| 词条 | Deltatheroida |
| 释义 |
| name = Deltatheroida | fossil_range = {{fossil range|Aptian|Paleocene}} Early Cretaceous-Paleocene | image = | image_caption = Lotheridium mengi | taxon = Deltatheroida | authority = Gregory and Simpson, 1926 | subdivision_ranks = Families & Genera | subdivision =
}} Deltatheroida is an extinct group of basal metatherians that were distantly related to modern marsupials.[2] The majority of known members of the group lived in the Cretaceous; one species, Gurbanodelta kara, is known from the late Paleocene (Gashatan) of China.[3] Their fossils are restricted to Central Asia and North America. This order can be defined as all metatherians closer to Deltatheridium than to Marsupialia. These mammals possessed tritubercular (three-cusped) lower molars and these were not tribosphenic{{explain|date=February 2019}} and were quite primitive. This is awkward because tribosphenic molars are commonly found in most therian mammals (there exist some exceptions such as anteaters and some whales, which have no teeth at all). When they were first identified in the 1920s, they were believed to be placentals and possible ancestors of the "creodonts" (a polyphyletic group of extinct carnivorous mammals from the Paleogene and Miocene), but this was later disproven. Nonetheless, deltatheroideans do converge on hyaenodontids, oxyaenids, carnivorans, dasyuromorphs and sparassodonts in many details of their dental anatomy, suggesting a carnivorous lifestyle.[4] TaxonomyThe following is a species list of Deltatheroida.[5][6] †Deltatheroida Kielan-Jaworowska 1982 [Deltatheralia Marshall & Kielan-Jaworowska 1992; Holarctidelphia Szalay 1993]
BiologyDeltatheroideans are thought to be carnivorous mammals, converging on hyaenodontids, oxyaenids, carnivorans, dasyuromorphs and sparassodonts in many details of their dental anatomy, suggesting a carnivorous lifestyle.[4][9] Deltatheroideans in this regard appear to have replaced eutriconodont mammals as the dominant carnivorous mammals of the Mesozoic, either directly through competition or occupying vacant ecological niches; in North America, Nanocuris came to succeed the larger gobiconodontids and Jugulator, while in Asia the Early Cretaceous gobiconodontid radiation is replaced in the Late Cretaceous by a deltatheroidean one.[10] Given that all insectivorous and carnivorous mammals groups suffered heavy losses during the mid-Cretaceous, it seems likely these metatherians simply occupied niches left after the extinction of eutriconodonts.[11] Evidence of direct predation on dinosaurs may be attested on a skull belonging to Archaeornithoides, which seems to have been punctured by Deltatheridium teeth and later healed.[12] At least some deltatheroideans were sabertoothed predators.[8] See also
References1. ^Guillermo W. Rougier; Brian M. Davis; Michael J. Novacek (2015). "A deltatheroidan mammal from the Upper Cretaceous Baynshiree Formation, eastern Mongolia". Cretaceous Research. 52, Part A: 167–177. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2014.09.009. 2. ^{{cite journal | title = A large carnivorous mammal from the Late Cretaceous and the North American origin of marsupials | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 7 | pages = 13734 | date = 2016 | first1 = G.P. | last1 = Wilson | first2 = E.G. | last2 = Ekdale | first3 = J.W. | last3 = Hoganson | first4 = J.J. | last4 = Calede | first5 = A.V.| last5 = Linden | doi = 10.1038/ncomms13734 | pmid = 27929063 | pmc = 5155139 | url = http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms13734}} 3. ^{{cite journal |author1=Xijun Ni |author2=Qiang Li |author3=Thomas A. Stidham |author4=Lüzhou Li |author5=Xiaoyu Lu |author6=Jin Meng |year=2016 |title=A late Paleocene probable metatherian (?deltatheroidan) survivor of the Cretaceous mass extinction |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=6 |pages=Article number 38547 |doi=10.1038/srep38547 }} 4. ^1 CHRISTIAN DE MUIZON and BRIGITTE LANGE-BADRÉ, Carnivorous dental adaptations in tribosphenic mammals and phylogenetic reconstruction, Article first published online: 29 MAR 2007 DOI: 10.1111/j.1502-3931.1997.tb00481 5. ^Mikko's Phylogeny Archive {{cite web|last=Haaramo|first=Mikko|year=2007|title=†Deltatheroida – deltatherids |url=http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/synapsida/metatheria/deltatheroida.html |accessdate= 30 December 2015}} 6. ^Paleofile.com (net, info) {{cite web|url=http://www.paleofile.com/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-12-30 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111195520/http://paleofile.com/ |archivedate=2016-01-11 |df= }}. {{cite web|url=http://www.paleofile.com/ |title=Taxonomic lists- Mammals |accessdate=30 December 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111195520/http://paleofile.com/ |archivedate=11 January 2016 |df= }} 7. ^Guillermo W. Rougier; Brian M. Davis; Michael J. Novacek (2015). "A deltatheroidan mammal from the Upper Cretaceous Baynshiree Formation, eastern Mongolia". Cretaceous Research. 52, Part A: 167–177. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2014.09.009. 8. ^1 S. Bi, X. Jin, S. Li and T. Du. 2015. A new Cretaceous metatherian mammal from Henan, China. PeerJ 3:e896 9. ^{{Cite book| author = Zofia Kielan-Jaworowska| author-link = Zofia Kielan-Jaworowska| author2 = Richard L. Cifelli| author3 = Zhe-Xi Luo | editor = | others = | title = Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs: origins, evolution, and structure | edition = | publisher = Columbia University Press | location = New York | year = 2004 | pages =425–262 | chapter = Chapter 12: Metatherians | isbn = 0-231-11918-6 | oclc = | doi = | url = | accessdate = }} 10. ^G. W. Rougier, B. M. Davis, and M. J. Novacek. 2015. A deltatheroidan mammal from the Upper Cretaceous Baynshiree Formation, eastern Mongolia. Cretaceous Research 52:167-177 11. ^David M. Grossnickle, P. David Polly, Mammal disparity decreases during the Cretaceous angiosperm radiation, Published 2 October 2013.DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2110 12. ^Elżanowski, A. Wellnhoffer, P. (1993). "Skull of Archaeornithoides From the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia". earth.geology.yale.edu/~ajs/1993/11.1993.08Elzanowski.pdf . American Journal of Science Further readingZofia Kielan-Jaworowska, Richard L. Cifelli, and Zhe-Xi Luo, Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs: Origins, Evolution, and Structure (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004), 444-448. {{Taxonbar|from=Q726880}} 4 : Prehistoric metatherians|Aptian first appearances|Paleocene extinctions|Fossil taxa described in 1926 |
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