| 词条 | Defence (1779 brigantine) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
CareerDefence was a new ship, laid down in Beverly, Massachusetts in 1779. She was owned by Andrew Cabot and Moses Brown, Beverly merchants who operated a number of privateers. Massachusetts archives list her as a 170-ton brigantine with 16 six-pound cannon and a crew of 100.[2] Defence was recruited to join the Penobscot Expedition, organized by the state of Massachusetts in response to the seizure of Castine (in what is now Maine on Penobscot Bay) by British forces in June 1779.[3] She was commissioned on July 6, 1779, with John Edmonds of Beverly as captain.[4]The expedition sailed in late July 1779. Due to differences among the commanders, the expedition was never able to mount a successful attack on the British at Castine, and the fleet was scattered after the arrival of British reinforcements on August 13. All of the ships of the expedition were lost, either sunk, scuttled, burned, or captured over the next two days. Defence was torched and abandoned in the harbor of Stockton Springs, where she then sank.[5] The ship's owners were eventually able to recover some compensation from the state for their loss.[6] They built another privateer, also named Defence, of 140 tons in late 1779.[7] Wreck siteThe location of the wreck was discovered in 1972 during a sonar survey conducted by the Maine Maritime Academy and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and was the first wreck associated with the expedition to be found. Divers that year recovered one of her cannons and other artifacts. Further dives in 1976 outlined the extent of the wreck (which was found to be in good condition) and recovered further artifacts.[5][8] Between then and 1980 additional archaeological work completely excavated the wreck, recovering numerous artifacts. The remains of the hulk where then reburied under a layer of mud.[9] LegacyNearby Defence Point ({{coord|44.4459092|-68.8586427|dim:500|name=Defence Point}}; formerly known as Squaw Point) and Defence Head ({{coord|44.4436500|-68.8599400|dim:500_type:mountain|name=Defence Head}}) were named in honor of the nearby wreck site.[10][11] The wreck site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.[1] See also
References1. ^1 {{NRISref|2008a}} 2. ^{{Citation |contribution=Search for the Remains of Defence |pages=4–19 |title=The Search for the Defence and Other Ocean Engineering Projects |date=31 December 1972 |id=MITSG 72-20 |series=Report |location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=Sea Grant Project Office, MIT |url=http://nsgl.gso.uri.edu/mit/mite72002.pdf |ref=CITEREFSea_Grant1972}}, p. 6 citing Massachusetts archives 170/229. 3. ^Kelly, Richard (1972). NRHP nomination for Penobscot Expedition Site; redacted version available by request from the National Park Service 4. ^{{harvtxt|Howe|1922|p=407}} 5. ^1 {{cite journal|last=Switzer|first=David|title=The Penobscot Bay Project: Revolutionary War Wrecks|journal=Archaeology|issue=Volume 29, No. 3|date=June 1976|pages=204–205|jstor=41706066}} 6. ^{{harvtxt|Howe|1922|p=348}} 7. ^{{harvtxt|Sea Grant|1972|p=6}} citing {{harvtxt|Howe|1922}}. 8. ^{{Citation |last= Switzer |first= David C. |title= Excavating the Defence |journal= INA Newsletter |issue= 2 |year= 1975 |url= http://ina.tamu.edu/defence/switzer.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306070437/http://ina.tamu.edu/defence/switzer.htm |archivedate=2012-03-06}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.denix.osd.mil/cr/upload/Penobscot_Report.pdf|title=The Penobscot Expedition Archaeological Project: Field Investigations 2000 and 2001|publisher=United States Navy|accessdate=2015-12-22|page=18}} 10. ^{{cite gnis |type=Cape |id=576190 |name=Defence Point |accessdate=2015-07-28 |entrydate=1980-09-30}} 11. ^{{cite gnis |type=Summit |id=576187 |name=Defence Head |accessdate=2015-07-28 |entrydate=1980-09-30}}
Further reading
External links
6 : Age of Sail naval ships of the United States|1779 ships|Brigantines|Maritime incidents in 1779|Shipwrecks on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine|National Register of Historic Places in Waldo County, Maine |
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