“Ichthys”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The first appearances of the ichthys symbol in Christian art and literature date to the 2nd century AD. The symbol's use among Christians had become popular by the late 2nd century, and its use spread widely in the 3rd and 4th centuries.^[3] The symbolism of the fish itself may have its origins in pre-Christian religious imagery. For example, Orpheus was described as a "fisher of men" as early as the 3rd or 4th century BC.^[4] The fish was used as a symbol in a number of other near-eastern religions as well, often as a sacred (or taboo) food. The fish was sacred to the goddess Atargatis, for example, who was said to cause tumors in those who ate them. Fish were only allowed to be eaten by priests during rituals devoted to Atargatis, in the belief that they represented her body.^[5] Despite the thematic similarities of these various sacred fish, some scholars have argued that there is no direct link between them and the Christian symbol or practice of the Eucharist; instead, the Christian usage was probably simply part of a larger, popular religious motif of the time.^[5]

In the early Church, the Ichthys symbol held "the most sacred significance", and Christians used it to recognize churches and other believers through this symbol because they were persecuted by the Roman Empire.^[6] The Ichthys symbol is also a reference to "the Holy Eucharist, with which the miracle of the multiplication of the loaves and fishes had such intimate connection both in point of time and significance."^[7] While many Christians hang a cross necklace or rosary inside their vehicles, "the fish sticker on the car is a more conscious symbol of a witnessing Christian—significantly, unlike the former, it is on the outside of the car for everyone to see".^[8]

Symbolic meaning

This explanation is given among others by Augustine in his Civitate Dei,^[11] where he notes that the generating sentence "{{lang|grc|Ἰησοῦς Χριστὸς Θεοῦ Υἱὸς Σωτήρ}}"^[12] has 27 letters, i.e. 3 x 3 x 3, which in that age indicated power. (This suggestion is obviously spurious, resulting from Augustine's ignorance of Greek.)^[13] Augustine quotes also an ancient text from the Sibylline oracles^[14] whose verses are an acrostic of the generating sentence.

The statement "Jesus Christ, Son of God, Savior" affirmed the belief of early Christians in the twofold nature, of Jesus Christ being both fully human and fully divine. The belief in Jesus Christ being true Man and true God completes the Most Holy Trinity, that is the basic article of the Christian faith.

A fourth century A.D. adaptation of ichthys as a wheel contains the letters {{lang|grc|ΙΧΘΥΣ}} superimposed such that the result resembles an eight-spoked wheel.^[15]

In the Gospels

Fish are mentioned and given symbolic meaning several times in the Gospels. Several of Jesus' 12 Apostles were fishermen. He commissions them with the words "I will make you fishers of men". (Mark 1: 16-18)

Having been resurrected, Jesus is offered some grilled fish in Luke 24:41-43.^[16]

At the feeding of the five thousand, a boy is brought to Jesus with "five small loaves and two fish". The question is asked, "But what are they, among so many?" Jesus multiplies the loaves and fish to feed the multitude. In Matthew 13:47-50, the Parable of Drawing in the Net, Jesus compares the angels separating the righteous from the wicked at the end of this world to fishers sorting out their catch, keeping the good fish and throwing the bad fish away.^[17] In John 21:11, it is related that the disciples fished all night but caught nothing.^[18] Jesus instructed them to cast the nets on the other side of the boat, and they drew in 153 fish. In Matthew 17:24-27, upon being asked if his Teacher pays the temple (or two-drachma) tax, Simon Peter answers yes. Christ tells Peter to go to the water and cast a line, saying that a coin sufficient for both of them will be found in the fish's mouth. Peter does this and finds the coin.^[19]

The fish is also used by Jesus to describe "the Sign of Jonah". (Matthew 12:38-45) This is symbolic of Jesus's resurrection, upon which the entire Christian faith is based. (1 Corinthians 15:1-58)

In the Book of Tobit

In the Deuterocanonical Book of Tobit, by the Raphael the Archangel's order, the young cousin and future spouse of Sarah captures a fish while it tries to swallow his feet, washing in the river Tigris. Then he is instructed how to offer it, in order to be saved from the daemon Asmodeus^[20].

Early church

According to tradition, ancient Christians, during their persecution by the Roman Empire in the first few centuries after Christ, used the fish symbol to mark meeting places and tombs, or to distinguish friends from foes:

There are several other hypotheses as to why the fish was chosen. Some sources indicate that the earliest literary references came from the recommendation of Clement of Alexandria to his readers (Paedagogus, III, xi) to engrave their seals with the dove or fish. However, it can be inferred from Roman monumental sources such as the Cappella Greca and the Sacrament Chapels of the catacomb of St. Callistus that the fish symbol was known to Christians much earlier.

In popular culture

In the 1970s the "Jesus Fish" started to be used as an icon of modern Christianity. In 1973 the symbol and message was taken to the Aquarius Rock Festival in Nimbin, Australia. Today, it can be seen as a decal or emblem on the rear of automobiles or as pendants or necklaces as a sign that the owner is a Christian. Versions of this include an Ichthys with "Jesus" or "ΙΧΘΥΣ" in the centre, or simply the Ichthys outline by itself.^[22]

Music festival

See also

References

1. ^{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Oxford English Dictionary|edition=third|year=2007|article=ichthus}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/commentary/la-oe-goldberg1apr01,0,5893988.column|title=Evolution of religious bigotry|author=Los Angeles Times|date=1 April 2008|work=latimes.com}}
3. ^Rasimus, T. (2011). "Revisiting the Ichthys: A Suggestion Concerning the Origins of Christological Fish Symbolism". Pp 327-348 in Mystery and Secrecy in the Nag Hammadi Collection and Other Ancient Literature: Ideas and Practices. Biblical Studies, Ancient Near East and Early Christianity E-Books Online, Collection 2012, 76.
4. ^Le Roux, M. (2007). The survival of the Greek gods in early Christianity. Journal for Semitics, 16(2): 483-497.
5. ^¹{{cite book|last=Hyde|first=Walter Woodburn|date=2008|orig-year=1946|title=Paganism to Christianity in the Roman Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H_VLAwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Paganism+to+Christianity+in+the+Roman+Empire&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjErtWtwYDbAhXC7oMKHYhmC2AQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=Atargatis&f=false|location=Eugene, Oregon|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|isbn=978-1-60608-349-9|pages=57–58|ref=harv}}
6. ^{{cite book|last1=Jowett|first1=Garth S.|last2=O'Donnell|first2=Victoria|title=Propaganda & Persuasion|date=11 March 2014|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=9781483323527|page=86|quote=Initially used as a secret sign during the time when Christians were persecuted by the Roman authorities, the fish symolized the mission of the group it represented and did so simply and effectively.}}
7. ^{{cite book|title=The Irish Monthly, Volume 12|year=1884|page=89|quote=It must, however, be born in mind that the "fish," specially in those early days, was a Christian symbol of the most sacred significance. The name ichthus, which is the Greek word for fish, and the fish itself are of constant recurrence amongst the sacred symbols of the early Christians in the Catacombs. The letters of the Greek word formed the initial letters of this sentence: "Jesus Christ, of God the Son, our Saviour." The heavenly Ichthus, then, was Jesus Christ, and we are the smaller fishes, born in the waters of baptism, as Tertullian says, caught in the net of salvation, and thus made members of the heavenly kingdom. There is a reference to the same symbol to the Holy Eucharist, with which the miracle of the multiplication of the loaves and fishes had such intimate connection both in point of time and significance. }}
8. ^{{cite book|last=Garbowski|first=Christopher|title=Religious Life in Poland: History, Diversity and Modern Issues|date=27 January 2014|publisher=McFarland|language=English|isbn=9780786475896|page=222|quote=If folk religion is demonstrated by drivers with rosaries hanging from rearview mirrors or St. Christopher figures on the dashboard, still common enough in Poland, the fish sticker on the car is a more conscious symbol of a witnessing Christian--significantly, unlike the former, it is on the outside of the car for everyone to see. This stops some interested Catholics from placing the symbol on their cars, since they feel might not live up to the good driving practices that should accompany its presence.}}
9. ^{{cite book|author=Christian H. Bull, Liv Ingeborg Lied, John D. Turner, editors|title=Mystery and Secrecy in the Nag Hammadi Collection and Other Ancient Literature: Ideas and Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qCwaSTk5iEcC&pg=PA327 |isbn=978-90-04-21207-7|publisher=Koninklijke Brill NV|location=Leiden, The Netherlands|year=2012|page=327}}
10. ^The initial "h" was sometimes pronounced, depending on dialect and period, but in Ionic orthography the sound was written with the rough breathing diacritical mark instead of a full letter, and so would not be used to form an acronym. By the Early Christian period, the aspirate was probably lost in most popular varieties of Greek.
11. ^{{cite wikisource |title=The City of God |wslink=The City of God/Book XVIII/Chapter 23 |author=Augustine |authorlink=Augustine |at=XVIII, 23}}
12. ^On the appropriate accent in Christos and Hyios, consult grave accent rule.
13. ^{{cite book |title=The church from the circumcision: history and archaeology of the Judaeo-Christians |last=Bagatti |first=Bellarmino |authorlink= Bellarmino Bagatti |year=1984 |series=Studium Biblicum Franciscanum, Collectio Minor, n.2 |location=Jerusalem |page=215}}
14. ^Sibylline oracles, Book viii, 284-330 (Greek text, 217-250)
15. ^{{cite book|author=Christian H. Bull, Liv Ingeborg Lied, John D. Turner, editors|title=Mystery and Secrecy in the Nag Hammadi Collection and Other Ancient Literature: Ideas and Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qCwaSTk5iEcC&pg=PA343&lpg=PA343&dq=eight-spoked+wheel+ichthys&source=bl&ots=Ymy1KLiN9R&sig=HlMFpktTXJM34dIEHfsuOLkJbek&hl=en&sa=X&ei=lAEMUqfHBqLlyAH_mID4BA&ved=0CDoQ6AEwBDge#v=onepage&q=eight-spoked%20wheel%20ichthys&f=false|isbn=978-90-04-21207-7|publisher=Koninklijke Brill NV|location=Leiden, The Netherlands|year=2012|pages=340, 343}}
16. ^{{bibleref2|Luke|24:41-43}}
17. ^{{bibleref2|Matthew|13:47-50}}
18. ^{{bibleref2|John|21:11}}
19. ^{{bibleref2|Matthew|17:24-27}}
20. ^{{bibleref2|Tobit|6:1-9|NRSV}}
21. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/asktheexpert/oct26.html| author=Elesha Coffman| title=What is the origin of the Christian fish symbol?| publisher=christianitytoday.com| date=August 8, 2008}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.religioustolerance.org/chr_symb.htm|work=religioustolerance.org|accessdate=22 April 2014|title=Christian symbols: Fish (Ichthus), cross and crucifix |quote=The body of the symbol may be empty, or may contain a name ('Jesus' or 'ICTUS').}}
23. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=0w7vTv6hzIMC&pg=PA7&lpg=PA7&dq=ichthus+christian+music+festival&source=bl&ots=oTf0y7CPi1&sig=D5FLBuNRRDLUKKPCIk6Qik55D5s&hl=en&ei=gkDuSrCMDdSztgf3qtk6&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CBsQ6AEwBzgK#v=onepage&q=ichthus%20christian%20music%20festival&f=false See, Robison, Greg, Christian Rock Festivals], (New York: The Rosen Publishing Co., 2009), p.7

Origin