| 词条 | Deep state |
| 释义 |
A deep state (from {{lang-tr|derin devlet}}), also known as a state within a state, is a form of clandestine government made up of hidden or covert networks of power operating independently of a nation's political leadership, in pursuit of their own agenda and goals. Examples include organs of state, such as the armed forces or public authorities (intelligence agencies, police, secret police, administrative agencies, and government bureaucracy). A deep state can also take the form of entrenched, career civil servants acting in a non-conspiratorial manner, to further their own interests. The intent of a deep state can include continuity of the state itself, job security for its members, enhanced power and authority, and the pursuit of ideological objectives. It can operate in opposition to the agenda of elected officials, by obstructing, resisting, and subverting their policies, conditions and directives. It can also take the form of Government-owned corporations or private companies that act independently of regulatory or governmental control.[1] OverviewThe modern concept of a deep state is associated with Turkey, and the secret network established in 1923 by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.[2] Similar ideas are older. The Greek language κράτος ἐν κράτει, (kratos en kratei) was later adopted into Latin as imperium in imperio[3] or status in statu). In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries political debate surrounding the separation of church and state often revolved around the perception that if left unchecked the Church might turn into a kind of State within a State, an illegitimate encroachment of the State's natural civil power.[4] In the field of political science, this pop culture concept is studied within the literature on the state. Current literature on the state generally traces a lineage to Bringing the State Back In (1985)[5] and remains an active body of scholarly research to this day. Within this literature, the state is understood as both venue (a set of rules under which others act and interact) as well as actor (with its own agenda). An example of a non-conspiratorial version of the 'state as actor' from the empirical scholarly literature would be "doing truth to power" (as a play on speaking truth to power, which is what journalists often aspire to do) as studied by Todd La Porte.[6] Under this dual understanding, the conspiratorial version of the deep state concept would be one version of the 'state as actor' while the non-conspiratorial version would be another version of the 'state as venue.' The fundamental takeaway from the scholarly literature on the dual nature of the state is that the 'state as actor' (deep state) is a characteristic of all states which can have both good and bad effects and should not be seen as bad by default. CasesSoviet Union and post-Soviet RussiaThe Soviet secret police have been frequently described by historians as a "state within a state.". According to Yevgenia Albats, most KGB leaders, including Lavrenty Beria, Yuri Andropov, and Vladimir Kryuchkov, always competed for power with the Communist Party and manipulated communist leaders.[7] According to Abdurakhman Avtorkhanov, "It is not true that the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party is a supreme power. The Political Bureau is only a shadow of the real supreme power that stands behind the chair of every Bureau member ... The real power thinks, acts and dictates for all of us. The name of the power is NKVD—MVD—MGB. The Stalin regime is based not on the Soviets, Party ideals, the power of the Political Bureau or Stalin's personality, but on the organization and the techniques of the Soviet political police where Stalin plays the role of the first policeman."[8] However, he also noted that "To say that NKVD is ‘a state within the state’ means to belittle the importance of the NKVD because this question allows two forces – a normal state and a supernormal NKVD – whereas the only force is Chekism". According to Ion Mihai Pacepa in 2006, "In the Soviet Union, the KGB was a state within a state. Now former KGB officers are running the state. They have custody of the country's 6,000 nuclear weapons, entrusted to the KGB in the 1950s, and they now also manage the strategic oil industry renationalized by Putin. The KGB successor, rechristened FSB, still has the right to electronically monitor the population, control political groups, search homes and businesses, infiltrate the federal government, create its own front enterprises, investigate cases, and run its own prison system. The Soviet Union had one KGB officer for every 428 citizens. Putin's Russia has one FSB-ist for every 297 citizens.[9] ChechnyaAccording to Julia Ioffe, under Ramzan Kadyrov, Chechnya has become a state within a state.[10] United KingdomThe Civil Service has been called a 'deep state' by senior politicians in the United Kingdom. Tony Blair said of the Civil Service, "You cannot underestimate how much they believe it’s their job to actually run the country and to resist the changes put forward by people they dismiss as ‘here today, gone tomorrow’ politicians. They genuinely see themselves as the true guardians of the national interest, and think that their job is simply to wear you down and wait you out."[11] The efforts of the Civil Service to frustrate elected politicians is the subject of the popular satiric BBC TV comedy, Yes Minister. United States{{main|Deep state in the United States}}In the United States, the term "deep state" was used to describe "a hybrid association of government elements and parts of top-level industry and finance that is effectively able to govern the United States without reference to the consent of the governed as expressed through the formal political process."[12][13] Intelligence agencies such as the CIA have been accused by elements of the Donald Trump administration of attempting to thwart its policy goals.[14] Writing for The New York Times, the analyst Issandr El Amani warned against the "growing discord between a president and his bureaucratic rank-and-file", while analysts of the column The Interpreter wrote[14]:{{Quote|text=Though the deep state is sometimes discussed as a shadowy conspiracy, it helps to think of it instead as a political conflict between a nation’s leader and its governing institutions.|sign=Amanda Taub and Max Fisher|source=The Interpreter}}Venezuela{{further|Cartel of the Suns}}The Cartel of the Suns, a group of high-ranking officials within the Bolivarian Government of Venezuela, has been described as "a series of often competing networks buried deep within the Chavista regime". Following the Bolivarian Revolution in Venezuela, the Bolivarian government initially embezzled until there were no more funds to embezzle, which required them to turn to drug trafficking. President Hugo Chávez made partnerships with the Colombian leftist militia Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and his successor Nicolás Maduro continued the process, promoting officials to high-ranking positions after they were accused of drug trafficking.[15] Other alleged cases{{more citations needed|section|date=May 2017}}Africa
Central and South America
Germany
Turkey and the Ottoman Empire
Other places
See also
References1. ^Daniel De Leon: "Imperium in imperio" in: Daily People, June 4, 1903. 2. ^{{cite news|last= Filkins |first= Dexter |date= 12 March 2012 |title= The Deep State |url=http://abrahamson.medill.northwestern.edu/WWW/IALJS/Filkins_TheDeepState_NYer_12March2012.pdf |work= The New Yorker|accessdate= 31 December 2018}} 3. ^from Baruch Spinoza: Tractatus politicus, Caput II, § 6. 4. ^Cf William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, IV, c.4 ss. iii.2, p. *54, where the charge of being imperium in imperio was notably levied against the Church 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/politics-international-relations/comparative-politics/bringing-state-back?format=PB&isbn=9780521313131#pkTewkspw1IAhOi2.97|title=Bringing state back - Comparative politics|website=Cambridge University Press}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=9600406570652932200&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5|title=- Google Scholar|website=scholar.google.com}} 7. ^Yevgenia Albats and Catherine A. Fitzpatrick. The State Within a State: The KGB and Its Hold on Russia--Past, Present, and Future. 1994. {{ISBN|0-374-52738-5}}. 8. ^The Chechen Times №17, 30.08.2003. Translated from "Technology of Power", 1991, chapter 34 Russian text 9. ^Symposium: When an Evil Empire Returns, interview with Ion Mihai Pacepa, R. James Woolsey, Jr., Yuri Yarim-Agaev, and Lt. Gen. Thomas McInerney, FrontPageMagazine.com, June 23, 2006. 10. ^{{cite news|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/07/24/vladimir-putin-polygamy-islam-chechnya-christian-far-right-europe-ramzan-kadyrov/|title=Putin Is Down With Polygamy|author=Julia Ioffe|work=Foreign Policy|date=24 July 2015|accessdate=28 January 2016}} 11. ^{{cite news |last=Khan |first=Shehab |date=6 February 2018 |title=David Cameron's former director of strategy says Tony Blair warned him about a ‘deep state’ conspiracy |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/tony-blair-david-cameron-steve-hilton-deep-state-conspiracy-a8196036.html |newspaper=The Independent |access-date=26 April 2018}} 12. ^{{Cite news|url=https://billmoyers.com/2014/02/21/anatomy-of-the-deep-state/|title=Essay: Anatomy of the Deep State|last=Lofgren|first=Mike|date=2014-02-21|work=BillMoyers.com|access-date=2018-11-15|language=en-US}} 13. ^{{Cite book|title=The State: Past, Present, Future|last=Jessop|first=Bob|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2015|isbn=|location=|pages=224}} 14. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/16/world/americas/deep-state-leaks-trump.html|title=As Leaks Multiply, Fears of a ‘Deep State’ in America|last=Taub|first=Amanda|date=February 16, 2017|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-11-15|last2=Fisher|first2=Max|language=en}} 15. ^{{Cite book|title=Venezuela: A Mafia State?|last=|first=|publisher=InSight Crime|year=2018|isbn=|location=Medellin, Colombia|pages=3–84}} 16. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/26/newsid_4396000/4396893.stm|title=BBC ON THIS DAY - 26 - 1981: Italy in crisis as cabinet resigns|publisher=|accessdate=9 April 2017|date=1981-05-26}} 17. ^Who Controls Pakistan's Powerful ISI?, Radio Free Europe, August 14, 2008 18. ^{{Cite news|title = Pakistan's shadowy secret service, the ISI|publisher = BBC News|date = 3 May 2011|url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13272009}} 19. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-15602906|title=The City: A state within a state|publisher=|accessdate=9 April 2017|via=www.bbc.co.uk|work=BBC News|date=2011-11-04}} 5 : Authoritarianism|Corruption|Deep politics|Dictatorship|Political geography |
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