| 词条 | Defence Survive, Evade, Resist, Extract Training Organisation |
| 释义 |
| unit_name = Defence Survive, Evade, Resist, Extract Training Organisation | native_name = | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = Organisation badge | dates = 2008 – present | disbanded = | country = {{flagicon|UK}} United Kingdom | countries = | allegiance = | branch = {{flagicon image|Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg}} Naval Service {{army|United Kingdom}} {{air force|United Kingdom}} | type = Tri-service training organisation | role = Survive, Evade, Resist, Extract (SERE) Training | size = | command_structure = No. 22 Group RAF | garrison = RAF St Mawgan | garrison_label = Location | nickname = | patron = | motto = Constant Endeavour | colors = | colors_label = | march = | mascot = | anniversaries = | equipment = | equipment_label = | battles = | decorations = | battle_honours = | battle_honours_label = | flying_hours = | website = | current_commander = | commander1 = | commander1_label = | commander2 = | commander2_label = | commander3 = | commander3_label = | commander4 = | commander4_label = | commander5 = | commander5_label = | commander6 = | commander6_label = | commander7 = | commander7_label = | commander8 = | commander8_label = | commander9 = | commander9_label = | notable_commanders = | identification_symbol = | identification_symbol_label = | identification_symbol_2 = | identification_symbol_2_label = | identification_symbol_3 = | identification_symbol_3_label = | identification_symbol_4 = | identification_symbol_4_label = | identification_symbol_5 = | identification_symbol_5_label = | aircraft_attack = | aircraft_bomber = | aircraft_electronic = | aircraft_fighter = | aircraft_helicopter = | aircraft_helicopter_attack = | aircraft_helicopter_cargo = | aircraft_helicopter_multirole = | aircraft_helicopter_observation = | aircraft_helicopter_transport = | aircraft_helicopter_trainer = | aircraft_helicopter_utility = | aircraft_interceptor = | aircraft_patrol = | aircraft_recon = | aircraft_trainer = | aircraft_transport = | aircraft_tanker = | aircraft_general = }} The Defence Survive, Evade, Resist, Extract (SERE) Training Organisation, otherwise known as DSTO, is a military training organisation based at RAF St. Mawgan, Cornwall In the United Kingdom. DSTO is a tri-service organisation and trains personnel of the British armed forces in survival techniques, evading capture and resistance from interrogation, prior to overseas deployment. HistoryBackgroundThe Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force have what has been described as a "rich history of survival training". Crews were often lost at sea during the Second World War, with an attrition rate of 80%, which prompted this training to be initiated.[1][2] Prior to the DSTO being established, each of the UK's armed forces carried out their own SERE training. The RAF and Royal Navy each provided their own defence, survive, evade and extract training whereas the Resistance Training Wing trained provided all services with resistance training. Royal Air ForceThe Royal Air Force can trace such training back to May 1943 with the formation of the School of Air/Sea Rescue, located near RAF Squire Gate in Lancashire. The school taught RAF and USAAF crews rescue procedures and familiarisation with rescue equipment.[3] It relocated to RAF Calshot in Hampshire in 1945, when it became the Survival and Rescue Training Unit, before moving to RAF Thorney Island in West Sussex during 1946. It disbanded in April 1949, but was replaced by the Survival and Rescue Mobile Instruction Unit (SRMIU), again at Thorney Island, in January 1950. The SRMIU would provide training to personnel during annual visits to RAF stations, however this method was considered inadequate and in 1955 the Search, Rescue and Survival School was established as part of No. 2 Air Navigation School. The School moved to RAF Mount Batten near Plymouth In June 1959. At that time it was renamed the School of Combat Survival and Rescue (SCSR), reflecting the combat environment which it was expected that survival and rescue skills would typically be used. RAF Mount Batten closed in 1992, with the school relocated to RAF St Mawgan in Cornwall, where it remained until 2008.[4][5] Royal NavyBefore 1943, Royal Navy survival training and equipment was the responsibility of two ratings trained by the RAF. The significance of the work however resulted in a reorganisation whereby the navy would train its own Survival Equipment Officers and ratings. The new Royal Navy Survival Equipment School (RNSES) initially took up residence at Eastleigh in Hampshire before moving to improved accommodation at Grange Airfield (HMS Siskin) in March 1947. In 1955, the school moved to a former boy’s preparatory school (Seafield Park) at Hill Head. It remained at Hill Head until September 1991 when it relocated to the former Naval Aircraft Technical Evaluation Centre (NATEC) building at RNAS Lee-on-Solent (HMS Daedalus).[6] In February 1995, the RNSES become part of the Royal Navy Air Engineering School which was renamed Royal Navy Air Engineering and Survival School (RNAESS). When Lee-on-Solent closed in March 1996, the RNAESS was relocated to a purpose built building at HMS Sultan in Gosport. The unit was renamed the Survival Equipment Group and formed part of the Air Engineering and Survival Department, remaining at HMS Sultan until 2008.[6] Resistance Training WingFormerly 4 Conduct after Capture Company (4 CAC Coy), the Resistance Training Wing (RTW) was part of the now disbanded Joint Services Intelligence Organisation (JSIO) based at Defence Intelligence Security Centre Chicksands in Bedfordshire. The wing trained personnel resistance to interrogation techniques.[7] EstablishmentThe Defence Survive, Evade, Resist, Extract (SERE) Training Organisation (DSTO) was created in 2008, when the RAF's School of Combat Survival and Rescue was amalgamated with the Royal Navy's Survival Equipment Group and the Resistance Training Wing. Although DSTO is a tri-service organisation, it comes under the control of No. 22 Group within RAF Air Command.[5] Previous to this, training was undertaken at three different sites across the three services at diverse locations such as Chicksands and at HMS Sultan.[8] The Royal Air Force is the lead on aircrew-focused training for military personnel in the United Kingdom and their second training centre (ASTC) is located at RAF Cranwell in Lincolnshire. The patron of ASTC is Ray Mears, who himself was in a SERE situation whilst filming in 2005 when his helicopter crashed in Wyoming. Mears managed to recover all of his crew to safety after the incident.[9] Role and operationsSERE is an acronym for Survive, Evade, Resist and Extract.[10] At a basic level, this is a core aspect of training for all UK military personnel on an annual basis. Regular Army personnel are tested as part of their Military Annual Training Tests (MATTs)[11] as befits their frontline nature (similar processes are run by the Royal Marines and RAF Regiment) with non-frontline personnel mandated to watch a DVD detailing SERE methods.[12]UK armed forces personnel who train at the SERE school, may be subject to methods of interrogation that are prohibited under international law. This training is carried out under strictly controlled conditions and is only delivered to enable the trainees to understand the methods that may be used against them if they are captured by hostile forces who are not signatories to, or adherents of, the Geneva Convention or of international law.[13] SERE is mandated for all aircrew (from across all three services) and involves sea drills for those that require it. Sea drill involves jumping into the sea and spending some time adrift before hauling oneself into a dinghy from where the servicemember can be rescued. The Royal Navy and Royal Air Force aircrews practice this with regularity.[14] Television personality Carol Vorderman undertook sea drills SERE training at RAF St Mawgan as part of her effort to become the ninth female to fly solo around the world.[15] SERE training is also delivered to aircrew because the nature of their job makes them vulnerable to capture if they have to bale out over or crash an aircraft into hostile territory.[16] Notable students
See also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.raf.mod.uk/rafstmawgan/aboutus/defenceseretraining.cfm|title=RAF - Defence SERE Training|website=www.raf.mod.uk|accessdate=10 February 2017}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news |last1=Mander |first1=Simon |title=Survival of the Fittest |work=RAF News |issue=1456 |date=30 November 2018 |page=18|issn=0035-8614}} 3. ^{{Cite journal|last=Pitchfork|first=Air Cdre Graham|date=2007|title=Training and Survival Aids|url=https://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/documents/Research/RAF-Historical-Society-Journals/Journal-40.pdf|journal=RAF Historical Society Journal|volume=40|pages=58-67|via=}} 4. ^{{Cite journal|last=Mill|first=Flt Lt Philip|date=2007|title=The RAF Mount Batten Experience|url=https://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/documents/Research/RAF-Historical-Society-Journals/Journal-40.pdf|journal=RAF Historical Society Journal|volume=40|pages=122-133|via=}} 5. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.raf.mod.uk:80/rafstmawgan/aboutus/historyofrafseretraining.cfm|title=History of RAF SERE Training|last=|first=|date=|website=RAF St Mawgan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806175056/http://www.raf.mod.uk:80/rafstmawgan/aboutus/historyofrafseretraining.cfm|archive-date=6 August 2015|dead-url=|access-date=29 July 2018}} 6. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.raf.mod.uk/rafstmawgan/aboutus/historyofnavyseretraining.cfm|title=History of Navy SERE Training|last=|first=|date=|website=RAF St Mawgan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918053708/http://www.raf.mod.uk:80/rafstmawgan/aboutus/historyofnavyseretraining.cfm|archive-date=18 September 2015|dead-url=|access-date=29 July 2018}} 7. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.bahamousainquiry.org/baha_mousa_inquiry_evidence/evidencev1.htm|title=Witness Statement of Lieutenant Commander S059|last=|first=|date=5 May 2010|website=Baha Mousa Public Inquiry|page=2-3|archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20120215203918/http://www.bahamousainquiry.org/baha_mousa_inquiry_evidence/evidencev1.htm|archive-date=15 February 2012|dead-url=|access-date=29 July 2018}} 8. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.newquayvoice.co.uk/news/5/article/2549/|title=Military return to st Mawgan welcomed {{!}} Newquay Voice|date=8 April 2009|work=www.newquayvoice.co.uk|accessdate=10 May 2018}} 9. ^{{cite news|title=Survival of the fittest|last1=Allen|first1=Tracey|date=21 October 2016|work=RAF News|publisher=Royal Air Force|issue=1405|page=21|issn=0035-8614}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/43483/JWP366.pdf|title=JOINT WARFARE PUBLICATION 3-66 JOINT PERSONNEL RECOVERY.|quote=Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Extraction. SERE is an inclusive term (of US origin) that has recently superseded phrases previously used such as Escape and Evasion and Conduct After Capture. It encompasses all practical and theoretical measures required to prepare personnel for isolation, captivity and recovery.}} 11. ^Defence Information Notice 2008DIN07-109 12. ^{{cite book|editor1-last=Gage|editor1-first=William|title=The Baha Mousa Public Inquiry report.|date=2011|publisher=Stationery Office|location=London|isbn=978-0-10-297492-8|page=1256|chapter=6: Survive, Evade, Resist & Extract (SERE) training given to UK service personnel}} 13. ^{{cite web|title=Army Inspectorate review into the implementation of policy, training and conduct of detainee handling|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/library/reports/2010/british_iraq_detainee_handling.pdf|website=globalsecurity.org|publisher=British Army|accessdate=10 February 2017|page=22|format=PDF|date=15 July 2010}} 14. ^{{cite web|title=Royal Air Force aircrews based at RAF Coningsby regularly undergo Survive Evade Resist and Extract (SERE) training in the North Sea|url=http://www.raf.mod.uk/rafconingsby/newsweather/index.cfm?storyid=6A799B18-5056-A318-A8A95CC5B0BAA926|website=www.raf.mod.uk|accessdate=10 February 2017|language=en}} 15. ^{{cite news|last1=Wilkins|first1=Warren|title=Star Carol's survival training|url=http://www.newquayvoice.co.uk/news/5/article/5930/|accessdate=10 February 2017 |work=Newquay Voice |date=19 October 2016}} 16. ^{{cite journal |last1=Gould |first1=Matthew |last2=Meek |first2=Daniel |last3=Gibbs |first3=Tony |last4=Sawford |first4=Hannah |last5=Wessely|first5=Simon|last6=Greenberg|first6=Neil |title=What Are the Psychological Effects of Delivering and Receiving 'High-Risk' Survival Resistance Training? |journal=Military Medicine|date=February 2015|volume=180|issue=2|pages=168–177|publisher=Association of Military Surgeons of the U.S |location=Kensington, Maryland |issn=0026-4075}} 3 : Military education and training in the United Kingdom|Psychological warfare|Survival skills |
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