978.0061| year = 1978 | pmid = | pmc = |bibcode = 1978RSPTB.284..165W }}
3. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Whittington | first1 = H. B. | doi = 10.1098/rstb.1977.0117 | title = The Middle Cambrian Trilobite Naraoia, Burgess Shale, British Columbia | journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | volume = 280 | pages = 409 | year = 1977 | pmid = | pmc = |bibcode = 1977RSPTB.280..409W }}
4. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Briggs | first1 = D. E. G. | authorlink = Derek Briggs | last2 = Collins | first2 = D. | doi = 10.1111/1475-4983.00104 | title = The Arthropod Alalcomenaeus cambricus Simonetta, from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia | journal = Palaeontology | volume = 42 | pages = 953 | year = 1999 | pmid = | pmc = }}
5. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Orr | first1 = P. J. | last2 = Briggs | first2 = D. E. G. | authorlink2 = Derek Briggs| last3 = Kearns | first3 = S. L. | title = Taphonomy of Exceptionally Preserved Crustaceans from the Upper Carboniferous of Southeastern Ireland | doi = 10.2110/palo.2007.p07-015r | journal = PALAIOS | volume = 23 | pages = 298 | year = 2008 | pmid = | pmc = }}
6. ^¹²{{Cite palaeontology| volume = 20| first page = 623| last page = 640| author = Conway Morris | first = S.| year = 1977| title = A new metazoan from the Cambrian Burgess Shale, British Columbia. }}
7. ^{{cite conference| url = http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2010RM/finalprogram/abstract_171740.htm| title = SYNCHROTRON IMAGING OF BURGESS SHALE FOSSILS: EVIDENCE FOR BIOCHEMICAL COPPER (HEMOCYANIN) IN THE MIDDLE CAMBRIAN ARTHROPOD MARRELLA SPLENDENS | author = PRATT, Brian R.| author2= PUSHIE, M. Jake, | author3= PICKERING, Ingird J.| author4= GEORGE, Graham N.}}
8. ^{{Cite journal| first1 = P. J.| last2 = Briggs| last3 = Kearns | first2 = D. E. G. | first3 = S. L. | authorlink2 = Derek Briggs | title = Cambrian Burgess Shale Animals Replicated in Clay Minerals| last1 = Orr | journal = Science | volume = 281| issue = 5380 | pages = 1173–1175 | year = 1998| pmid = 9712577 | doi = 10.1126/science.281.5380.1173|bibcode = 1998Sci...281.1173O }}