| 词条 | Hyperventilation syndrome |
| 释义 |
| name = Hyperventilation syndrome. | synonyms = | image = | caption = | pronounce = | field = | symptoms = | complications = | onset = | duration = | types = | causes = | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = | prevention = | treatment = | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = }} Hyperventilation syndrome (HVS); also chronic hyperventilation syndrome (CHVS) and dysfunctional breathing hyperventilation syndrome is a respiratory disorder, psychologically or physiologically based, involving breathing too deeply or too rapidly (hyperventilation). HVS may present with chest pain and a tingling sensation in the fingertips and around the mouth (paresthesia) and may accompany a panic attack. People with HVS may feel that they cannot get enough air. In reality, they have about the same oxygenation in the arterial blood (normal values are about 98% for hemoglobin saturation) and too little carbon dioxide (hypocapnia) in their blood and other tissues. While oxygen is abundant in the bloodstream, HVS reduces effective delivery of that oxygen to vital organs due to low{Co2}induced vasoconstriction and the suppressed Bohr effect. The hyperventilation is self-promulgating as rapid breathing causes carbon dioxide levels to fall below healthy levels, and respiratory alkalosis (high blood pH) develops. This makes the symptoms worse, which causes the person to breathe even faster, which then, further exacerbates the problem. The respiratory alkalosis leads to changes in the way the nervous system fires and leads to the paresthesia, dizziness, and perceptual changes that often accompany this condition. Other mechanisms may also be at work, and some people are physiologically more susceptible to this phenomenon than others.[1] CausesHyperventilation syndrome is believed to be caused by psychological factors and by definition has no organic cause.[1] It is one cause of hyperventilation with others including infection, blood loss, heart attack,[2] hypocapnia or alkalosis due to chemical imbalances, decreased cerebral blood flow, and increased nerve sensitivity.[3] In one study, one third of patients with HVS had "subtle but definite lung disease" that prompted them to breathe too frequently or too deeply.[4] Many people with panic disorder or agoraphobia will experience HVS. However, most people with HVS do not have these disorders.[5] DiagnosisHyperventilation syndrome is a remarkably common cause of dizziness complaints. About 25% of patients who complain about dizziness are diagnosed with HVS.[3] A diagnostic Nijmegen Questionnaire provides an accurate diagnosis of Hyperventilation.[6] TreatmentThere is insufficient evidence for or against breathing exercises.[7] While traditional intervention for an acute episode has been to have the patient breathe into a paper bag, causing rebreathing and restoration of CO₂ levels, this is not advised.[8] The same benefits can be obtained more safely from deliberately slowing down the breathing rate by counting or looking at the second hand on a watch. This is sometimes referred to as "7-11 breathing", because a gentle inhalation is stretched out to take 7 seconds (or counts), and the exhalation is slowed to take 11 seconds. This in-/exhalation ratio can be safely decreased to 4-12 or even 4-20 and more, as the O₂ content of the blood will easily sustain normal cell function for several minutes at rest when normal blood acidity has been restored. It has also been suggested that breathing therapies such as the Buteyko Breathing method may be effective in reducing the symptoms and recurrence of the syndrome. Benzodiazepines can be prescribed to reduce stress that provokes hyperventilation syndrome. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) can reduce the severity and frequency of hyperventilation episodes.[9]HistoryThe original traditional treatment of breathing into a paper bag to control psychologically based hyperventilation syndrome (which is now almost universally known and often shown in movies and TV dramas) was invented by New York City physician (later radiologist), Alexander Winter, M.D. [1908-1978], based on his experiences in the U.S. Army Medical Corps during World War II and published in the Journal of the American Medical Association in 1951.[10] Because other medical conditions can be confused with hyperventilation, namely asthma and heart attacks, most medical studies advise against using a paper bag since these conditions worsen when CO2 levels increase.[11] References1. ^{{cite journal|last=Shu|first=BC |author2=Chang, YY |author3=Lee, FY |author4=Tzeng, DS |author5=Lin, HY |author6=Lung, FW|title=Parental attachment, premorbid personality, and mental health in young males with hyperventilation syndrome.|journal=Psychiatry Research|date=2007-10-31|volume=153|issue=2|pages=163–70|pmid=17659783|doi=10.1016/j.psychres.2006.05.006}} 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.emedicinehealth.com/hyperventilation/article_em.htm |title=Hyperventilation |accessdate=2007-12-20 |website=}} 3. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.chiroweb.com/archives/12/04/03.html |title=Neurology - Hyperventilation Syndrome | Brad McKechnie, DC, DACAN |accessdate=2007-12-20 |website=}} 4. ^{{cite book |author=Natelson, Benjamin H. |title=Facing and fighting fatigue: a practical approach |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven, Conn |year=1998 |pages=40 |isbn=978-0-300-07401-7 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}} 5. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic270.htm |title=eMedicine - Hyperventilation Syndrome: Article by Edward Newton, MD |accessdate=2007-12-20 |website=}} 6. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=van Dixhoorn J, Duivenvoorden HJ |title=Efficacy of Nijmegen Questionnaire in recognition of the hyperventilation syndrome |journal=J Psychosom Res |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=199–206 |year=1985 |doi= 10.1016/0022-3999(85)90042-x|pmid=4009520}} 7. ^{{cite journal|last=Jones|first=M|author2=Harvey, A |author3=Marston, L |author4= O'Connell, NE |title=Breathing exercises for dysfunctional breathing/hyperventilation syndrome in adults.|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=May 31, 2013|volume=5|issue=5|pages=CD009041|pmid=23728685|doi=10.1002/14651858.cd009041.pub2}} 8. ^{{cite book |last1=Bergeron |first1=J. David |last2=Le Baudour |first2=Chris |title=First Responder |accessdate=|edition=8 |year=2009 |publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall |location=New Jersey |isbn=978-0-13-614059-7 |page=262 |chapter=Chapter 9: Caring for Medical Emergencies |quote= Do not use a paper bag in an attempt to treat hyperventilation. These patients can often be cared for with low-flow oxygen and lots of reassurance}} 9. ^{{cite web|title=Hyperventilation Syndrome Medication|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/807277-medication|publisher=Medscape|accessdate=31 December 2013}} 10. ^{{cite journal|last=Winter|first=A|title=A Rapid Emergency Treatment for Hyperventilation Syndrome.|journal=J Am Med Assoc|year=1951|volume=147|issue=10|pages=990|doi=10.1001/jama.1951.03670270080028|url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/search?fulltext=alexander+winter+hyperventilation&submit=yes&x=0&y=0 }} 11. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/13/health/13real.html|publisher=New York Times|accessdate=2014-02-09|date=2008-05-13|author=Anahad O'Connor|title= The Claim: If You're Hyperventilating, Breathe Into a Paper Bag }} External links{{Medical resources| DiseasesDB = 31118 | ICD10 = R06.4 or F45.33 | ICD9 = {{ICD9|306.1}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = | eMedicineSubj = emerg | eMedicineTopic = 270 | MeshID = }}{{DEFAULTSORT:Hyperventilation Syndrome}} 3 : Anxiety disorders|Respiration|Syndromes |
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