“David Douglas Cunningham”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Cunningham was born in 1843, in Prestonpans, the third son of the Rev. William Bruce Cunningham (1806–78) and Cecilia Margaret Douglas (1813–98), daughter of David Douglas, Lord Reston (1769–1819), the heir of Adam Smith. He attended the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, and graduated with Honours in Medicine from Edinburgh University in 1867.^[1] His brother Robert Oliver Cunningham also became a surgeon and zoologist.^[3] He entered the Indian Medical Service in 1868, and was selected to conduct a special enquiry into cholera by the Secretaries of State for India and for War. He studied for a time in Munich, and arrived in Calcutta in January 1869 along with another physician Timothy Richards Lewis (1841–1886). From 1874 he was appointed as a special assistant to the sanitary commissioner of India.^[4] In June 1879 he was appointed Professor of Physiology in the Medical College, Calcutta, where he was much engaged in the investigation of cholera. There were multiple competing theories on the nature of diseases in general and cholera in particular. There was a "miasma" theory that certain locations had bad air that led to disease and there was a "contagion" theory that particles of causal agents entered the body to cause disease and could be carried by a person. In addition there were questions on whether the two theories may both hold and that cholera was caused by a fungus-like organism that produced spores that would be distributed in the air. Cunningham examined many of these theories in India.^[1] He was appointed Surgeon Major of the Bengal Medical Service by 1888 and Honorary Surgeon to the Viceroy of India. He was selected as the Naturalist for the Tibet Mission of 1886.^[4]

Scientific contributions

Cunningham made pioneering studies in aerobiology. He made use of the aeroconiscope,^[5] a device with a vane that pointed a sampling cone towards the wind with a sticky slide placed behind a funnel. The sticky slide would then be examined for aerially dispersed biota. His studies on the microbes, spores and pollen in the air of Calcutta were published in 1873.^[1]^[6] Cunningham's other major and official work was in studying the nature of spread of cholera. Their official work however did not progress and the project was terminated and in 1879, Cunningham took up an academic position as Professor of Physiology at the Calcutta Medical College. He was also able to pursue his interests in botany being temporarily appointed in 1880 as a superintendent of the Calcutta Royal Botanic Garden as George King, the regular superintendent, was put in charge of the cinchona plantation in the Mungpoo Hills, Darjeeling District.^[2] In 1883, Robert Koch visited India as part of a German cholera research committee and was able to isolate the comma bacteria Vibrio cholera from the autopsy of a cholera victim. This led to the British government being forced to investigate the matter. A committee made up of two leading pathologists, Heneage Gibbes and Emanuel Klein, was set up and they visited Calcutta in November 1884. Cunningham worked with Klein, helping obtain samples from the same water storage which Koch had declared as being the source of the contagion affecting victims. Klein was able to examine and confirm that the bacteria in the water were similar to those in the bacteria in the stools of cholera victims but he was not sure about whether it caused cholera. The results of Koch however were enough for European governments to declare a quarantine on ship-borne visitors from India. The ensuing debate on the financial losses that would be caused led to the British government's decision to increase spending on research facilities and in December 1884, the Sanitary Commissioner was granted 15,000 rupees to set up a laboratory with Cunningham being made the director.^[2] In 1887-88 Cunningham accompanied the Sikkim Expedition as Government naturalist.^[7] Cunningham was a member of the council of the Calcutta zoological garden^[8] and in 1898, a bronze medallion of him was gifted to the zoological garden. In 1876 he was elected Fellow of the Linnean Society and in June 1889 Fellow of the Royal Society.^[9] In June 1893 he was made a Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire.^[16]

Cunningham published many of his notes in the Scientific Memoirs by medical officers of the Army of India. A species of Gymnosporangium fungus, G. cunninghamianum was named after him by Major A. Barclay in 1890, who found it in Simla but received illustrations matching them made by Cunningham from Almora in 1874.^[10] Cunningham also took a great interest in the mode of action of snake venom. He was interested in the fertilization mechanism in Ficus, the gases released by Ottelia and a range of other topics. He was interested in the philosophy of Kant and Hegel.^[3] He could speak Punjabi, knew the scriptures of the Sikhs and in his youth was a wrestler in the Sikh tradition.^[16]

Cunningham retired due to ill-health in 1898. He was appointed Honorary Physician to George V.^[16] He was unmarried, and died on 31 December 1914 at his home in Torre Mount, Torquay.^[11]

Publications

References

1. ^¹²³{{cite journal|author=Chanda, Sunirmal |author2=Eric Caulton|date=Dec 1999|title=David Douglas Cunningham (1843–1914): a biographical profile|journal=Aerobiologia|volume=15|issue=4|pages=255–258|doi=10.1023/A:1007698905558}}
2. ^¹²{{cite journal|journal=Medical History|year=1998| volume=42|pages=279–305| title=D D Cunningham and the Aetiology of Cholera in British India, 1869-1897|author=Isaacs, J.D.|pmc=1044036| pmid=9796575| issue=3| doi=10.1017/s0025727300063997}}
3. ^¹{{cite journal| author= Macleod, Kenneth| title=Obituary: The late Colonel D.D. Cunningham| journal=The British Medical Journal| year=1915|page=141|pmc=2301617| volume=1| issue=2820| doi=10.1136/bmj.1.2090.141}}
4. ^¹{{cite book|page=474|title=The India List and India Office List for 1905|year=1905|publisher=Harrison and Sons|place=London|author=Secretary of State for India in Council}}
5. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lbY5r7mXuSgC&pg=PA6|author=Lacey, M. E.|author2=West, J. S.|year=2007|page=6|title=The air spora: a manual for catching and identifying airborne biological particles|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9780387302539}} Richard Leach Maddox (1816–1902) invented the aeroconiscope in 1870.
6. ^{{cite journal|author1=Banik, Swapna |author2=Chanda, Sunirmal|title=Airborne pollen survey of Central Calcutta, India, in relation to allergy| journal=Grana |volume=31|pages=72–75|year=1992 |doi=10.1080/00173139209427829}}
7. ^{{cite journal|title=Obituary: David Douglas Cunningham, M.B., F.R.S., C.I.E.| author=Anon.| year=1915| pmc=2300981| journal=The British Medical Journal|page=98| volume=1| issue=2819| doi=10.1136/bmj.1.2819.98-a}}
8. ^{{cite journal|journal=Hamlyn's Menagerie Magazine |year=1917|volume=3|issue=1|page=8|title=The Calcutta Zoo in the Nineties|author=Finn, Frank|authorlink=Frank Finn|url=https://archive.org/stream/hamlynsmenager3419171lond#page/n17/mode/2up}}
9. ^{{cite book|page=10|title=Fellows of the Society. December 1, 1890|publisher=Royal Society|author=Anonymous|year=1890}}
10. ^{{cite journal|title=On the life history of a Himalayan Gymnosporangium (G. cunninghamianum, nov. sp.)|author=Barclay, A. |pages=71–78|url=http://digital.nls.uk/75000512|journal=Scientific Memoirs by Medical Officers of the Army of India|year=1890|volume=5}}
11. ^¹²³{{cite journal|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Containing Papers of a Biological Character|volume=89| issue=622|year= 1917|pages=xv–xx|title=David Douglas Cunningham|author=[D.P.]}}

Life and career

Scientific contributions

Publications

References

External links