| 词条 | David Rowland |
| 释义 |
| name = David Lincoln Rowland | image = Industrial Designer David Rowland.jpg | image_size= 325px | caption = David Rowland holding a scale model of his masterpiece 40/4 chair | birth_date = {{birth date|1924|02|12}} | birth_place = Los Angeles, California | death_date = {{death date and age|2010|08|13|1924|02|24}} | death_place = Marion, Virginia, Virginia | nationality = American | occupation = Industrial Designer | known_for = 40/4 Stacking Chair Softec Chair | spouse = (Miss) Erwin Wassum (m. 1971–2010, his death) | awards = Grand Prix, Milan Triennale for '40/4 Chair' (1964) First Prize, American Institute of Designers (AID) 1965 Austrian Gold Medal Award for Furniture (1969) Gold Medal, Institute of Business Designers (IBD) 1979 | website = https://davidrowland.design ——————————— | module = {{Infobox military person | embed = yes | allegiance = {{Flag|United States of America}} | branch = United States Army Air Corps | serviceyears = 1943–45 | rank = 1st Lieutenant | battles = World War II | image = Lieutenant David Rowland U.S. Army Air Corps ca. 1945.jpg | image_size = 200px }}{{Portal|Design}}David Lincoln Rowland (February 12, 1924 – August 13, 2010) was an American industrial designer noted for inventing the 40/4 Chair. The chair was the first compactly stackable chair invented, and is able to stack 40 chairs {{convert|4|ft|cm}} high.[1] Early life and educationDavid Lincoln Rowland was born on February 12, 1924, in Los Angeles, the only child of Neva Chilberg Rowland, a violinist and W. Earl Rowland, an artist, lecturer and teacher.[1] In 1936 he moved with his parents to Stockton, California where his father became director of the Haggin Museum.[2] In the summer of 1940, when he was 16, he took a course with Laszlo Maholy-Nagy, one of the founders of The Bauhaus school, at Mills College in Oakland, California on Basic Bauhaus Design. After graduation from Stockton High School in 1942,[3] he studied drafting, and worked as a draftsman for the Rheem Manufacturing Co., drawing plans for war munitions, before entering military service in World War II. From 1943 through 1945 Rowland was a 1st Lieutenant in the United States Army Air Corps, the 8th Air Force, 94th Bomb Group, and 333rd Squadron, as a B17 (“Flying Fortress”) pilot. He was stationed in Bury St. Edmunds, England and conducted 22 combat missions. Rowland was awarded the Air Medal with several clusters.[4] After the end of the war, Rowland studied at Principia College in Elsah, Illinois, graduating in 1949.[5] He went on to study industrial design at the University of Southern California and afterwards at Cranbrook Academy of Art in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, earning a master's degree in Industrial Design in 1951.[6] Early careerAfter graduating, Rowland worked outside of the design field and worked on his own designs in his spare time. He later took a job as head draftsman doing architectural renderings for Norman Bel Geddes.[7] Rowland also designed commercial interiors,[8] including a Transparent Chair for the No-Sag Spring Co.,[9] a Zig Zag Cantilever Chair that was exhibited in 11th Milan Triennale in 1957 [10] and a Drain Dry Cushion, licensed to Lee Woodard & Sons. In 1956, the royalty income from the Drain Dry Cushion allowed Rowland to open his own office. The 40/4 chairRowland developed the 40/4 chair over a period of 8 years and was awarded a patent on it in 1963.[11][12][13][14][15][16][17] Initially, Rowland showed chair to many companies in an effort to license the design. In 1961, Florence Knoll licensed the chair for her company, Knoll Associates, however canceled a license after six months. Rowland later showed the chair to Davis Allen, head of interior design at the architectural firm of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM). Allen requested 17,000 chairs for the a campus SOM was designing for the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC). To fulfill the request, Rowland licensed the design to General Fireproofing Co. (GF) in Youngstown, Ohio.[18][19] In May 1965, While the first order for was still being produced, 250 chairs were hand assembled and installed in the Museum of Modern Art in New York City for the opening of its new wing.[20][21] MOMA also included the 40/4 in its permanent collection.[21] The 40/4 was an immediate success.[22][12] It won the grand prize at the 13th Milan Triennale,[23] and has been included in museum collections and exhibitions internationally. In the book the Modern Chair, Clement Meadmore described the chair as having “beautiful simplicity and total appropriateness.”[24] Twenty five hundred 40/4 General Fireproofing held the license for the chair from 1963 until 2002 when the company was taken over by OSI Furniture LLC. In 2013, Howe Europe, (now Howe a/s), of Denmark, which had had a sublicense to the chair in Europe, Africa, Australia, New Zealand and Asia (except for Indonesia) acquired the license for the 40/4 in the United States and Canada.[27][28] In 2010 Contract Design Magazine named the 40/4 number one of the top 10 commercial interiors products of the past 50 years.[29] Personal lifeRowland married Miss Erwin Wassum, a crafts designer, in 1971. They lived in New York City, before moving to Marion, Virginia in 2001.[30] Honors and awards
Museum Collections Containing Rowland's WorkThe Museum of Modern Art, New York, New York [38]The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, New York [39]Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania [40]The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois [41]Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn, New York [42]Palais du Louvre, Musée des Arts Decoratifs, Paris,. France[43]Design Museum, London, England [44]Victoria and Albert Museum, London [45]Museu de Arte Moderna, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil [46]EducationDie Neue Sammlung, Munich, Germany [46]Patents
References1. ^{{cite news|agency=New York Times|date=August 26, 2010|ref=B12|title= David Rowland, Maker of a Tidily Stacked Chair, Dies at 86}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hagginmuseum.org/leyendecker/biography.shtml|title=History of The Haggin Museum's Leyendecker Collection}} 3. ^{{cite book|title=Stockton Highschool Yearbook|date=1942}} 4. ^{{cite news|work=The Stockton Record|date=October 6, 1945|title=Military Service Announcment}} 5. ^{{cite book|title=Principia Alumni Directory|date=2006|page=298}} 6. ^{{cite book|title=Cranbrook Academy of Art Alumni Directory|date=1994|page=54}} 7. ^{{cite journal|journal=Metropolis magazine|date=December 2004|page=112|title=99% Perspiration}} 8. ^1 2 {{cite book|title=Who Was Who in American Art|date=June 1985|publisher=Sound View Printers|isbn=0932087574|page=2847}} 9. ^{{cite news|title=Transparent Chair Shows Off Decorative Springs|work=Christian Science Monitor|date=Aug 30, 1951|page=6}} 10. ^{{cite book|title=Landmarks of Twentieth-Century Design: An Illustrated Handbook|author=Kathryn B. Hiesinger|author2=George H. Marcus|date=1993|publisher=Abbeville Press|location=New York|isbn=1-55859-279-2|page=380}} 11. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/1988/1006/hchair.html/(page)/2|title=Stackable Chair|last=Rowland|first=David|date=October 6, 1988|work=Christian Science Monitor|access-date=April 11, 2018|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}} 12. ^1 {{Citation|inventor1-last = Rowland | inventor1-first = David | title = Compactly Stackable Chair | issue-date = March 5, 1963 | patent-number = 3080194 | country-code = US }} 13. ^{{Citation|inventor1-last = Rowland | inventor1-first = David | title = Compactly Stackable Chair | issue-date = September 27, 1966 | patent-number = 3275371 | country-code = US }} 14. ^{{Citation|inventor1-last = Rowland | inventor1-first = David | title = Compactly Stackable Chairs and Chair-Rows | issue-date = October 11, 1966 | patent-number = 3278227 | country-code = US }} 15. ^{{Citation|inventor1-last = Rowland | inventor1-first = David | title = Dolly for Stacking Chairs | issue-date = April 29, 1967 | patent-number = 3338591 | country-code = US }} 16. ^{{Citation|inventor1-last = Rowland | inventor1-first = David | title = Compactly Stackable Chair | issue-date = October 8, 1968 | patent-number = 3404916 | country-code = US }} 17. ^{{Citation|inventor1-last = Rowland | inventor1-first = David | title = Nested Armchair | issue-date = May 27, 1969 | patent-number = 3446530 | country-code = US }} 18. ^{{cite journal|last1=Von|first1=Robinson|title=99% Perspiration|journal=Metropolis|date=December 2004|page=149}} 19. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://uicarchives.library.uic.edu/40-4Chair|title=40/4 Chair |publisher=University Library, University of Illinois at Chicago|access-date=March 19, 2018}} 20. ^{{cite journal|last1=J.|first1=W.|title=David Rowland’s 40/4 Chair|journal=Interiors Magazine|date=June 1964|page=102}} 21. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/3060|title=David Rowland. 40/4 Stacking Chair. 1964.|publisher=The Museum of Modern Art |access-date=March 23, 2018}} 22. ^{{cite book|last1=Hiesinger|first1=Kathryn B.|last2=Marcus|first2=George H.|title=Landmarks of the Twentieth-Century Design, An Illustrated Handbook|date=1993|publisher=Abbeville Press|location=New York|isbn=1-55859279-2|pages=223}} 23. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Hevesi|first=Dennis|date=August 25, 2010|title=David Rowland, Maker of a Tidily Stacked Chair, Dies at 86|url=|journal=The New York Times|volume=|pages=B12|via=}} 24. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Meadmore|first1=Clement|title=The Modern Chair: Classics in Production|date=1975|publisher=Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.|location=New York|isbn=0442253052|pages=136–138}} 25. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9393845|title=Design in America : the Cranbrook vision, 1925-1950|last=|first=|date=1983|publisher=Abrams, in association with the Detroit Institute of Arts and the Metropolitan Museum of Art|others=Clark, Robert Judson., Belloli, Andrea P. A., Detroit Institute of Arts., Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.)|year=|isbn=0810908018|location=New York|pages=129|oclc=9393845}} 26. ^{{Citation|title="40/4" side chair|date=1960|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/486991|accessdate=2018-04-10}} 27. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.interiordesign.net/articles/8131-danish-brand-howe-relaunches-in-the-us-market/|title=Danish Brand Howe Relaunches in the U.S. Market|date=2014-01-28|work=Interior Design|access-date=2018-04-10|language=en-US}} 28. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.howe.com/us/file/728/download?token=-eBm9qcm|title=David Rowland - introduction|last=|first=|date=April 20, 2018|website=Howe a/s|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 29. ^1 {{cite journal|journal=Contract Design Magazine|date=March 2010|page=22|title=The Top 10 Commercial Interiors Products of the Past 50 Years}} 30. ^[https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/name/david-rowland-obituary?pid=145602002&view=guestbook David Rowland Obituary - Marion, Virginia | Legacy.com] Retrieved 2018-05-12. 31. ^{{cite news|work=New York Herald Tribune|date=Sep 25, 1964|title=US Wins Triennale Grand Prize}} 32. ^1 {{cite book|author=The Detroit Institute of Arts; Robert Judson Clark|title=Design in America : the Cranbrook vision, 1925-1950 : [The Detroit Institute of Arts, december 14, 1983 through february 19, 1984 ... Victoria and Albert Museum, London, april 1, 1984 through june 30, 1985]|date=1983|publisher=Abrams u.a.|location=New York|isbn=0-8109-0801-8}} 33. ^{{cite journal|journal=Contract Design Magazine|date=Nov 1979|page=83|title=Thonet Takes Top IBD Award}} 34. ^{{cite book|title=The modern chair: classics in production|date=1975|publisher=Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.|location=New York|isbn=0-442-25305-2}} 35. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/1988/1006/hchair.html/(page)/2|work=Christian Science Monitor|date=October 6, 1988|title= STACKABLE CHAIR. Designer David Rowland tells how at first, everyone turned it down ...}} 36. ^{{cite news|title=New Fashions That Sit Well|work=Houston Chronicle|date=May 27, 1965}} 37. ^{{cite news|title= A.I.D. Gives Awards to 14 Designs|work=New York Times|date=Jan 4, 1965}} 38. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.moma.org/collection/object.php?object_id=3060|title= MoMA - The Collection - David Rowland. 40/4 Stacking Chair. 1964}} 39. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/collection/the-collection-online/search/486991?rpp=30&pg=1&ft=david+rowland&pos=1|accessdate=18 June 2014|title="40/4" side chair}} 40. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/152706.html?mulR=1755162438%7c1|accessdate=18 June 2014|title= Philadelphia Museum of Art - Collections Object : 40-in-4 Stacking Chair}} 41. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/artwork/24629?index=0|title=GF 40/4 Chair (one of a pair) - The Art Institute of Chicago}} 42. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/1686/Sof-Tech_Side_Chair|accessdate=18 June 2014|title= Brooklyn Museum: Decorative Arts: "Sof-Tech" Side Chair}} 43. ^{{cite book|author=Mel Byars|last2=|author2= Foreword by Terence Riley|title=The design encyclopedia|date=2004|publisher=King [u.a.]|location=London|isbn=978-0870700125}} 44. ^{{cite web|url=http://designmuseum.org/exhibitions/online/a-century-of-chairs/1960s|accessdate=18 June 2014|title=1960s - A Century of Chairs - Design Museum London}} 45. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/page/c/chairs/|title=Chairs - Victoria and Albert Museum}} 46. ^1 {{cite journal|title=David Rowland 40/4|journal=Howe|date=2011|page=12}} External links
14 : 1924 births|2010 deaths|American industrial designers|American army personnel of World War II|Cranbrook Educational Community alumni|People from Los Angeles|People from Stockton, California|People from New York City|People from Marion, Virginia|Principia College alumni|United States Army Air Forces soldiers|Military personnel from California|Furniture makers|American Christian Scientists |
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