释义 |
- Medical uses
- Side effects
- Mechanism of action
- Names
- Natural occurrence
- Chemistry
- Pharmacology
- References
{{Drugbox | Watchedfields = changed | verifiedrevid = 458281479 | IUPAC_name = Hydroxyurea | image = Hydroxyurea.svg | width = 140 | alt = Structural formula | image2 = Hydroxyurea-3D-balls.png | tradename = Droxia, Hydrea, others | USAN = Hydroxyurea | Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|international|hydroxycarbamide}} | MedlinePlus = a682004 | licence_EU = yes | licence_US = Hydroxyurea | pregnancy_AU = D | pregnancy_US = D | legal_AU = S4 | legal_CA = Rx-only | legal_UK = POM | legal_US = Rx-only | routes_of_administration = by mouth | bioavailability = | protein_bound = | metabolism = liver (to CO2 and urea) | elimination_half-life = 2–4 hours | excretion = Renal and lungs | IUPHAR_ligand = 6822 | CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}} | CAS_number = 127-07-1 | ATC_prefix = L01 | ATC_suffix = XX05 | ATC_supplemental = | PubChem = 3657 | DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}} | DrugBank = DB01005 | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | ChemSpiderID = 3530 | NIAID_ChemDB = 006310 | UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} | UNII = X6Q56QN5QC | KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}} | KEGG = D00341 | ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | ChEBI = 44423 | ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | ChEMBL = 467 | C=1 | H=4 | N=2 | O=2 | molecular_weight = 76.0547 g/mol | smiles = O=C(N)NO | StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChI = 1S/CH4N2O2/c2-1(4)3-5/h5H,(H3,2,3,4) | StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChIKey = VSNHCAURESNICA-UHFFFAOYSA-N | melting_point = 133 | melting_high = 136 }}Hydroxycarbamide, also known as hydroxyurea, is a medication used in sickle-cell disease, chronic myelogenous leukemia, cervical cancer, and polycythemia vera.[[1] In sickle-cell disease it increases hemoglobin and decreases the number of attacks.][ It is taken by mouth.]Common side effects include bone marrow suppression, fevers, loss of appetite, psychiatric problems, shortness of breath, and headaches.[[1] There is also concern that it increases the risk of later cancers.][ Use during pregnancy is typically harmful to the baby.][ Hydroxycarbamide is in the antineoplastic family of medications.Hydroxycarbamide was approved for medical use in the United States in 1967.][{{cite web|title=Hydroxyurea|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/hydroxyurea.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|accessdate= 8 December 2016}}] 3. ^{{cite web|title=WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (19th List)|url=http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/EML_2015_FINAL_amended_NOV2015.pdf?ua=1|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=8 December 2016|date=April 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213052708/http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/EML_2015_FINAL_amended_NOV2015.pdf?ua=1|archivedate=13 December 2016|df=}} 4. ^{{cite web|title=Hydroxycarbamide|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=408&searchYear=2014|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|accessdate=8 December 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122072327/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=408&searchYear=2014|archivedate=22 January 2018|df=}} 5. ^{{cite book|last1=Hamilton|first1=Richart|title=Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition|date=2015|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=9781284057560|page=295}} 6. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Harrison CN, Campbell PJ, Buck G, etal |title=Hydroxyurea compared with anagrelide in high-risk essential thrombocythemia |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=353 |issue=1 |pages=33–45 |date=July 2005 |pmid=16000354 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa043800 |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=16000354&promo=ONFLNS19}} 7. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Lanzkron S, Strouse JJ, Wilson R, etal |title=Systematic review: Hydroxyurea for the treatment of adults with sickle cell disease |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=148 |issue=12 |pages=939–55 |date=June 2008 |pmid=18458272 |doi= 10.7326/0003-4819-148-12-200806170-00221|url= |pmc=3256736}} 8. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Sharma VK, Dutta B, Ramam M |title=Hydroxyurea as an alternative therapy for psoriasis |journal=Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=13–7 |year=2004 |pmid=17642550 |doi= |url=http://www.ijdvl.com/article.asp?issn=0378-6323;year=2004;volume=70;issue=1;spage=13;epage=17;aulast=Sharma |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703155748/http://www.ijdvl.com/article.asp?issn=0378-6323%3Byear%3D2004%3Bvolume%3D70%3Bissue%3D1%3Bspage%3D13%3Bepage%3D17%3Baulast%3DSharma |archivedate=2009-07-03 |df= }} 9. ^{{Cite journal|author=Rustin, MH| title = Long-term safety of biologics in the treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis: review of current data | journal=Br J Dermatol | volume=167|issue=Suppl 3|pages=3–11|date=November 2012|pmid=23082810|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.11208.x}} 10. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Escribano | first1 = L. | last2 = Álvarez-Twose | first2 = I. 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M.| last11 = Shad | first11 = A. T.| last12 = Skalko | first12 = R. G.| last13 = Stanek | first13 = E. J.| title = NTP-CERHR expert panel report on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of hydroxyurea| volume = 80| issue = 4| pages = 259–366| journal = Birth Defects Research Part B}} 13. ^{{Cite book|last=Longe |first=Jacqueline L. |title=Gale Encyclopedia Of Cancer: A Guide To Cancer And Its Treatments |publisher=Thomson Gale |location=Detroit |year=2002 |pages=514–516 |isbn=978-1-4144-0362-5}} 14. ^{{DorlandsDict|four/000050608|hydroxyurea}} 15. ^1 2 {{cite journal |author=Platt OS |title=Hydroxyurea for the treatment of sickle cell anemia |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=358 |issue=13 |pages=1362–9 |year=2008 |pmid=18367739 |doi=10.1056/NEJMct0708272}} 16. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Cokic VP, Smith RD, Beleslin-Cokic BB, etal |title=Hydroxyurea induces fetal hemoglobin by the nitric oxide-dependent activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase |journal=J Clin Invest |volume=111 |issue=2 |pages=231–9 |year=2003 |pmid=12531879 |doi=10.1172/JCI16672 |url=http://www.jci.org/articles/view/16672 |pmc=151872 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115015958/http://www.jci.org/articles/view/16672 |archivedate=2009-01-15 |df= }} 17. ^{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.12.048 | title = Plasma hydroxyurea determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry | year = 2009 | last1 = Kettani | first1 = T | last2 = Gulbis | first2 = B | last3 = Ferster | first3 = A | last4 = Kumps | first4 = A | journal = Journal of Chromatography B | volume = 877 | issue = 4 | pages = 446–450 }} 18. ^{{cite journal| title=Ueber den Hydroxylharnstoff|author1=Dresler WFC|author2= Stein R|year=1869|journal=Justus Liebigs Ann. 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David|year=2011|volume=96|issue=4|pages=488–491|doi=10.3324/haematol.2011.041988|deadurl=no|df=|pmc=3069221|pmid=21454878|journal=Haematologica}} 20. ^{{cite journal| title = Synthesis of Ureas| year = 1955| author = Graham P.J.| publisher = E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, DE | volume = US Patent No. 2,705,727 }} 21. ^{{cite journal|title=New Method for Synthesis of Hydroxyurea and Some of its Polymer Supported Derivatives As New Controlled Release Drugs|author= Hussain KA, Abid DS, Adam GA| DOI= 10.13140/RG.2.1.3607.2720|year=2016|journal=Journal of Basrah Research|volume=41|issue=1}} 22. ^1 {{cite website|title=Pharmacology and Biochemistry|journal=PubChem|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/hydroxyurea#section=Prescription-Drug-Products|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518234727/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/hydroxyurea#section=Prescription-Drug-Products|archivedate=2017-05-18|df=}} 23. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Koç A, Wheeler LJ, Mathews CK, Merrill GF |title=Hydroxyurea arrests DNA replication by a mechanism that preserves basal dNTP pools |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=279 |issue=1 |pages=223–30 |date=January 2004 |pmid=14573610 |doi=10.1074/jbc.M303952200 |url=http://www.jbc.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=14573610}} 24. ^{{cite journal|title="Mechanism of Action"|year=1992|author=Yarbro JW|journal=Seminars in Oncology|volume=19|issue=3|pages=1–10|deadurl=no|df=|pmid=1641648}} {{Chemotherapeutic agents}}{{HIVpharm}}{{portal bar|Pharmacy and pharmacology|Medicine}} 5 : Ureas|Antineoplastic antimetabolites|IARC Group 3 carcinogens|World Health Organization essential medicines|RTT |