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词条 Didymictis
释义

  1. Description

  2. Species

  3. References

     Notes  Sources 

  4. External links

{{Italic title}}{{Taxobox
| name = Didymictis
| image =
| image caption=
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|58.7|40.4}}
| regnum = Animalia
| phylum = Chordata
| classis = Mammalia
| unranked_ordo = Carnivoramorpha
| superfamilia = {{Extinct}}Miacoidea
| familia = {{Extinct}}Viverravidae
| genus = {{Extinct}}Didymictis
| genus_authority= {{Harvnb|Cope|1875}}
| subdivision_ranks = Species[1]
| subdivision ={{Extinct}}D. altidens
{{Harvnb|Cope|1880a}}
{{Extinct}}D. leptomylus
{{Harvnb|Cope|1880b}}
{{Extinct}}D. protenus (type)
{{Harvnb|Cope|1874}}
{{Extinct}}D. proteus
{{Harvnb|Polly|1997}}
{{Extinct}}D. vancleveae
{{Harvnb|Robinson|1966}}
}}

Didymictis is an extinct genus of carnivorous mammals known from the late Paleocene and early Eocene (Tiffanian-Gardnerbuttean[2] NALMA) of North America.[3] This genus in the family Viverravidae contains five species.

Didymictis is the only viverravid for which there are considerable postcranial remains. The genus was primarily terrestrial but at least partly cursorial, similar to a civet.[3]

Description

Didymictis has an elongated and relatively large skull with small and low braincase and a long and narrow basicranial region. The occipital and sagittal crests are very high. The limbs are of moderate length with subdigitigrade and five-toed feet. The dentition ({{DentalFormula|upper=3.1.4.2|lower=3.1.4.2}}) contrast those of miacids by the sharp differentiation between sectorial and tubercular dentition, the loss of the last molar and an elongated second molar, similar to the dentition in bears and raccoons.[4]

Comparing Didymictis to Vulpavus, a much smaller and more agile viverravid, {{Harvnb|Heinrich|Rose|1997}} noted that Didymictis' limbs, especially the hindlimb, are similar to those in extant carnivornas adapted for speed, and the forelimbs to some extent are specialized to digging. The authors concluded that Didymictis was a relatively specialized terrestrial carnivore capable of hunting with speed or pursuing by digging.[5]

Species

D. proteus is known from the late Paleocene and earliest Eocene of Wyoming and the only species present in the Tiffanian and Clarkforkian stages (60–55 Ma). It is slightly larger than D. leptornylus and slightly smaller than D. protenus.[6] {{Harvnb|Simpson|1937}} named a new subspecies, Didymictis protenus proteus, which {{Harvnb|Polly|1997}} reranked as the species D. proteus.[7] {{Harvnb|Dorr|1952}} described Didymictis dellensis which {{Harvnb|Gingerich|Winkler|1985}} included in Protictis dellensis.[8] Polly 1997 finally included these species in D. proteus.[7]D. leptomylus is known from the early Wasatchian (55 Ma) of western North America, but by far fewer specimens than D. proteus.[9]D. protenus is known from the earliest through late Wasatchian (early Eocene) of western North America.[9] Cope assigned his specimen, "one entire and a portion of the other mandibular ramus, with teeth well preserved", to the creodont genus Limnocyon and named his new species L. protenus.[10] Cope later created a new genus and renamed his species Didymictis protenus.[11]D. vancleveae is known from a fragmented jaw with several teeth (Colorado) described by {{Harvnb|Robinson|1966}} and another tooth (Wyoming) tentatively assigned to this species.[12] Robinson described D. vancleveae as larger than D. altidens and probably the youngest Didymicits. He assumed that the genus grew larger as it evolved.[13]

References

Notes

1. ^{{Cite web | title = Didymictis | publisher = Fossilworks | url = http://fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=taxonInfo&taxon_no=40973 | accessdate = September 2014}}
2. ^The Gardnerbuttean is a transitional stage between the Wasatchian and Bridgerian Land Mammal Ages. ({{Harvnb|Gunnell|2001|p=407}})
3. ^{{Harvnb|Heinrich|Houde|2006|loc=Introduction, p. 422}}
4. ^{{Harvnb|Matthew|1937|loc=Diagnosis, p. 101}}
5. ^{{Harvnb|Heinrich|Rose|1997|loc=Summary, pp. 300–301}}
6. ^{{Harvnb|Polly|1997|pp=34–35}}
7. ^1 2 {{Harvnb|Polly|1997|p=34}}
8. ^{{Harvnb|Gingerich|Winkler|1985|p=117}}
9. ^1 {{Harvnb|Polly|1997|pp=41}}
10. ^{{Harvnb|Cope|1874|pp=126–127}}
11. ^{{Harvnb|Cope|1875|p=11}}
12. ^{{Harvnb|Gunnell|Bartels|Gingerich|Torre|1992|p=276}}
13. ^{{Harvnb|Robinson|1966|pp=48–49}}

Sources

{{Refbegin|30em}}
  • {{Cite journal

| last = Cope | first = E. D. | authorlink = Edward D. Cope
| title = Notes on the Eocene and Pliocene Lacustrine Formations of New Mexico, Including Descriptions of Certain New Species of Vertebrates
| year = 1874 | journal = Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1874 | volume = Appendix FF
| url = https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70039258 | accessdate = September 2014
| ref = harv}}
  • {{Cite journal

| last = Cope | first = E. D.
| title = Systematic Catalogue of Vertebrata of the Eocene of New Mexico: Collected in 1874. Report to the Engineer Department | pages = 5–37
| year = 1875 | publisher = United States Army, US Government Printing Office | location = Washington D.C.
| url = https://archive.org/stream/9710946.nlm.nih.gov/9710946#page/n13/mode/2up | accessdate = September 2014
| ref = harv}}
  • {{Cite journal

| last = Cope | first = E. D.
| title = The Bad Lands of the Wind River and their Fauna
| year = 1880a | journal = The American Naturalist | volume = 14 | issue = 10
| jstor = 2449738| doi = 10.1086/272667 | pages=745–748
| ref = harv}}
  • {{Cite journal

| last = Cope | first = E. D.
| title = General Notes: The Northern Wasatach Fauna
| year = 1880b | journal = American Naturalist | volume = 14 | page = 908 | doi = 10.1086/272689
| url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/127617#page/918/mode/2up | accessdate = September 2014
| ref = harv}}
  • {{Cite journal

| last = Dorr | first = J. A.
| title = Early Cenozoic stratigraphy and vertebrate paleontology of the Hoback Basin, Wyoming
| year = 1952 | journal = Bulletin of the Geological Society of America | volume = 63 | pages = 59–94
| doi = 10.1130/0016-7606(1952)63[59:ECSAVP]2.0.CO;2 | ref = harv}}
  • {{Cite book

| last = Flynn | first = J. J.
| year = 1998
| chapter = Early Cenozoic Carnivora ("Miacoidea") | pages = 110–123
| editor1-last = Janis | editor1-first = C. M.
| editor2-last = Scott | editor2-first = K. M.
| editor3-last = Jacobs | editor3-first = L. L.
| title = Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America. Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulatelike Mammals
| publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=I-RgojcDyWYC&pg=PA110 | accessdate = September 2014
| isbn = 0-521-35519-2 | ref = harv}}
  • {{Cite journal

| last1 = Gingerich | first1 = P. D. | author1-link = Philip D. Gingerich
| last2 = Winkler | first2 = D. A.
| title = Systematics of Paleocene Viverravidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) in the Bighorn Basin and Clark's Fork Basin, Wyoming
| year = 1985 | journal = Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan | volume = 27 | issue = 4 | pages = 87–128
| url = http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/48525 | accessdate = September 2014
| layurl = http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=displayReference&reference_no=1676 | laydate = September 2014
| ref = harv}}
  • {{Cite book

| last = Gunnell | first = G. F.
| title = Eocene Biodiversity: Unusual Occurrences and Rarely Sampled Habitats
| year = 2001 | publisher = Springer
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iKMc-eLFgNgC&pg=PA407 | accessdate = September 2014
| isbn = 9780306465284 | ref = harv}}
  • {{Cite journal

| last1 = Gunnell | first1 = G. F.
| last2 = Bartels | first2 = W. S.
| last3 = Gingerich | first3 = P. D.
| last4 = Torre | first4 = V.
| title = Wapiti Valley Faunas: Early and Middle Eocene Fossil Vertebrates from the North Fork of the Shoshone River, Park Country, Wyoming
| year = 1992 | journal = Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, The University of Michigan | volume = 28 | issue = 11 | pages = 247–287
| url = http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/48547 | accessdate = September 2014
| ref = harv}}
  • {{Cite journal

| last1 = Heinrich | first1 = R. E.
| last2 = Houde | first2 = P.
| title = Postcranial anatomy of Viverravus (Mammalia, Carnivora) and implications for substrate use in basal Carnivora
| year = 2006 | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 26 | issue = 2 | pages = 422–435
| url = http://biology-web.nmsu.edu/~houde/phoude.htm | accessdate = September 2014
| ref = harv | doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[422:paovmc]2.0.co;2}}
  • {{Cite journal

|last1=Heinrich
|first1=R. E.
|last2=Rose
|first2=K. D.
|title=Postcranial morphology and locomotor behaviour of two early Eocene miacoid carnivorans, Vulpavus and Didymictis
|year=1997
|journal=Palaeontology
|volume=40
|pages=279–306
|url=http://www.palass-pubs.org/palaeontology/pdf/Vol40/Pages%20279-305.pdf
|accessdate=September 2014
|ref=harv
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913170531/http://www.palass-pubs.org/palaeontology/pdf/Vol40/Pages%20279-305.pdf
|archivedate=2014-09-13
|df=

}}

  • {{Cite journal

| last = Matthew | first = W. D. | author-link = William Diller Matthew
| title = Paleocene faunas of the San Juan basin, New Mexico
| year = 1937 | journal = Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new ser. | volume = 30 | issue = 1
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=z1oLAAAAIAAJ&q=Protictis#v=onepage&q&f=false
| isbn = 1-4223-7738-5 | oclc = 4673155 | ref = harv}}
  • {{Cite journal

| last = Polly | first = P. D.
| title = Ancestry and species definition in paleontology: a stratocladistic analysis of Paleocene-Eocene Viverravidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) from Wyoming
| year = 1997 | journal = Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology | volume = 30 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–53
| url = http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/48638/ID504.pdf | accessdate = September 2014
| layurl = http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?action=referenceInfo&reference_no=2787 | laydate = September 2014
| ref = harv}}
  • {{Cite journal

| last = Robinson | first = P.
| title = Fossil Mammalia of Huerfano Formation, Eocene, of Colorado
| journal = Peabody Museum of natural History | volume = 21 | pages = 48–49
| url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10600841#page/64/mode/2up | accessdate = September 2014
| ref = harv}} ([https://archive.org/stream/bulletin21peab#page/92/mode/2up Plate VII])
  • {{Cite journal

| last = Simpson | first =G. G. | author-link = George Gaylord Simpson
| title = Notes on the Clark Fork, Upper Paleocene, fauna
| year = 1937 | journal = American Museum Novitates | volume = 954
| url = http://hdl.handle.net/2246/2190 | accessdate = September 2014
| ref = harv}}{{Refend}}

External links

  • {{Cite web

|title=Images of Didymictis teeth
|publisher=Denver Museum of Nature & Science
|url=http://dmns.lunaimaging.com:8180/luna/servlet/view/search?QuickSearchA=QuickSearchA&q=Didymictis&sort=catalog_number%2Ctitle%2CFile_Name%2Csource&search=Search
|accessdate=September 2014
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913173101/http://dmns.lunaimaging.com:8180/luna/servlet/view/search?QuickSearchA=QuickSearchA&q=Didymictis&sort=catalog_number%2Ctitle%2CFile_Name%2Csource&search=Search
|archivedate=2014-09-13
|df=
}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q5274262}}

3 : Viverravids|Paleocene mammals|Paleocene mammals of North America
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