| 词条 | Iceland gull |
| 释义 |
| name = Iceland gull | image = Larus glaucoides IthacaNY.jpg | image_caption = Adult, Ithaca, NY | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | genus = Larus | species = glaucoides | authority = Meyer, 1822 | subdivision_ranks = Subspecies | subdivision ={{Species list |L. g. glaucoides|Meyer, 1822 |L. g. kumlieni|Brewster, 1883 |L. g. thayeri|Brooks, WS, 1915 | range_map = Larus glaucoides map.svg }} The Iceland gull (Larus glaucoides) is a medium size gull which breeds in the Arctic regions of Canada and Greenland; although not in Iceland (as its name suggests), where it is only seen during winter. The genus name is from Latin Larus which appears to have referred to a gull or other large seabird. The specific glaucoides denotes its resemblance to Larus glaucus, a synonym of Larus hyperboreus, the glaucous gull; -oides is Ancient Greek and means "resembling".[2] It is migratory, wintering from in the North Atlantic as far south as the British Isles and northernmost states of the eastern United States, as well as in the interior of North America as far west as the western Great Lakes. It is much scarcer in Europe than the similar glaucous gull. The American taxon Kumlien's gull is often considered a subspecies, L. g. kumlieni, of Iceland gull. The taxon Thayer's gull is considered a subspecies, L. g. thayeri, of Iceland gull by the American Ornithological Society as of 2017.[3] This species breeds colonially or singly on coasts and cliffs, making a nest lined with grass, moss, or seaweed on the ground or cliff. Normally 2–3 light brown eggs are laid. The nominate subspecies, L. g. glaucoides, is very pale in all plumages, with absolutely no melanin in the tips of the primaries in adult plumage. Adults are pale grey above, with a yellowish-green bill. Immatures are very pale grey; the bill is more extensively dark than with glaucous gull, and lacks pink. The Iceland gull is a medium size gull, although relatively slender and light-weight. In length, it can measure from {{convert|50|to|64|cm|in|abbr=on}}, wingspan is from {{convert|115|to|150|cm|in|abbr=on}} and weight is from {{convert|480|to|1100|g|lb|abbr=on}}. Among standard measurements, the wing chord is {{convert|37.9|to|44.3|cm|in|abbr=on}}, the bill is {{convert|3.6|to|5.4|cm|in|abbr=on}} and the tarsus is {{convert|4.9|to|6.7|cm|in|abbr=on}}.[4][5] It is smaller and thinner-billed than the very large glaucous gull, and is usually smaller than the herring gull. It takes four years to reach maturity. The call is a "laughing" cry like herring gull, but higher pitched. Like most Larus gulls, these are omnivores, eating fish, molluscs, offal, scraps, and eggs. They forage while flying, picking up food at or just below the water's surface, also feeds while walking or swimming. Their scavenging habits lead them to frequent garbage dumps, sewage outlets, and places where fish are cleaned. References1. ^{{cite journal |last1=Butchart |first1=S. |last2=Symes |first2=A. |title=Larus glaucoides |journal=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |volume=2012 |page=e.T22694346A39183818 |year=2012 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22694346A39183818.en }} [4][5]2. ^{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher= Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages = 174, 219}} 3. ^{{cite journal| last1=Chesser | first1=R. Terry | last2=Burns | first2=Kevin J. | last3=Cicero | first3=Carla | last4=Dunn | first4=John L. | last5=Kratter | first5=Andrew W | last6=Lovette | first6=Irby J | last7=Rasmussen | first7=Pamela C. | last8=Remsen | first8=J.V. Jr | last9=Rising | first9=James D. | last10=Stotz | first10=Douglas F. | last11=Winker | first11=Kevin | year=2017 | title=Fifty-eighth supplement to the American Ornithological Society's Check-list of North American Birds |journal=The Auk |volume=134 | issue=3 |pages=751–773 |doi=10.1642/AUK-17-72.1 | doi-access=free | url=https://zenodo.org/record/1236363/files/article.pdf }} 4. ^1 {{cite book |last1=Harrison |first1=Peter |title=Seabirds: An Identification Guide |year=1991 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0-395-60291-1}} 5. ^1 {{cite book |last1=Olsen |first1=Klaus Malling |last2=Larsson |first2=Hans |title=Gulls of North America, Europe, and Asia |year=2004 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0691119977}} }} External links{{Commons category|Larus glaucoides}}{{Wikispecies|Larus glaucoides}}
3 : Larus|Birds of the Arctic|Birds described in 1822 |
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